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Space Exploration is not Planets 1NC [1/1]
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Space Exploration is not Planets 1NC [1/1]A. Interpretation. “Space” is the region between objects in the universe, not the bodies themselves. Dictionary.com. 2011, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/space 7. (Astronomy) a. the region beyond the earth's atmosphere occurring between the celestial bodies of the universe. The density is normally negligible although cosmic rays, meteorites, gas clouds, etc., can occur. It can be divided into cislunar space (between the earth and moon), interplanetary space, interstellar space, and intergalactic space B. Violation. The plan explores a planet, not space. C. Standards Predictability. The resolution states that we should be exploring space, not just Mars. The crux of this topic should be about debating space and the difficulties that arise when trying to travel through it by humans or robotic probes, not the conditions on other planets. D. Topicality is a voting issue. Having a clear definition of what the topic includes is essential to fair debate. Without topicality, debate rounds would not be competitive or interesting, and no one would learn because no team would be prepared to debate a case that is not part of the topic. For these reasons you must reject an affirmative that is not topical. United States federal government“United States” means of or from the United States of North America Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 1961 p. 2501 Of or from the United States of North America “United States” means the federal government Ballentine's Legal Dictionary and Thesaurus 1995 p. 689 the federal government SubstantiallyA substantial increase in Nasa Budget Is 7%. Alexander, 7/3/2007, Writer for the Planetary Society, “ NASA Mars Program Threatened by Senate Funding Bill” http://planetary.org/news/2007/0703_NASA_Mars_Program_Threatened_by_Senate.html The Senate bill proposes these severe cuts to the Mars program despite the fact that overall it provides for a substantial increase in NASA funding. If approved, the bill will allocate NASA a total of $17.46 billion, $1.2 billion more than the agency’s 2007 budget, and $150 million more than the administration’s request for 2008. The proposal was crafted by the Senate Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, and Science, and cleared the Senate Appropriations Committee on June 28, 2007. Substantially is a worthless word with no clear meaning. Stephen Stark patent attorney from Tennessee, Fall 1997, “NOTE: KEY WORDS AND TRICKY PHRASES: AN ANALYSIS OF PATENT DRAFTER'S ATTEMPTS TO CIRCUMVENT THE LANGUAGE OF 35 U.S.C., Journal of Intellectual Property Law, Fall, 1997 5 J. Intell. Prop. L. 365, In patent law, ambiguity of claim language necessarily results in uncertainty in the scope of protection. This uncertainty impairs all of society--the patentee, the competitor, and the public. The process of determining a particular meaning to define a term in a patent claim may result in ambiguity. 1. Ordinary Meaning. First, words in a patent are to be given their ordinary meaning unless otherwise defined. n30 However, what if a particular word has multiple meanings? For example, consider the word "substantial." The Webster dictionary gives eleven different definitions of the word substantial. n31 Additionally, there are another two definitions specifically provided for the adverb "substantially." n32 Thus, the "ordinary meaning" is not clear. The first definition of the word "substantial" given by the Webster's Dictionary is "of ample or considerable amount, quantity, size, etc." n33 Supposing that this is the precise definition that the drafter had in mind when drafting the patent, the meaning of "ample or considerable amount" appears amorphous. This could have one of at least the following interpretations: (1) almost all, (2) more than half, or (3) barely enough to do the job. Therefore, the use of a term, such as "substantial," which usually has a very ambiguous meaning, makes the scope of protection particularly hard to determine. Space ExplorationExploration “Space exploration” has a broad definition and includes many things.Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2007, “The Space Economy At A Glance,” p. 62) Definition Space exploration is the physical exploration of outer-Earth objects, via robotic probes and human missions. More broadly, it also includes the scientific disciplines (e.g. astronomy, solar physics, astrophysics, planetary sciences), technologies and policies applied to space endeavours. Space means expansion of human presence into space. G. Ryan Faith, adjunct fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 8/31/9, “Giving NASA a clear mission,” http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1456/1 Giving NASA a clear mission If neither technology-oriented nor destination-oriented objectives seem able to provide a sense of direction to guide the nation’s efforts in space, then what can? To approach this question, it is useful to ask why President Kennedy’s challenge to go to the Moon was so effective in providing NASA with leadership. The critical element of this challenge that, although never explicit, was so important to NASA’s health and growth during this period was the transformation—at least in fact, if not in law—into an exploration agency. If we wish to see NASA act effectively as a space exploration agency, then the most direct way to do this is to amend the Space Act to explicitly task the agency with the job of space exploration. However, before we do so, we must define what space exploration actually is. Space exploration is the expansion of human influence in space. This definition of exploration is inherently one of capacity building. Human influence in space is a measure of our ability to do useful things beyond the Earth’s surface. In order to do something useful, there has to be some sort of human presence, either humans themselves or their robotic proxies. Once some measure of human influence has been established at some destination in space, there are two ways a space exploration agency can expand that influence. One, the agency can decrease the costs and increase the benefits of human influence at a given location until such influence becomes