Table 5 : Multinomial logit (MNL) analysis,
|
y = 1
|
y = 2
|
marginal effects: y = 0
|
marginal effects: y = 1
|
marginal effects: y = 2
|
Marginal effects averaged over individuals:
y = 0
|
Marginal effects averaged over individuals:
y = 1
|
Marginal effects averaged over individuals:
y = 2
|
Averages of Individual Elasticities of Probabilities:
y = 0
|
Averages of Individual Elasticities of Probabilities:
y = 1
|
Averages of Individual Elasticities of Probabilities:
y = 2
|
Gender (male=1, female=2)
|
0.761
(0.156)***
|
1.126
(0.310)***
|
-0.090
(0.018)***
|
0.077
(0.019)***
|
0.013
(0.008)(*)
|
-0.098
|
0.076
|
0.022
|
-1.027
|
0.152
|
0.718
|
Marital status: single
|
-0.023
(0.303)
|
0.547
(0.558)
|
0.001
(0.035)
|
-0.016
(0.037)
|
0.016
(0.014)
|
-0.001
|
-0.025
|
0.026
|
-0.003
|
-0.008
|
0.113
|
Marital status: married
|
0.701
(0.390)(*)
|
-0.162
(0.836)
|
-0.078
(0.045)(*)
|
0.099
(0.049)*
|
-0.021
(0.022)
|
-0.082
|
0.117
|
-0.035
|
-0.274
|
0.067
|
-0.352
|
MS: common-law marriage
|
0.418
(0.415)
|
0.456
(0.868)
|
-0.049
(0.048)
|
0.046
(0.052)
|
0.003
(0.022)
|
-0.053
|
0.048
|
0.005
|
-0.058
|
0.012
|
0.018
|
age15_19
|
0.032
(0.497)
|
-0.033
(1.059)
|
-0.003
(0.057)
|
0.005
(0.063)
|
-0.002
(0.027)
|
-0.004
|
0.006
|
-0.003
|
-0.001
|
0.001
|
-0.003
|
age20_24
|
-0.257
(0.421)
|
-0.135
(0.795)
|
0.029
(0.049)
|
-0.032
(0.052)
|
0.002
(0.020)
|
0.031
|
-0.035
|
0.004
|
0.010
|
-0.004
|
0.003
|
age25_29
|
0.201
(0.420)
|
-1.884
(1.205)
|
-0.015
(0.049)
|
0.072
(0.055)
|
-0.057
(0.031)(*)
|
-0.011
|
0.107
|
-0.095
|
-0.011
|
0.004
|
-0.151
|
age30_34
|
0.239
(0.454)
|
0.350
(0.889)
|
-0.028
(0.053)
|
0.024
(0.056)
|
0.004
(0.022)
|
-0.031
|
0.024
|
0.007
|
-0.013
|
0.002
|
0.008
|
age35_39
|
0.640
(0.423)
|
0.646
(0.799)
|
-0.074
(0.049)
|
0.072
(0.051)
|
0.003
(0.019)
|
-0.080
|
0.076
|
0.005
|
-0.046
|
0.005
|
0.005
|
age40_44
|
C
|
C
|
C
|
C
|
C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
age45_49
|
0.148
(0.349)
|
0.466
(0.668)
|
-0.018
(0.040)
|
0.009
(0.043)
|
0.009
(0.016)
|
-0.021
|
0.005
|
0.016
|
-0.015
|
0.000
|
0.032
|
age50_54
|
0.003
(0.356)
|
-0.760
(0.918)
|
0.003
(0.041)
|
0.019
(0.046)
|
-0.021
(0.024)
|
0.005
|
0.031
|
-0.035
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
-0.065
|
age55_59
|
-0.064
(0.348)
|
0.902
(0.661)
|
0.004
(0.040)
|
-0.030
(0.043)
|
0.027
(0.017)
|
0.002
|
-0.046
|
0.045
|
-0.002
|
-0.010
|
0.097
|
age60_64
|
-0.080
(0.0345)
|
1.145
(0.649)(*)
|
0.005
(0.040)
|
-0.038
(0.042)
|
0.034
(0.017)*
|
0.002
|
-0.058
|
0.056
|
-0.005
|
-0.014
|
0.123
|
age65_69
|
-0.057
(0.412)
|
0.281
(0.866)
|
0.005
(0.048)
|
-0.014
(0.051)
|
0.009
(0.022)
|
0.005
|
-0.020
|
0.015
|
0.002
|
-0.002
|
0.020
|
age70_74
|
-0.540
(0.399)
|
1.308
(0.708)(*)
|
0.056
(0.046)
|
-0.105
(0.049)*
|
0.049
(0.019)*
|
0.055
|
-0.138
|
0.082
|
0.010
|
-0.023
|
0.090
|
edu1
|
0.124
(0.460)
|
-0.863
(1.076)
|
0.011
(0.053)
|
0.038
(0.059)
|
-0.027
(0.028)
|
-0.009
|
0.054
|
-0.045
|
-0.003
|
0.003
|
-0.049
|
edu2
|
-0.998
(0.358)**
|
-2.125
(0.741)**
|
0.120
(0.042)**
|
-0.085
(0.046)(*)
|
-0.035
(0.020)(*)
|
0.133
|
-0.074
|
-0.059
|
0.069
|
-0.034
|
-0.150
|
edu3
|
-0.276
(0.359)
|
-1.495
(0.788)(*)
|
0.037
