Space Geodesy Constrains Ice-Age Terminal Deglaciation: The Global ice-6g c (VM5a) Model By



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–171

–0.5

+

3.0

–1.6

C stjh 10

Tusket (Nova Scotia)

43.87

–65.96

0.4

+

1.4

85

–0.5

+

2.5

–1.7

C tskt 15

Moncton (New Brunswick)

46.13

–64.96

1.0

+

1.2

157

0.2

+

2.0

–2.0

C mntn 15

Escuminac (New Brunswick)

47.07

–64.80

0.1

+

1.2

–68

–1.1

+

2.6

–2.8

G escu 7

Bermuda {Island}

32.37

–64.70

0.7

+

0.8

35

–1.8

+

1.9

–1.3

G brmu 10

Bloomfield (New Brunswick)

46.75

–64.19

0.9

+

1.3

–93

–0.7

+

2.4

–2.7

C blfd 15

McGrath’s Cove (Nova Scotia)

44.53

–63.86

0.3

+

1.0

–160

–0.9

+

1.8

–1.7

C mcgt 15

Halifax (Nova Scotia)

44.68

–63.61

0.1

+

0.6

–70

–1.5

+

1.3

–1.7

G hlfx 9 C hlfx 15

White Hill (Nova Scotia)

45.49

–62.73

0.5

+

0.9

–60

–1.3

+

1.8

–1.9

C wthl 15

Carl–Val–Archie (Prince Edward island)

46.38

–62.14

1.5

+

1.7

–21

–1.6

+

2.4

–2.7

C cvar 15

Iles de la Madeleine (Quebec)

47.41

–61.82

0.2

+

1.4

–94

–1.0

+

2.4

–3.7

C ismd 15

Baddeck (Nova Scotia)

46.11

–60.78

0.4

+

1.1

–50

–1.8

+

1.9

–2.7

C bdck 16

Corner Brook (Newfoundland)

48.94

–57.95

1.6

+

1.4

–31

0.1

+

2.4

–0.9

C cbrk 13

Grand Falls ((New Brunswick)

48.93

–55.67

1.5

+

1.4

–44

–0.3

+

2.5

0.4

C gfal 13

Saint Lawrence (Newfoundland)

46.91

–55.37

1.1

+

1.3

–49

–1.1

+

2.4

–0.4

C stlw 13

Whitbourne (Newfoundland)

47.41

–53.54

0.6

+

3.1

–67

–0.7

+

5.9

0.0

C whtb 5

Saint John's (Newfoundland)

47.60

–52.68

0.9

+

0.5

–33

–0.7

+

1.1

–0.5

G stjo 16 D stjb 6

C stjg 10







































Sites on the North American plate beneath the former Laurentia ice sheet 136

Inuvik (Northwest Territories)

68.31

–133.53

2.2

+

1.0

139

–1.2

+

2.1

–1.4

G invk 9

Tuktoyaktuk (Northwest Territories)

69.44

–132.99

4.2

+

1.0

136

–1.6

+

2.2

–2.1

G tukt 9

Fort Nelson (British Columbia)

58.84

–122.58

1.6

+

1.8

162

2.8

+

3.0

3.2

C fnel 12

Fort Saint John (British Columbia)

56.25

–120.73

0.9

+

1.6

174

3.4

+

2.7

2.3

C ftsj 12

Grand Prairie (British Columbia)

55.19

–118.54

0.8

+

1.4

157

4.3

+

2.2

1.4

C gdpr 15

Holman (Victoria Island)

70.74

–117.76

1.7

+

0.8

167

2.8

+

1.8

1.5

G holm 11

Grimshaw (Alberta)

56.36

–117.67

1.7

+

1.1

152

4.3

+

1.9

3.8

C grms 15

Fox Creek (Alberta)

54.38

–116.78

1.7

+

1.4

148

2.8

+

2.2

0.6

C fxcr 15

Fort Vermillion (Alberta)

58.52

–116.15

2.0

+

1.0

146

5.6

+

1.9

5.6

C ftvm 15

Kugluktuk (Nunavut)

67.82

–115.13

1.9

+

1.7

147

5.3

+

3.6

2.5

C kugl 11

Slave Lake (Alberta)

55.54

–114.83

1.7

+

1.3

136

2.9

+

2.2

3.5

C slvl 15

Gainford (Alberta)

53.60

–114.72

1.6

+

1.3

132

1.5

+

2.2

0.2

C gnfd 15

Yellowknife (Northwest Territories)

62.48

–114.48

1.7

+

0.5

170

6.1

+

1.1

5.0

V ylow7296 12 G yell 15 yel5 15 D yela 13

Calgary (Alberta)

51.10

–114.37

1.9

+

1.1

130

0.5

+

1.9

–0.8

C cal4 15

Calgary (Alberta)

50.87

–114.29

1.8

+

1.0

134

–0.1

+

2.2

–0.8

G prds 8

Calgary (Alberta)