sufficiently useful that it is economically self-sustaining, at which point continued use of agency resources is unnecessary. Alternately, human influence can be extended to some new place that may in future become home to some form of self-supporting human influence. The key element is that such a mandate compels each step to build on past accomplishments and lay the groundwork for future missions. Space ExplorationSpace exploration includes returning to Mars. Daniel F. Lester, and Michael Robinson, Department of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, Hillyer College, University of Hartford, 2009, “Visions of Exploration,” Space Policy 25 (2009), p. 237 The optimal strategy for US space exploration has recently been the subject of some decidedly revisionist thinking, manifested in the February 2008 workshop ‘‘Examining the Vision: Balancing Science and Exploration’’ sponsored by Stanford University and the Planetary Society [3]. Human space exploration was defined implicitly by the participants with an implementation plan to wit ‘‘the purpose of sustained human exploration is to go to Mars and beyond’’. This, and also the view that science is a beneficiary of human space flight but is not its primary motivation, is consistent with the thinking of the Aldridge Commission. This consistency became a matter of revisionism here because, following the Aldridge Report with its broad set of science goals, the NASA exploration enterprise subsequently became narrowly focused on lunar return. Exploration doesn’t require humans. Mr. Harry J. Goett, et al, 25–26 May 1959, NASA, “ Minutes of Meeting of Research Steering Committee on Manned Space Flight,” Chairman Mr. M. B. Ames, Jr. (part time) Mr. De E. Beeler Dr. A. J. Eggers Mr. M. A. Faget Mr. Laurance K. Loftin, Jr. Mr. George M. Low Each member then gave this views about how this Committee should operate. There was unanimous feeling that we should not be influenced by other committees or groups. NASA is concerned with the national space program so his committee should do long range objective planning, decide what supporting research and to some extent what vehicle recommendations are appropriate, and then take aggressive steps to assure that the work is implemented with proper orientation and coordination among all NASA Research Centers including JPL and HSFS. Certain space flight objectives have to be decided upon early to work toward. The Committee should not get bogged down with justifying the need for man in space in each of the steps but out-rightly assume that he is needed inasmuch as the ultimate objective of space exploration is manned travel to and from other planets. It is felt that the Committee can help put [3] more objectiveness in NASA space research by stressing overall jobs to be done and concepts to be explored. Past experience as with the X-15 and Mercury has shown that research geared to definite objectives is mutually beneficial to both research planning and project development. On the other hand a point was made that the Committee has to assure that NASA research retains enough diversity to avoid overlooking important new ideas. It is questionable, however, as to whether the NASA will be able to develop space research to the degree of systematic coverage that the NACA was able to do previously for example in the case of the aerodynamics of aircraft wing and body configurations. Space ExplorationSpace exploration refers to exploration of deep space and the planets. Harrison Schmitt, Chairman Of Interlune-Intermars Initiative Astronaut before the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee's Subcommittee on Science, 2003 “Testimony on the Commercial Development of Lunar Resources” The term "space exploration" implies the exploration of the Moon, planets and asteroids, that is, "deep space," in contrast to continuing human activities in Earth orbit. Human activities in Earth orbit have less to do with exploration and more to do with international commitments, as in the case of the Space Station, and prestige and technological development, as in the case of China and Russia. There are also research opportunities, not fully recognized even after 40 years, that exploit the opportunities presented by being in Earth orbit. Space exploration is inclusive of ground-based observatories. Andrew MacDonald, research scientist at Carnegie Mellon University, 9/03/2010, “A Brief Note on the Economic History of Space Exploration in America,” http://www.cmu.edu/silicon-valley/files/pdfs/macdonald-alex/brief-history-space-explore.pdf, For hundreds of years prior to the Space Age, we explored space through the telescopes of ground-based astronomical observatories. If we consider discoveries made through observations by robotic spacecraft to be space exploration, then we should consider discoveries made through ground-based astronomical observatories to be space exploration as well. In both cases the experience of the human observer is fundamentally the same – that of having vision extended into space through advanced technology. By using a consistent metric to compare the cost of that technology, whether spacecraft or telescope, we can examine the economic history of space exploration in America as a continuum extending from the mid-19th century to the present day and identity long-run trends in funding. Two significant observations can be drawn from the calculations above. First, even before the mid-twentieth century, space exploration projects of comparative relative magnitude to small-to- mid-sized robotic spacecraft were relatively common. Second, for most of its history, space exploration in America has been principally funded by private sources. The re-emergence of this trend, in both astronomy and space exploration more generally, may be robust and long-lasting. Plans for the development of space exploration infrastructure should consider that economically. DevelopmentSpace development is private investment in technology and infrastructure in space for the purpose of profit. NASA Academy, The NASA Academy is a leadership development summer program for undergraduate and graduate students interested in pursuing careers in space-related fields at Goddard Space Flight Center, 2008, “Roadmap to a Space Faring Civilization”, http://www.eng.buffalo.edu/~cheetham/index_files/NA08_GSFC_RSFC_VER_1.0.pdf Space