VIRUSES
badnavirus sp. (not yet defined to species level)
[Caulimoviridae: Badnavirus]
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Yes - The virus may infect systemically and may enter Australia in an infected corm.
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No record found (R. Harding pers comm. 2009). No tests for this species have been done using Australian plant samples.
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No – The existence of a transmissible virus has not yet been shown (Yang et al. 2003).
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No – No disease symptoms have been associated with the virus (Yang et al. 2003).
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No
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colocasia bobone disease virus (CBDV)
[Rhabdoviridae not yet defined to genus level]
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Yes – The virus infects systemically, and can persist in corms (Zettler et al. 1989). It may enter Australia in an infected corm or vectored by taro planthoppers present in the petioles.
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No record found.
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Yes – CBDV could become established if a volunteer taro plant grows from an infected corm. CBDV is transmitted by delphacid planthoppers, probably including Tarophagus persephone and Tarophagus colocasiae, which occur in Queensland and the Northern Territory (Zettler et al. 1989; Matthews 2003; AICN 2011; CABI 2011).
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Yes – This virus causes bobone disease that leads to crop losses that have been estimated to be 25 percent (Gollifer et al. 1978; Jackson 1978). The virus probably also causes alomae disease when co-infecting with another virus. Alomae disease kills taro plants and may wipe out taro crops (Gollifer et al. 1978; Shaw et al. 1979).
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Yes
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Dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV)
[Potyviridae: Potyvirus]
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Yes – Virus can be transmitted through use of infected planting materials (Carmichael et al. 2008), so is likely to be systemic.
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Yes. Recorded in Qld (Greber and Shaw 1986). Found in coastal regions in NSW, Qld and Vic., and nationwide throughout urban regions on house plants (Greber 1987).
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No
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French Polynesian strain of Dasheen mosaic virus (FP-DsMV)
[Potyviridae: Potyvirus]
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Yes – FP-DsMV infects systemically. It has been found in most taro plant parts including corm tissue (Hu et al. 1995) and is probably spread when corms are planted (Simone and Zettler 2009). It may enter Australia in an infected corm.
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No record found.
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Yes – FP-DsMV may become established if a volunteer taro plant grows from an infected corm. FP-DsMV is transmitted by aphids, including Myzus persiicae, Aphis craccivora and Aphis gossypii, all of which are present in Australia (Simone and Zettler 2009; Carmichael et al. 2008; AICN 2011).
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Yes – The ordinary strain of DsMV may be asymptomatic or cause minimal damage (Revill et al. 2005a). However, the French Polynesian strain is reported to cause severe disease and plants may fail to recover (Carmichael et al. 2008; McCormack 2007).
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Yes
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Konjac mosaic virus (KMV)
[Syn. Zantedeschia mosaic virus]
[Potyviridae: potyvirus]
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Yes – The virus is known to systemically infect other aroid species and may enter Australia in an infected taro corm.
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No record found.
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Yes – KMV may become established if a volunteer taro plant grows from an infected corm. KMV is transmitted by aphids, including Aphis gossypii, which is present in Australia (Brunt et al. 1996; AICN 2011)
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No – Zantedeschia mosaic virus (syn. Konjac mosaic virus) has been recorded on an unnamed Colocasia sp. in India (GenBank accession code EU979524.1). No record of disease on Colocasia sp. has been found.
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No
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Taro bacilliform virus (TaBV)
[Caulimoviridae: Badnavirus]
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Yes. Recorded in Qld (Midmore et al. 2006; Carmichael et al. 2008). Intercepted once on Cyrtosperma johnstonii imported from Solomon Islands (Jones et al. 1980).
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No
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taro reovirus (TaRV)
[Reoviridae not yet defined to genus level]
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Yes – The virus infects systemically (Pearson et al. 1999; Revill 2005b) and may enter Australia in an infected corm.
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No record (Revill et al. 2005a; R. Harding pers comm. 2009).
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Yes – Little is known about TaRV (Revill et al. 2005b). TaRV may become established if a volunteer taro plant grows from an infected corm. By analogy with other plant-infecting reoviruses, it is likely to be transmitted by an insect vector (Fauquet et al. 2005).
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Yes – When co-infecting with CBDV, TaRV may cause alomae disease that destroys crops (Revill et al. 2005b), although the etiology of alomae disease is unclear. The virus has not been unequivocally linked with symptoms (Revill et al. 2005b).
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Yes
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Taro vein chlorosis virus (TaVCV)
[Rhabdoviridae: Nucleorhabdovirus]
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Yes – Symptoms expressed in the leaves, and transmission is thought to be by sap feeding leafhoppers (Tarophagus spp.) (QUT 2003). No definitive data on whether corms can carry the virus, but as the virus is sap borne it is assumed that this is so.
