Section – a 2 Marks Questions
Ans. The command is used to query the RPM database is #rpm – qa. Q15. How you can view RPM database one-by-one?
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| Ans. The command is used to query the RPM database is #rpm – qa.
Q15. How you can view RPM database one-by-one? Ans. The following command is used to view Rpm database one by one #rpm –qa | more. Q16. What command is used to already install the Rpm database? Ans. The command is used to already install the RPM database is #rpm – qi . Q17. What command is used to particular file belongs the RPM database? Ans. The command is used to query the RPM database is #rpm –qf Q18. What command is used to uninstall the RPM database? Ans. The command is used to uninstall the RPM database is #rpm –e . Q19. What command is used to verify the RPM database? Ans. The command is used to verify the RPM database is #rpm –Vf . Q20. What command would you issue to install the package “hello-1.3.i386.rpm”? Ans. To install the package “hello-1.3.i386.rpm” the command is rpm –ivh bc-1.05a-4.i386.rpm. Q21. How would you verify the entire RPM package on your system? Ans. RPM checks the package information from its stored database. The following command is used to verify it. #rpm – Vf/bin/Is. 1 Q22. What file tells make what to do? Ans. The make tool reads all of the make files that were created by the configure script. These files tell make which files to compile and the order in which to compile them- which is crucial since there could be hundred of source files. As make is working, it will display each command it is running and all of the parameters associated with it. This output is usually the invocation of the compiler and all he parameter passed to compiler. Q23. How big should the Swap file system be? Ans. Swap space is usually sized to be double the available RAM. If there is less than 128MB of RAM, or the exact same amount of RAM if there is more than 128MB. Q24. What is the/home directory used for typically? Ans. Where everyone’s home directory will be (assuming this server will house them). This is useful for keeping users from consuming an entire disk and leaving other critical components without space. This directory is synonymous with C:\Documents and Setting\in Windows 2000. Q25. Where does the GRUB boot loader get installed? Ans. GRUB (Grand Unified Boot) is the boot manager for Linux. A boot manger handles the process of actually starting the load process of an operating system. If we’re familiar with Windows NT, we have already dealt with the NT Loader (NTLDR), which presents the menu at boot time, allowing we to select whether we want Windows NT or Windows NT (VGA only). Q26. Why we use the Swap file system? Ans. The virtual memory file is stored. This isn’t a user accessible file system. Although Linux can use a normal disk file to hold virtual memory the way Windows does, we will find that having it on its own partition improve performance. We will typically want to configure our swap to be double the physical memory that is our system. Q27. What file or files contain the users and their passwords on a Linux system? Ans. Linux keeps its list of users in the/etc/passwd file. Each system has its own copy of this file, and a user listed in one/etc/passwd file cannot log in another system unless they have an entry in the other/etc/passwd file. To allow users to log in to any system in a network of computer, Linux uses the Network information system (NIS) to handle remote password file issues. Affordable PCs have gained the necessary computational power to present a threat this type of security, and therefore a push to use shadow passwords has come. With shadow passwords, that actual encrypted password entry is not readable by user in the system, but/etc/shadow is readable by the root user only. Q28. What windows-based program can you use to write the boot image to a floppy drive? Ans. Once Windows has started and the CD-ROM is in the appropriate drive, open an MS-DOS Prompt windows (Start | Program Menu | MS-DOS Prompt), which will give you a command shell prompt. Change over to the CD-ROM drive letter and go into the dosutils directory. There we will find the rewrite.exe program. Simply run the executable, we will be prompted for the source file and destination floppy disk. The source file will be on the same drive and is called/images/Boot.img. Q29. Do you have to add the root user on the account configuration screen? Ans. The Red Hat Installation tool creates one account for us, called root. This user account is similar in nature to the Administrator account under Windows NT/2000. The user who is allowed access to this account has full control of the system. It is crucial that we protect this account with password. Be sure not a pick dictionary words or names as passwords, as they are easy to guess and crack. Part of protecting root means not allowing users to login as the root user over the network. This keeps crackers from being able to guess our root password by using automated login scripts. Q30. What is Linux distribution? Ans. Linux an entire package of developer tools, editors, GUIs, networking tools and so forth. More formally, such package is called distribution. Most likely heard of the Linux distribution named Red Hat, Mandrake, Caldera and SuSE, which have received a great deal of press and have been purchased for thousands of installations and developed for distribution purpose. Q31. What is Kernel? Ans. The kernel is the program which acting as Chief of Operations. It is responsible for starting and stopping other program handling requests for money, accessing disks and managing networking connections. Q32. Do Linux users have to search the network for network shares? Ans. Yes, the network file system (NFS), has supported the concept of mounting since its inception. Unlike 2000, mounting under Linux does