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based analysis is based on the fundamental concept of
multiple layers of information, each explicitly describing an environmental theme (such as forest cover) in terms of cartographic units
(points, lines, and polygons), as well as a large number of database attributes, which can be used for powerful geographic and/or information analysis procedures.
GIS technology has evolved from several disciplines,
including cartography, remote sensing, geography, and information management, and is in part the result of a mapping automation process that has evolved over the past 20 years. Advancements
in microprocessors,
computer graphics, imaging, and relational database management systems have made GIS
technology a viable and predominant technology for investigating the complexities of ecological systems. Even with these enormous advances, GIS still needs improvement in spatial
statistical analysis tools, which are required for risk assessment. Each map feature is tied to a database management system that can record and store a large number of attributes about that particular element. These can be used with information management functions such as Boolean logic
(AND, NOT, OR) to perform complex database analysis functions. The cartographic and database management functions can be combined to create whole new maps with the speed and power of modern computer technology.
The development of risk assessments is traditionally based on the use of a large volume of spatial data on the status, scale, and distribution of natural and anthropogenic factors. GIS
systems serve as a tool for storage, retrieval and analysis of
geographic information, and allow integrating numerous layers with geographic information and data bases during the complex ecological risk assessment process. The use of GIS technologies provides a great advantage for the purposes of comprehensive ecological risk assessment for several reasons. First of all, input data is easy to display and understand. If necessary, GIS technologies allow users to review the required geographic information, perform calibration, delineate an area, and quickly obtain information on a specific site. In this respect, GIS technologies provide invaluable assistance.
The second advantage of GIS applications is the ability to add information layers which allows users to determine critical areas of parameter based risk and provides an opportunity to conduct spatial process simulation. Another invaluable factor is the ability to update existing information and add new data to information layers without deleting old data. This aids in reviewing
dynamics of processes, monitoring and forecasting of certain situations. Since GIS exist in electronic format, we can transmit and exchange of information rapidly. This facilitates joint research activities and speeds management decisions.
