Сборник учебных текстов по развитию английской устной речи для студентов неязыковых специальностей

Here are some benefits of stock trading:

-Buying and selling stocks offers better returns than other financial instruments.

-Stock trading can be done on a full time or part time basis.

-Online stock trading can be used as a form of home-based income generation for housewives, the elderly and the physically challenged.

-Stock trading offers scope for diversification across companies, geographies and sectors.

Some disadvantages of stock trading are:

-Leverage in stock trading is much lower than that in forex trading or futures trading.

-Traders may have to wait a long time for the price of a stock to rise. Inability to short curtails their profits.

Stock trading takes place via brokers, who are registered with stock exchanges. Stock traders can choose between full service brokers and discount brokers.
7.6 Finance, Financing

Finance is a branch of economics that deals with the management of funds, financial resources and other assets. In broader terms, finance is raising or investing money either as equity or debt. Finance is a wide-ranging term which includes funding, investments, trading and risk management (through various types of insurance policies).

Finance: Financial Assets

Finance involves investment of funds in financial assets, such as stocks, bonds, mutual funds and private equities for income generation. Financial institutions like banks play a major role in funding these financial assets. Investment in financial assets is generally extensive so it must be protected by risk management and risk transference organizations like insurance companies.

Personal finance focuses on the extent of funds that are required by a person or a family. This further includes protection from mishap, transfer of assets through inheritance and the impact of tax policy on personal finance. Personal finance also includes financial planning and access to credit.

This type of finance uses the principles of finance to help corporate raise funding and to help investors earn good returns from meeting those funding needs, usually with the help of corporate bankers or financiers. The objective of corporate finance is to maximize the valuation of financial assets, while striking a balance between the risks and profitability potential of the assets. Corporate finance takes into account the valuation of financial assets primarily for tax assessments and business analysis. Corporate houses focus on making either long-term capital investments or managing working capital for the short term. It also involves finding short- and long-term funding for corporations. While short-term funding can be obtained from banks’ line of credit, funds for the long term can be acquired by issuing equity or bonds.

For investors who want updates and advice on any financial matters such as savings, investment, retirement planning, portfolio management and asset management, it is best to seek financial advice from a trustworthy financial advisor.
7.7 Economy of the USA

The United States has the world’s largest economy, produced roughly $15 trillion worth of goods and services in 2008, making it easily the largest in the world. A central feature of the U.S. economy is the economic freedom afforded to the private sector by allowing the private sector to make the majority of economic decisions in determining the direction and scale of what the U.S. economy produces. This is enhanced by relatively low levels of regulation and government involvement, as well as a court system that generally protects property rights and enforces contracts.

The United States is rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, and it is fortunate to have a moderate climate. It also has extensive coastlines on both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as well as on the Gulf of Mexico. Rivers flow from far within the continent, and the Great Lakes—five large, inland lakes along the U.S. border with Canada—provide additional shipping access. These extensive waterways have helped shape the country's economic growth over the years and helped bind America's 50 individual states together in a single economic unit.

The main industries of the USA are petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, culture, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber and mining.

Labor mobility has also been important to the capacity of the American economy to adapt to changing conditions. When immigrants flooded labor markets on the East Coast, many workers moved inland, often to farmland waiting to be tilled. Similarly, economic opportunities in industrial, northern cities attracted black Americans from southern farms in the first half of the 20th century.

In the United States, the corporation has emerged as an association of owners, known as stockholders, who form a business enterprise governed by a complex set of rules and customs. Brought on by the process of mass production, corporations, such as General Electric, have been instrumental in shaping the United States. Through the stock market, American banks and investors have grown their economy by investing and withdrawing capital from profitable corporations. Today in the era of globalization American investors and corporations have influence all over the world. The American government has also been instrumental in investing in the economy, in areas such as providing cheap electricity (such as from the Hoover Dam), and military contracts in times of war.