not require a reboot. In fact, the Linux Automounter dynamically mounts and unmounts partitions on as a needed basis. Q33. What is the purpose of releasing source code under the GPL? Ans. The GPL stand for General Public License. This license explicitly states that the software being released is free, and that no one can ever take away these freedoms. It is acceptable to take the software and resell it, even for a profit; however, in this resale, the seller must release the full source code, including any changes. Because the resold package remains under the GPL, the package can be distributed free and resold yet again by anyone else for a profit. Q34. What do you by mount point? Ans. A mount point is the location within the directory hierarchy at which a volume exists the volume is "mounted" at this location. This field indicates where the partition will be mounted. If a partition exists, but is not set, then you need to define its mount point. Q35. Why do we need to use Quota Manager? Ans. With the help of quota manager, we can fix our hard disk space to every user who is working in our system. With this user will be restricted to work on the limited disk space. So quota manager is very useful. Section – C Marks Questions Q1. How you can set up a Dual-Boot Environment in Linux? Ans. Sharing a computer between two operating systems requires dual booting. You can use either operating system on the computer but not both at once. Each operating system boots from and uses its own hard drives or disk partitions (a partition is a physical division on a hard drive). For example, we will assume that the other operating system is Windows. But the general procedures are similar for other operating systems. Before starting the installation program, you must first make room for Red Hat Linux. Your choices are: Add a new hard drive Use an existing hard drive or partition Create a new partition 1. Add a New Hard Drive: -The simplest way to make room for Red Hat Linux is to add a new hard drive to the computer and then install Red Hat Linux on that drive. For example, if you add a second IDE hard drive to the computer, the Red Hat Linux installation program will recognize it as hdb and the existing drive (the one used by Windows) as hda. (With SCSI hard drives, the newly installed hard drive would be recognized as sdb and the other hard drive as sda.) If you choose to install a new hard drive for Linux, you don't need to read any further. After starting the Red Hat Linux installation program, just make sure you tell it to install Linux on the newly installed hard drive (hdb, sdb) rather than the one Windows uses. 2. Use an Existing Hard Drive or Partition: - The next simplest way to make room for Linux is to use a hard drive or disk partition that is currently being used by Windows. For example, suppose that Windows Explorer shows two hard drives, C: and D:. This could indicate either that the computer has two hard drives, or a single hard drive with two partitions. In either case (assuming it is large enough), you can install Red Hat Linux on the hard drive or disk partition that Windows recognizesas D:. This choice is available to you only if the computer has two or more hard drives or disk partitions. If a local Windows partition is available that you want to install Linux in, follows the following steps: 1. Copy all data you want to save from the selected hard drive or partition (D: in this example) to another location. 2. Start the Red Hat Linux installation program and tell it to install Linux in the designated drive or partition -- in this example, in the hard drive or partition that Windows designates as D: Note that Linux distinguishes between hard drives and disk partitions. Thus: If C: and D: on this computer refer to two separate hard drives, the installation program will recognize them as hda and hdb (IDE) or sda and sdb (SCSI). Tell the installation program to use hdb or sdb. If C: and D: refer to partitions on a single drive, the installation program will recognize them as hda1 and hda2 (or sda1 and sda2). During the partitioning phase of Linux installation, you'll delete the second partition (hda2 or sda2), and then partition the unallocated free space for Linux. 3. Create a New Partition: - The third way to make room for Linux is to create a new partition for Red Hat Linux on the hard drive being used by the other operating system. If Windows Explorer shows only one hard drive (C:), and you don't want to add a new hard drive, you must partition the drive. After partitioning, Windows Explorer will reveal a smaller C: drive; and, when you run the Red Hat Linux installation program, it will partition the remainder of the drive for Linux. Q2. In Linux how the packages can be installed in GUI environment? Ans. To install new packages select the Install button from the toolbar. Gnome-RPM provides you with a choice of package views. You can filter your views for All packages All but installed packages Only uninstalled packages Only newer packages Uninstalled or newer packages You can switch the display of packages by using the drop-down bar at the top of the window. Choose the Add button. By default, if your CD-ROM is mounted with a Red Hat Linux CD, Gnome-RPM will search in /mnt/cdrom/RedHat/RPMS for new packages. If the package already exists on your system and you're querying a newer release, the Package Info window provides an Upgrade button, which will perform an upgrade to newer releases. We can also "drag and drop" packages from the GNOME File Manager and place them into the Install window. To accomplish this, open the File Manager (GNOME Panel => File Manager). Locate the directory in which your packages can be found, left-click once on the package name and "drag" the file. When the installation is going on you'll see a progress indicator, which indicate the progress report of the package installation.
