About Some Technical Terms in Radio electronics

About Some Technical Terms in Radio electronics

Microwaves are radio frequencies with such short wave lengths that they show some properties of light. Their frequency range is from 1,000 me (megacycles) and up. We express radio-frequencies in kilocycles per second (K c/s) at and below 3,000. In radio engineering the range means the maximum useful distance of radar. Radar is the acronym for "Radio Detecting and Ranging". It is a system that measures distance (and usually the direction) to an object

The higher the frequency of an electromagnetic wave, the more energy it must possess. This can easily be seen once it is realized that the higher the frequency of an electromagnetic wave, the more times per second it must increase and decrease in intensity. This is another way of saying that it undergoes a greater amount of acceleration than a wave of lower frequency.

1. 
   Ultrasonic may be defined as the branch of science dealing with
   sound waves — physical vibrations of particles of matter — that are
   inaudible because their frequency is too high.
   

1. 
   Ultrasonic is a comparatively new branch of science, but progress
   being made in developing ultrasonic technique has been so rapid that
   today ultrasonic generators and instruments find application in many
   industries.
   

2. 
   The first important use of ultrasonic was made by P. Langevin,
   a French scientist, during the 1914-18 for detecting submarines ^% by using
   underwater sound. P. Langevin designed and built a high power ul­trasonic generator, having used piezoelectric substance ⁱ (quartz crystals)
   to convert electrical energy to sound energy.
   
3. 
   The significant series of experiments was performed by the scien­tists of many other countries as well.
   

7. 
   Ultrasonic has been especially successful in the detection of flaws
   in various materials particularly in metals. Its use for this purpose
   was first suggested by the Soviet scientist Sokolov in 1929.
   

7. 
   Having been applied in industry ultrasonic instruments demon­strated their superiority over other testing devices such as, for example,
   X-ray system. Sound waves can penetrate many solids and liquids more
   readily than X-rays revealing tiny defects in a material.
   

7. 
   Application of ultrasonic for testing and measuring materials
   has become one of its major uses within the past few years.
   

10. 
    Ultrasonic machine-tools have opened great possibilities when
    applied to the machining of brittle materials. Holes of any shapes and
    intricate patterns can be cut in brittle materials of all kinds: glass,
    ceramics, quartz, etc.
    

10. 
    Ultrasound is also used at our industrial enterprises for welding
    different materials which cannot be welded by other means.
    

10. 
    Aluminum can be ultrasonically welded directly to certain cera­mics or to another non-metallic materials.
    

14. 
    Considerable interest centers on the use of ultrasonic techniques
    for cleaning purposes.
    

14. 
    Due to the techniques in question we are able to remove impuri­ties from small and intricate metal parts used in watches, rockets and
    satellites.
    

Radioisotopes in Industry

1. 
   The radiation emitted by radioisotopes is being utilized in a va­riety of useful ways.
   

1. 
   One way is measuring or testing industrial products, another is
   tracing the most complicated chemical reactions, and still another is produc­ing heat for the generation of electric power.
   

2. 
   Radioisotopes often do a job better than conventional methods
   do. Sometimes they do jobs conventional devices can't do at all.
   
3. 
   Since their radiation can easily be followed radioisotopes are being
   widely used as tracers.
   
4. 
   We know of the petroleum industry being an early user of
   radioisotopes to transport different liquids and oil. A radioisotope
   placed between different liquids or grades of petroleum signals where the
   flow of one product ends and the other begins. Radiation from the iso­tope also indicates the rate of flow along the length of the pipeline.
   By using this tracer method the engineers today are able to examine
   parts of various engine designs after testing, to learn facts about their
   wear and the efficiency of lubricants. Radioisotopes are widely employed
   in thickness gauges for all sorts of coated materials which are manufac­tured in continuous rolling sheets. In such a gauge a radiation beam
   from an isotope is passed through or reflected from the material being
   manufactured. Even the tiniest variations in the thickness will result in
   varying the strength of this beam and in a reading on the gauge. Gauge
   readings are fed electronically into a device that automatically adjusts
   the manufacturing processes so as to ensure the correct thickness of
   the material.
   

6. 
   Radiation gauges have the advantage of eliminating mechanical
   contact with the material being measured. They also give an accurate
   and uninterrupted reading no matter how fast the sheet flows. We have
   mentioned of radioisotopes being used to trace chemical reactions. More­
   over radiation itself is used to change the molecular structure of sub­
   stances, the materials with new properties being obtained. Many plastics
   products now in use have undergone this treatment. Plastics treated
   by radiation can be made stronger, more heat-resistant and easier to dye.
   

6. 
   Everyone knows of chemical batteries losing its power after a
   time, especially under constant use. Radioisotopes give off heat as well
   as radiation and this heat can readily be converted into a steady and long-
   lasting supply of electric current by means of a device known as a ther­mocouple. The current thus generated can be used to continuously are­
   charge conventional batteries.
   

Scientists called such chemically alike—but physically unlike—sub­stances "isotopes". The word was derived ³ from the Greek "isos" meaning "same" and "topes" meaning "place".

After being bombarded the nuclei of the stable atoms acquire ad­ditional particles and become unstable. These unstable nuclei try to be­come stable again by throwing off their excess energy in the form of ra­diation.

1. 
   Automation may be said to be a modern term signifying the use
   of machines to do work that formerly had to be done by people. What
   used to be called labor saving or mechanization has now been called
   automation.
   

1. 
   Any tool is claimed to be a form of automation provided it helps
   people work more easily, better, or more quickly. Provided the tool can
   do its work without requiring human guidance it is said to be a higher
   form of labour saving, for example your self-winding wrist watch.
   

2. 
   A machine language of some sort is the foundation of every higher
   form of automation. Punched cards represent a machine language as Hoesched paper tape. If you work on a computer system that turns out ched card checks, you will probably have good control of the machine Miguage after the first week provided you are trying to learn.
   

6. 
   The design of newer equipment with greater usefulness and capa­bilities is said to be bringing about an ever increasing growth in the
   development of control equipment. The reason is twofold. Firstly auto­matic controls relieve man of many monotonous activities so that he
   can devote his abilities to other occupation. Secondly modern complex
   controls can perform functions which are beyond the physical abilities
   of man. For example an elaborate automatic control system operates
   the engine of a modern jet airplane with only a minimum amount of
   the pilot's attention, so that he is free to fly his airplane.
   

2. 
   It is electronic devices that made it possible to solve (the problem
   of obtaining high-frequency currents which are the basis of radio engineering, television,
   

2. 
   ‘talkies‘ radar and other very important branches
   of modern engineering.
   

2. 
   Radio, one of the greatest achievements was born in Russia. A. §
   Popov, a Russian scientist, was the first to produce an apparatus which
   has become the world's greatest means of communication and propagation
   culture. A. S. Popov demonstrated the first radio receiving set in the
   world as far back as 1895.
   
3. 
   Broadcasting is considered to be developed in the USSR along
   with short waves. For the time being radio broadcasting has become a
   part of our life. The basic devices in radio engineering are known to be
   radio-transmitting and radio-receiving ones. The theory of both these
   devices was developed by Soviet scientists.