development – private investment in space technologies, capabilities, and infrastructure such that commercial entities work in and profit from space. The development of space must contribute directly to the prosperity of life on earth and must be the peaceful employment of humankind’s shared assets. Ward W. Vuillemot, Aerospace Engineering, Masters of Science Computational Fluid Dynamics, Research Assistant; Professor Uri Shumlak, 2001 “Japan’s Space Development: Past, Present, and Future”, http://web.mac.com/wwv/docs/japanese.space.development.pdf To begin, we will examine how its members perceive the development of outer space within an international and globally inclusive framework. Congruent with other world nations, the commission defined the development of outer space as, “In order to contribute to the continual prosperity of life on Earth, we should strive to effectively maximize the utilization of the limitless possibilities of unknown outer space through mankind’s shared assets.” [11] DevelopmentDevelopment is not limited to economic growth, it also includes management of outer space and its resource, it must entail increased efficiency and technological improvements. Lotta Viikari, researcher at the Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 2008, “The environmental element in space law” In accordance with the ideology of sustainable development, multidisciplinarity and all kinds of cooperational regimes facilitating progressive learning processes and enabling continuous re-evaluation of space activities according to insights gained over time should be specifically encouraged. Moreover, the concept of development should be reconsidered to include other elements in addition to economic growth. Instead of ‘sustainable development’, one might speak of sustainable management of outer space and its resources, because for many the definition of development entails merely increased efficiency resulting from technological improvements. On the other hand, technological improvements which contribute to environmentally less adverse conduct of space activities would be more than welcome. With the technology used today, it seems difficult to slow the rate of environmental change in outer space to a level which that environment can tolerate, at least without considerable restrictions on space activities. Exploration means discovery through spacecraft; development is prospecting for resources. Mark Williamson, independent SpaceTechnology Consultant serving the space industry, 2007 Sustainable Development Research Advances, p. 173, ed: Larson, Although, in general usage, the term 'space exploration' covers almost any space-related endeavour, to those more closely involved with the subject it is confined to the scientific and physical exploration of space by either unmanned or manned spacecraft (and their occupants) and does not include commercial endeavours. Space missions dedicated to prospecting for resources, and perhaps laying claim to real estate, are as yet in the future, and will be covered here under the heading of 'industrial development’. BeyondBeyond is on the farther side Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, Second Edition http://oed.com/view/Entry/18511?redirectedFrom=beyond#eid 1. On the farther side, farther away, at a greater distance. Beyond means further in space Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, Second Edition http://oed.com/view/Entry/18511?redirectedFrom=beyond#eid 2. b. of an object regarded simply as a point in space: Past, further on than, at a more distant point or position than. Beyond means outside the sphere of Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, Second Edition http://oed.com/view/Entry/18511?redirectedFrom=beyond#eid a. Outside the limit or sphere of, past; out of the grasp or reach of. EarthEarth is the third planet from the Sun. Cambridge Dictionary, no date, http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/earth_1 [S or U] (usually Earth) the planet third in order of distance from the Sun, between Venus and Mars; the world on which we live The Earth takes approximately 365 1/4 days to go round the Sun. The Circus has been described as the greatest show on Earth (= in the world).
or earth [singular/uncountable] the planet on which we live the planet Earth the Earth: The Moon goes around the Earth. the Earth’s surface on Earth: They studied life on Earth in all its forms. MesosphereMesosphere starts just above the stratosphere. NASA, 10/8/2003 “Earth’s Atmosphere” National Aeronautics and Space Administration;; http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/9-12/features/912_liftoff_atm.html Mesosphere The mesosphere starts just above the stratosphere and extends to 85 kilometers (53 miles) high. In this region, the temperatures again fall as low as -93 degrees Celsius as you increase in altitude. The chemicals are in an excited state, as they absorb energy from the Sun. The mesopause separates the mesophere from the thermosphere. The regions of the stratosphere and the mesosphere, along with the stratopause and mesopause, are called the middle atmosphere by scientists. This area has been closely studied on the ATLAS Spacelab mission series. Mesosphere is between the stratosphere and thermosphere Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary, 2001, “Mesosphere” Merriam Webster; 2001; http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mesosphere Definition of MESOSPHERE : the part of the earth's atmosphere between the stratosphere and the thermosphere in which temperature decreases with altitude to the atmosphere's absolute minimum Directory: wp-content -> uploads -> 2011 2011 -> Voices of the Old Sea Norman Lewis 2011 -> Malevil Robert Merle 2011 -> The Elephant Keeper’s Children Peter Hoeg 2011 -> Jv packet •Mars Colonization Affirmative •Mars Colonization Negative 2011 -> Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) omb no. 1024-0018 2011 -> All America Looks Up to Virginia;” Virginia and the Declaration of Independence 2011 -> Rao bulletin 2011 -> Christopher Columbus was born between 25 August and 31 October 1451 in 2011 -> The Battle of Frenchtown (1855), Washington Territory: the Political and Demographic Context rev 9/4/11 2011 -> The harmony society Download 2.75 Mb. Share with your friends:
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