RAID is a method in which information is spread across several disks, using techniques such as disk striping (RAID Level 0) and disk mirroring (RAID level 1) to achieve redundancy, lower latency and/or higher bandwidth for reading and/or writing to disks, and maximize recoverability from hard-disk crashes. The underlying concept in RAID is that data may be distributed across each drive in the array in a consistent manner. To do this, the data much first be broken into consistently-sized "chunks" (often 32K or 64K in size, although different sizes can be used). Each chunk is then written to each drive in turn. When the data is to be read, the process is reversed, giving the illusion that multiple drives are actually one large drive.
Raid should be used by those who need to keep large quantities of data on hand (such as an average administrator) would benefit by using RAID technology. Primary reasons to use RAID include: Enhanced speed Increased storage capacity (and more economical) Greater efficiency in recovering from a disk failure
The following are the brief list of few of those features: 1. Threaded rebuild process 2. Fully kernel-based configuration 3. Portability of arrays between Linux machines without reconstruction 4. Back grounded array reconstruction using idle system resources 5. Swappable drive support 6. Automatic CPU detection to take advantage of certain CPU optimizations Q4. Write down the steps for installing Red Hat Linux 7.0 in Detail? Ans. Before installing, red hat Linux 7.0 makes sure you, have backup files for your specific hardware. For Installation of Red Hat Linux follow the flowing steps. 1. Turn on the system. Press< F2> or 2. Insert the Red Hat Linux 7.0 Operating System CD #1 into the CD-ROM drive. And boot the system from CDROM. A menu will appear, showing the types of installations you can perform. 3. Type text on the prompt and press 4. The Keyboard Selection window appears, Select the us keyboard type. And click ok. 5. The system automatically loads your language and keyboard selections for the remainder of the installation process and each time you boot your system. The message Welcome to Red Hat Linux 7.0 appears. 6. Select OK, and press 7. Select Install Custom System, and press 8. The Disk Druid window appears. This disk utility allows you to delete, edit, or add partitions. Your minimum partitions should be /, /boot, and swap. You will also see a non-Linux partition in the Disk Druid window. Select OK and press 9. Type in your choice of the system host name, then select OK, and press 10. Select your time zone from the list. Select OK, and press 11. The Authentication Configuration window appears, keep the default options and click next. 12. The Package Group Selection window appears, showing all software packages available to your system. Select your required package and click next. 13. The X Probe Results window appears. The system automatically detects and configures devices. Select OK and press 14. The Installation to Begin window appears. Select OK and press 15. The Boot Disk window appears. Select YES The Bootdisk Creation window appears. Insert a blank diskette, select OK, and press 16. Once the diskette is created, eject it. The Monitor Setup window appears. Refer to “Using X Configurator” for information about setting up your display. Select OK and press 17. The final Screen Appear as a Congratulation Screen. Eject the Red hat Linux Cd from the CDROM and reboot the system. Now you are ready to run your Linux on your system. Q5. What do you mean by FTP? How you can configure it? Ans. FTP stands for File transfer Protocol. Linux offers a very handy command line version of the FTP client. To start the FTP client, simply run the ftp at the shell prompt. [GP@ptu ~]$ ftp remotehostname Setting up FTP is simple. All you need to do is install the anonftp RPM package. Once it is installed, anonymous FTP will be up and running.