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No record found.
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Yes – TaVCV could become established if a volunteer taro plant grows from an infected corm. It is not known how TaVCV is transmitted, but it is suspected Tarophagus proserpina and related planthoppers have this role (QUT 2003). Tarophagus proserpina has been reclassified into three species two of which exist in Australia (QUT 2003; CABI 2011).
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Yes – TaVCV causes chlorosis, malformation and sometimes leads to necrosis (Revill 2005a). When co-infecting with CBDV, TaVCV might contribute to alomae disease (Revill et al. 2005a; Carmichael et al. 2008), although the etiology of alomae disease is uncertain.
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Yes
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tomato zonate spot virus (TZSV)
[Bunyaviridae: Tospovirus]
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Yes – Taro plants can be infected (Dong et al. 2008). No definitive data on whether corms can carry the virus, but as the virus is sap borne it is assumed that this is so.
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No record found.
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Yes – TZSV could become established if a volunteer taro plant grows from an infected corm. Tospoviruses are vectored by thrips species known to be present in Australia. TZSV has a wide host range (Dong et al. 2008).
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Yes – TZSV infection results in necrotic lesions of leaves and ringspots on fruit. Reported to have devastating effects on crops. TZSV affects a number of agricultural crops and ornamental plants including tomato, chilli, spinach, taro and carnations (Dong et al. 2008).
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Yes
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Appendix B: Additional data for quarantine pests
Quarantine pest
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Elytroteinus subtruncatus (Fairmaîre, 1881)
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Synonyms
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Pteroporus subtruncatus Fairmaîre, 1881
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Common name(s)
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Fiji ginger weevil, Fiji lemon weevil
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Main hosts
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Colocasia esculenta (Follett et al. 2007; Mau and Martin Kessing 1992a), Citrus limon, Cordyline terminalis, Cycas spp., Hedychium coronarium, Hemerocallis sp., Marattia douglasii, Persea americana, Saccharum officinarum, Strelitzia reginae (Mau and Martin Kessing 1992a; Follett et al. 2007), Ipomoea batatas (not confirmed) (Shea 2004), Dioscorea spp. (Wilson 1987), Piper methysticum (Fakalata 1981), Begonia spp. (Simmonds 1928; Simmonds 1932) and Zingiber officinale (Ecoport 2011).
The common name refers to its discovery on the ornamental ginger Hedychium coronarium in Hawaii. It has also been reported on Zingiber officinale in Tonga (Ecoport 2011).
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Distribution
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Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, Samoa, Tonga (CABI 2011), Hawaii, French Polynesia (Nishida 2008).
Mau and Martin Kessing (1992a) recorded this species for New Zealand, apparently in error. The species is listed as a Regulated Pest for New Zealand, with interceptions subject to treatment, re-export or destruction (NZ MAF 2002). May (1993) does not consider it as being present in New Zealand. Miller (1923) recorded an interception on lemons entering New Zealand from Fiji.
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Quarantine pests
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Eucopidocaulus tridentipes (Arrow, 1911)
Papuana biroi (Endrödi, 1969)
Papuana cheesmanae Arrow, 1941
Papuana huebneri Fairmaire, 1879
Papuana inermis Prell, 1912
Papuana japenensis Arrow, 1941
Papuana laevipennis Arrow, 1911
Papuana semistriata Arrow, 1911
Papuana szentivanyi (Endrödi, 1971)
Papuana trinodosa Prell, 1912
Papuana uninodis Prell, 1912
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Synonyms
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Eucopidocaulus tridentipes = Papuana tridentipes
Papuana laevipennis = P. woodlarkiana subsp. laevipennis
Papuana semistriata = P. woodlarkiana subsp. semistriata
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Common name(s)
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Taro beetle, Bintang bilong taro (PNG), Taro bitol (PNG), Dalo bitol (Fiji)
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Main hosts
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The larvae feed in organic detritus at the base of numerous plants, including the grasses Sorghum verticilliflorum, Pennisetum purpureum, Imperata cylindrica and Phragmites karka (Onwueme 1999).
The beetles feed on many other hosts. Primary hosts for the adult beetle include: Alocasia spp., Amorphophallus spp., Angiopteris spp., Brassica spp., Colocasia spp., Cyrtosperma spp., Marattia spp., Musa spp. and Xanthosoma saggitifolia.