While consumers and producers make most decisions that mold the economy, government has a powerful effect on the U.S. economy in at least four areas, as the government uses a Capitalist system. Strong government regulation in the U.S. economy started in the early 1900s with the rise of the Progressive Movement; prior to this the government promoted economic growth through protective tariffs and subsidies to industry, built infrastructure, and established banking policies, including the gold standard, to encourage savings and investment in productive enterprises. On June 26 2009, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of General Electric, called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20% of the workforce, commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand.
7.8 California Economy

California is the most populated state in the United States. It is located in the far west bordered by Oregon, Nevada, and across the Colorado River, Arizona, Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.

The state owns a more productive economy. Agriculture in the state is gradually yielding to the industry as the core of the economy. The state is considered as a major centre for the United States for its motion picture? Television film, and related entertainment industries, especially in Hollywood and Burbank.

Social indicators of California Economy

The state constitutes a total geographical area of 163,969 sq. mil: total acres forested 40.2 mil. The total population of the state in July 2004 was calculated at 35,893,799 in comparison to 35,484,453 in July 2003. The net change of the population for 2002-2003 was 1.4%. The population density of the state was 227.5 per Sq Mi. With regards to the racial distribution (2000) there were 59.5% white, 6.7 % black.

The economy of California plays a very significant role in the United States. The state’s economy has a dominant force in the economy of the US. According to data given by the California’s gross state product is $ 1.543 trillion (“accelerated estimates for 2004 were completed and released in June 2005”)

Among the various sectors of the economy, the Chief industries include agriculture, tourism, apparel, electronics, telecommunication and entertainment.

The chief manufacturing goods of the state are electronic and electrical equipment, computers, industrial machinery, transportation equipment, and instruments, foods. The chief farm products include milk and cream, grapes, cotton, flowers, oranges, rice, nursery products, hay, tomatoes, lettuce, almonds and asparagus. The major livestock as of Jan 2004.

Tourism in the United States is a large industry that serves millions of international and domestic tourists yearly. Tourists visit the US to see natural wonders, cities, historic landmarks and entertainment venues. Americans seek similar attractions, as well as recreation and vacation areas. Tourism in the United States grew rapidly in the form of urban tourism during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By the 1850s, tourism in the United States was well-established both as a cultural activity and as an industry. New York, Chicago, Washington, D.C. and San Francisco, all major US cities, attracted a large number of tourists by the 1890s. By 1915, city touring had marked significant shifts in the way Americans perceived, organized and moved around in urban environments. Democratization of travel occurred during the early twentieth century when the automobile revolutionized travel. Similarly air travel revolutionized travel during 1945–1969, contributing greatly to tourism in the United States. By 2007 the number of international tourists had climbed to over 56 million people who spent $122.7 billion dollars, setting an all time record.

The travel and tourism industry in the United States was among the first commercial casualties of the September 11, 2001 attacks, a series of terrorist attacks on the US. Terrorists used four commercial airliners as weapons of destruction, all of which were destroyed in the attacks with 3,000 casualties. In the US, tourism is either the first, second or third largest employer in 29 states, employing 7.3 million in 2004, to take care of 1.19 billion trips tourists took in the US in 2005. As of 2007, there are 2,462 registered National Historic Landmarks (NHL) recognized by the United States government. As of 2008, the most visited tourist attraction in the US is Times Square in Manhattan, New York City which attracts approximately 35 million visitors yearly.

Today, a wide range of tourist attractions exist in the United States such as amusement parks, festivals, gambling, golf courses, historical buildings and landmarks, hotels, museums, galleries, outdoor recreation, spas, restaurants and sports. In 2008, the most visited tourist sites in the US were:

Times Square, Magic Kingdom , Disneyland Park, Salt Lake Temple Salt Lake City, Fisherman's Wharf/Golden Gate Area San Francisco, Niagara Falls, Universal Studios Hollywood, Grand Canyon and so on.

Landmarks

As of 2007, there are 2,462 registered National Historic Landmarks (NHL) recognized by the United States government. The majority of these are located in New York, California, Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Each major US city has thousands of landmarks. For example, New York City has 23,000 landmarks designated by the Landmarks Preservation Commission. These landmarks include various individual buildings, interiors, historic districts, and scenic sites which define the culture and character of New York City.

The Grand Canyon is one of the most well known landmarks in the US. Other landmarks include Mount Rushmore, the Appalachians, the Rocky Mountains, and Stone Mountain.

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