(0.042)
|
-0.002
(0.046)
|
-0.035
(0.021)(*)
|
0.043
|
0.016
|
-0.059
|
0.019
|
-0.002
|
-0.097
|
edu4
|
-0.074
(0.295)
|
-0.645
(0.554)
|
0.011
(0.034)
|
0.005
(0.037)
|
-0.016
(0.014)
|
0.013
|
0.014
|
-0.027
|
0.018
|
0.002
|
-0.122
|
edu5
|
C
|
C
|
C
|
C
|
C
|
C
|
|
|
|
|
|
edu6
|
0.868
(0.344)*
|
0.248
(0.581)
|
-0.098
(0.039)*
|
0.112
(0.041)**
|
-0.014
(0.014)
|
-0.105
|
0.128
|
-0.023
|
-0.182
|
0.023
|
-0.124
|
edu7
|
0.417
(0.416)
|
0.584
(0.732)
|
-0.049
(0.048)
|
0.043
(0.051)
|
0.006
(0.018)
|
-0.053
|
0.043
|
0.011
|
-0.031
|
0.004
|
0.017
|
edu8
|
1.515
(0.800)(*)
|
2.190
(0.975)*
|
-0.179
(0.091)*
|
0.154
(0.091)(*)
|
0.025
(0.018)
|
-0.194
|
0.153
|
0.042
|
-0.057
|
-0.001
|
0.024
|
edu9
|
0.959
(0.520)(*)
|
1.273
(0.717)(*)
|
-0.113
(0.060)(*)
|
0.100
(0.060)(*)
|
0.012
(0.015)
|
-0.122
|
0.101
|
0.021
|
-0.092
|
0.001
|
0.032
|
spouse-edu1
|
-0.651
(0.987)
|
2.137
(1.543)
|
0.065
(0.114)
|
-0.140
(0.121)
|
0.075
(0.039)(*)
|
0.063
|
-0.188
|
0.125
|
0.001
|
-0.003
|
0.014
|
spouse-edu2
|
0.093
(0.432)
|
0.334
(0.999)
|
-0.012
(0.050)
|
0.005
(0.055)
|
0.007
(0.026)
|
-0.013
|
0.001
|
0.012
|
-0.006
|
0.001
|
0.018
|
spouse-edu3
|
-0.293
(0.463)
|
0.570
(0.997)
|
0.031
(0.054)
|
-0.054
(0.059)
|
0.023
(0.026)
|
0.031
|
-0.069
|
0.038
|
0.008
|
-0.005
|
0.035
|
spouse-edu4
|
-0.422
(0.355)
|
0.169
(0.825)
|
0.047
(0.041)
|
-0.062
(0.045)
|
0.015
(0.021)
|
0.049
|
-0.074
|
0.025
|
0.057
|
-0.019
|
0.087
|
spouse-edu5
|
C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
spouse-edu6
|
0.070
(0.419)
|
0.462
(0.870)
|
-0.010
(0.049)
|
-0.001
(0.052)
|
0.011
(0.022)
|
-0.011
|
-0.007
|
0.019
|
-0.012
|
-0.002
|
0.054
|
spouse-edu7
|
0.074
(0.527)
|
0.740
(1.039)
|
-0.011
(0.061)
|
-0.008
(0.065)
|
0.019
(0.026)
|
-0.014
|
-0.018
|
0.031
|
-0.005
|
-0.001
|
0.037
|
spouse-edu8
|
-0.575
(0.579)
|
-1.252
(1.389)
|
0.069
(0.067)
|
-0.048
(0.073)
|
-0.021
(0.036)
|
0.077
|
-0.041
|
-0.035
|
0.014
|
-0.002
|
-0.021
|
spouse-edu9
|
1.134
(0.699)(*)
|
2.515
(1.021)*
|
-0.137
(0.079)(*)
|
0.094
(0.080)
|
0.043
(0.023)(*)
|
-0.151
|
0.080
|
0.072
|
-0.100
|
-0.010
|
0.098
|
Area1
|
0.573
(0.246)*
|
1.433
(0.603)*
|
-0.070
(0.029)*
|
0.044
(0.032)
|
0.026
(0.016)(*)
|
-0.078
|
0.034
|
0.044
|
-0.273
|
0.014
|
0.446
|
Area2
|
0.593
(0.271)*
|
1.256
(0.643)*
|
-0.071
(0.031)*
|
0.051
(0.035)
|
0.021
(0.017)
|
-0.079
|
0.044
|
0.035
|
-0.136
|
0.016
|
0.185
|
Area3
|
0.322
(0.299)
|
0.630
(0.733)
|
-0.039
(0.035)
|
0.029
(0.039)
|
0.010
(0.019)
|
-0.042
|
0.026
|
0.017
|
-0.033
|
0.008
|
0.047
|
Household’s size
|
0.063
(0.105)
|
0.151
(0.232)
|
-0.008
(0.012)
|
0.005
(0.013)
|
0.003
(0.006)
|
-0.009
|
0.004
|
0.005
|
-0.132
|
0.017
|
0.220
|
Children <7
|
-0.423
(0.143)**
|
-0.443
(0.343)
|
0.049
(0.017)**
|
-0.047
(0.018)**
|
-0.002
(0.009)
|
0.053
|
-0.049
|
-0.004
|
0.140
|
-0.037
|
-0.046
|
Children 7-17
|
-0.497
(0.213)*
|
-2.415
(1.032)*
|
0.065
(0.025)**
|
-0.010
(0.032)
|
-0.055
(0.023)*
|
0.075
|
0.017
|
-0.092
|
0.069
|
-0.014
|
-0.332
|
Household Incomes
|
0.152D-4
(0.177D-4)
|
-0.299D-4
(0.483D-4)
|
-0.160D-5
(0.205D-5)
|
0.279D-5
(0.229D-5)
|
-0.120D-5
(0.125D-5)
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
0.000
|
-0.044