Secondary hosts include Ananas comosus, Areca catechu, Arachis hypogaea, Camellia sinensis, Cocos nucifera, Coffea arabica, Commelina spp., Crinum spp., Dioscorea alata, Dioscorea rotundata, Elaeis guineensis, Ipomea batatas, Pandanus spp., Saccharum officinarum, Solanum tuberosum and Theobroma cacao (Masamdu and Simbiken 2000).
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Distribution
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About nineteen species of taro beetle are known, 18 in the genus Papuana and 1 in the genus Eucopidocaulus. The beetles are native to the Indo-Pacific region, with 14–18 or more species found in Papua New Guinea, 12–18 in the Solomon Islands, five in Vanuatu, and one each in Fiji, Kiribati and New Caledonia (Onwueme 1999; SPC 2003). Six species are endemic to PNG, four to Solomon Islands and two to Vanuatu (Adams 2006a). About eleven or twelve species are serious pests of taro in the South Pacific region.
Distribution of the beetles, by species, includes the following (list not exhaustive):
Eucopidocaulus tridentipes: Papua New Guinea
Papuana biroi: Papua New Guinea
Papuana cheesmanae: Papua New Guinea, Vanuatu
Papuana huebneri: Fiji, Kiribati, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Papuana inermis: Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Papuana japenensis: Papua New Guinea
Papuana laevipennis: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands
Papuana semistriata: Papua New Guinea
Papuana szentivanyi: Papua New Guinea
Papuana trinodosa: Papua New Guinea
Papuana uninodis: Fiji, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
The presence of these beetles in Australia is uncertain. Four specimens of Papuana sp. were collected from the Iron Range on Cape York Peninsula, Queensland in 1968 (APPD 2009). Brooks (1965) identified a population of Papuana woodlarkiana in far north Queensland.
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Quarantine pest
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Tarophagus proserpina (Kirkaldy, 1907)
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Synonyms
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Megamelus proserpina Kirkaldy, 1907
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Common name(s)
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Taro planthopper
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Main hosts
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Colocasia esculenta (Matthews 2003) is the main host, but occasionally reported on Alocasia and Cyrtospermum species (CABI 2011; Carmichael et al. 2008).
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Distribution
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American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Samoa, Wallis and Futuna (Matthews 2003; CABI 2011).
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Quarantine pest
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Aspidiella hartii (Cockerell, 1895)
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Synonyms
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Aspidiotus hartii Cockerell, 1895
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Common name(s)
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Yam scale
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Main hosts
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Has been reported on hosts from at least seven plant families. Known hosts include Colocasia esculenta, Curcuma longa, Cyperus odoratus, Dioscorea alata, Ipomoea batatas, Portulaca oleracea, Tripsacum laxum and Zingiber officinale (Ben-Dov et al. 2011).
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Distribution
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Dominican Republic, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guadeloupe, Haiti, India, Ivory Coast, Martinique, Mauritius, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Saint Croix, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands, Vanuatu (Ben-Dov et al. 2011).
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Quarantine pests
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Paraputo aracearum Williams, 2005
Paraputo leveri (Green, 1934)
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Synonyms
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Paraputo leveri: Pseudococcus leveri Green, 1934; Cataenococcus leveri (Green)
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Common name(s)
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Paraputo mealybugs
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Main hosts
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Colocasia esculenta (Ecoport 2011), Cocos nucifera, Coffea robusta, Ficus (Svent-Ivany 1960), Balanophora, Bischofia javanica, Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora, Ficus septica, Inocarpus edulis, Mangifera indica, Syzygium aromaticum, Vitis vinifera (Ben-Dov 1994; Ben-Dov et al. 2011).
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Distribution
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Paraputo aracearum: Fiji (Williams 2005).
Paraputo leveri: American Samoa, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Niue, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Tonga, Vanuatu, Samoa (Szent-Ivany and Catley 1960; Ben-Dov 1994; Ecoport 2011; Ben-Dov et al. 2011).
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Quarantine pest
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Patchiella reaumuri (Kaltenbach, 1843)
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Synonyms
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Common name(s)
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Taro root aphid
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Main hosts
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Colocasia esculenta (Sato and Hara 1997); Arum spp., Tilia spp. (Macfarlane 1999; Carmichael et al. 2008).
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Distribution
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Present in unspecified European countries (Macfarlane 1999; Carmichael et al. 2008), as well as Hawaii (Sato and Hara 1997) and the Solomon Islands (Ecoport 2011).
The insect has been known on upland taro on the Hawaiian island of Hawaii since 1971. It was subsequently found on Oahu in 1995. An infestation on Lanai in 1994 was eradicated (Sato and Hara 1997).
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