There are a few files you might wish to edit to configure your FTP server. 1. /etc/ftpaccess: -This file defines most of the access control for your FTP server. Some of the things that you can do are: set up logical "groups" to control access from different sites, limit the number of simultaneous FTP connections, configure transfer logging, and much more. 2. /etc/ftphosts: - The ftphosts file is used to allow or deny access to certain accounts from `arious hosts. 3. /etc/ftpusers: - This file lists all the users that are not allowed to FTP into your machine. For example, root is listed in /etc/ftpusers by default. That means that you cannot FTP to your machine and log in as root. This is a good security measure, but some administrators prefer to remove root from this file. Q6. How we can mount the NFS file System? Ans. To Mounting NFS Filesystems use the mount command to mount an NFS filesystem from another machine: mkdir /mnt/local # Only required if /mnt/local doesn’t exist mount bigdog:/mnt/export /mnt/local In this command, bigdog is the hostname of the NFS fileserver, /mnt/export is the filesystem that bigdog is exporting, and /mnt/local is a directory on the local machine where we want to mount the filesystem. After the mount command runs we can enter ls /mnt/local and get a listing of the files in /mnt/export on bigdog.
Select the location where you wish to install LILO and press OK. Finally the installation program lets you set the default operating system and specify boot labels. Every partition that is bootable is listed, including partitions used by other operating systems. The Boot label column will be filled in with the word Linux on the partition holding your Red Hat Linux system’s root filesystems. Other partitions may also have boot labels. To add a boot label for a partition, use the arrow keys to highlight the desired partition. Then use the [Tab] key to select the Edit button, and press [Space]. You’ll then see a small dialog box permitting you to enter/modify the partition’s boot label. Press OK when done. The Master Boot Record (MBR): - The recommended place to install LILO, unless the MBR already starts another OS loader, such System Commander or OS/2’s Boot Manager. The MBR is a special area on your hard drive that is automatically loaded by your computer’s BIOS, and is the earliest point at which LILO can take control of the boot process. If you install LILO in the MBR, when your machine boots, LILO will present a boot: prompt. You can then boot Red Hat Linux or any other operating system you configure LILO to boot. Q8. Write down the steps for configuring LILO? Ans. 1. Create boot Disk: - The Create boot disk option is checked by default. If you do not want to create a boot disk, you should deselect this option. A boot disk can be useful for a number of reasons: For use instead of LILO -- You can use a boot disk instead of LILO. With a boot disk, going back to your other operating system is as easy as removing the boot disk and rebooting. If you would rather use a boot disk instead of LILO, make sure you enable the Do not install LILO option. For use if another operating system overwrites LILO -- Other operating systems may not be as flexible as Red Hat Linux when it comes to supported boot methods. Quite often, installing or updating another operating system can cause the master boot record (originally containing LILO) to be overwritten, making it impossible to boot your Red Hat Linux installation. The boot disk can then be used to boot Red Hat Linux so you can reinstall LILO. 2. Do not install LILO: - if you have Windows NT installed on your system, you may not want to install LILO. If you choose not to install LILO for this reason, make sure that you have chosen to create a boot disk; otherwise you will not be able to boot Linux. You can also choose to skip LILO if you do not want to write LILO to your hard drive. 3. System Administration: - If you do not wish to use LILO to boot your Red Hat Linux system, there are several alternatives: Boot Disk As previously stated, you can use the boot disk created by the installation program LOADLIN You can load Linux from MS-DOS. Unfortunately, it requires a copy of the Linux kernel to be available on an MS-DOS partition. The only ways to accomplish this is to boot your Red Hat Linux system using some other method (e.g., from LILO on a diskette) and then copy the kernel to an MS-DOS partition.
1. lpr : - lpr is the command line tool for performing printing operations. Most Application that offer printing services mask lpr behind the dialog box under X windows. To use the lpr simply type the following; [root@GP /root] # lpr filename This command sends the file to the default printer, But if you want to send the file to another printer then provide, use the –p option l [root@GP /root] # lpr –p printername filename 2. lpq: - The lpq program lists all jobs queued for the printer in the order in which they will be printed. Typically, the first job listed is actively printed. The only command line parameter is needed with lpq is –p option, which is used to specify which printer queue we want to see. The syntax for viewing the listed queue the command is; [root@GP /root] # lpq –p epson300+ 3. lprm: - The lprm tool allow you to remove print jobs that have entered the print queue but have not yet started printing. Here are the command line parameters for lprm.
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