|
0.015
|
-0.159
|
Constant
|
-0.466
(0.460)
|
-4.558
(1.028)***
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Explanatory variable: y = “How many times in the last twelve months have you seen an art exhibition, opera or theatrical performance?” = 0 (never), 1 (less often) or 2 (daily, several times per week or several times per month).
McFadden pseudo R2 = 0.139, χ2 = 233.029***, AIC = 1.263, BIC = 1.579, HQIC = 1.381
(*), *, **, *** = significance level 10%,5%,1%,0,1% .
Partial derivatives of probabilities with respect to the vector of characteristics are computed at the means of the Xs. Probabilities at the mean vector are Prob(y=0) = 0.134, Prob(y=1) = 0.837, Prob(y=2) = 0.029
|
The results of the MNL analysis confirm the importance of gender. Females are more active to go to an arts exhibition, opera and/or theatrical performances. Both the marginal effects of the gender variable or over individuals show that females most often belong to the group ‘less often’ (occasionally). The only marital status variable to classify into three groups is ‘married’. There are no differences if the person is single or living in common-law marriage. Married persons most often belong to the group ‘less often’.
The age-cohort 25-29 is most passive in going to see performing arts. Surprisingly the older age-cohorts (55-59, 65-69 and 70-74) are most active. The oldest seem to strongly classify into totally not-going and actively going groups, but the probability of belonging into ‘less often’ –group is lowest. Education is very important to classify performing arts consumption. Consumers with a bachelor’ degree (edu8) are most active. The following groups in activity are those that have either a college level (edu6) or a master’s degree (edu9), but the probability of ‘less often’ is bigger if the education level is college, while the probability of ‘often’ is bigger if the consumer has a master’s degree. The spouse’s education is significant only when the spouse has a master’s degree. As expected in Southern Finland (Area1), the category ‘often’ has the biggest probability since the biggest cities with the largest number of performing arts institutions are in Southern Finland. Area2 ( Western Finland) is also a significant variable to classify between ‘never’ and the two other categories ‘less often’ and ‘often’ but there is a difference between these two last categories.
The results of the other MNL analysis with other reference values for the age-cohort (40-44) and educational level (edu5 = upper secondary) are presented in the table 5-8.
The results in the table 5-8 are similar than in the table 5-7 but it shows that there are no differences between educational levels 1 (pupil or student), 4 (vocational school), 5 (upper secondary) or 7 (bachelor’s degree, university of applied sciences, polytechnic). Interestingly, if the spouse is a pupil or student (spouse-edu1), the respondent most probably is active (‘often’) in performing arts consumption. As expected, if the respondent has children, it significantly lowers the probability of going to an art exhibition, opera and/or theatrical performance.
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