50.83

–113.92

1.8

+

1.4

140

–1.0

+

2.1

–0.8

C cp32 15

Kathryn (Alberta)

51.21

–113.82

2.0

+

1.2

129

–0.4

+

2.1

–0.8

C katn 15

Bashaw (Alberta)

52.69

–113.25

2.1

+

1.5

148

0.1

+

2.2

–0.1

C bshw 15

Edmonton (Alberta)

53.57

–113.17

1.9

+

1.4

148

1.1

+

2.2

1.0

C edmn 15

Egremont (Alberta)

54.04

–113.16

1.7

+

1.5

144

1.5

+

2.2

1.7

C egmt 15

Lethbridge (Alberta)

49.59

–112.60

1.9

+

1.4

138

–2.8

+

2.1

–1.2

C leth 15

Mundare (Alberta)

53.57

–112.41

2.1

+

1.5

151

0.7

+

2.2

1.4

C mndr 15

Brooks (Alberta)

50.66

–112.12

1.9

+

1.4

148

–2.5

+

2.1

–0.7

C brks 15

Mariana Lake (Alberta)

55.95

–112.03

1.8

+

1.1

148

2.9

+

1.9

4.4

C mrlk 15

Veteran (Alberta)

52.04

–111.12

1.8

+

1.5

150

–1.1

+

2.2

0.5

C vetn 15

Bonnyville (Alberta)

54.56

–110.98

1.8

+

1.4

143

1.3

+

2.2

2.9

C bnyv 15

Lloydminster (Alberta)

53.25

–109.87

2.0

+

1.5

155

0.1

+

2.2

1.5

C ldmn 15

Maple Creek (Saskatchewan)

49.99

–109.47

1.5

+

1.4

145

–3.9

+

2.1

–1.0

C mpck 15

Kindersley (Saskatchewan)

51.50

–109.16

2.0

+

1.4

153

–2.0

+

2.1

0.4

C kndl 15

La Loche (Saskatchewan)

56.90

–108.98

2.3

+

1.4

166

5.2

+

2.1

6.1

C locn 15

Meadow Lake (Saskatchewan)

54.09

–108.48

2.2

+

1.4

159

0.8

+

2.1

2.1

C mdlk 15

North Battleford (Saskatchewan)

52.74

–108.23

2.2

+

1.4

162

–0.8

+

2.1

0.8

C nbtf 15

Swift Current (Saskatchewan)

50.25

–107.77

2.0

+

1.3

155

–3.5

+

2.0

–0.9

C swcr 15

Loreburn (Saskatchewan)

51.23

–106.61

1.8

+

1.4

159

–2.9

+

2.1

–0.1

C lorb 15

Saskatoon (Saskatchewan)

52.20

–106.40

1.6

+

0.8

162

–3.3

+

1.4

0.2

G sask 9 C sak4 15

Assiniboia (Northwest Territories)

49.63

–106.03

2.3

+

1.8

151

–4.1

+

3.1

–1.6

C asbl 9

Prince Albert (Saskatchewan)

53.21

–105.93

1.7

+

1.1

169

–1.4

+

1.9

0.7

C pral 16

La Ronge (Saskatchewan)

55.16

–105.30

1.7

+

1.2

172

2.5

+

2.0

3.3

C lrng 15

Dafoe (Saskatchewan)

51.75

–104.51

1.9

+

1.4

164

–2.4

+

2.1

0.3

C dfoe 16

Regina (Saskatchewan)

49.80

–104.26

0.9

+

3.0

150

–1.8

+

4.1

–1.1

C rg12 9

Regina (Saskatchewan)

50.31

–104.21

1.5

+

1.3

147

–4.0

+

2.0

–0.6

C reg8 16

Wollaston Lake (Saskatchewan)

58.06

–103.80

1.7

+

1.2

166

7.8

+

2.0

8.5

C wolk 15

Regina (Saskatchewan)

50.34

–103.61

1.7

+

2.8

163

–2.0

+

3.9

–0.4

C rg14 9

Stoughton (Saskatchewan)

49.68

–102.98

0.9

+

1.2

171

–3.0

+

1.9

–0.7

C sgtn 16

Yorkton (Saskatchewan)

51.22

–102.40

1.7

+

1.2

165

–0.9

+

2.0

0.6

C yrkt 15

Hudson Bay (Saskatchewan)

52.84

–102.38

1.6

+

1.2

165

0.9

+

1.9

1.3

C hdby 15

Flin Flon (Saskatchewan)

54.73

–101.98

2.0

+

0.8

–179

2.3

+

1.7

3.4

G flin 11

Swan River (Manitoba)

52.07

–101.28

1.6

+

1.2

172

0.2

+

1.9

1.1

C swnr 15

Lynn Lake (Manitoba)

56.86

–101.07

1.3

+

1.2

166

7.0

+

2.1

7.4

C lnlk 15

Dauphin (Manitoba)

51.08

–100.00

1.5

+

1.3

174

–0.3

+

2.0

1.0

C daup 15

Brandon (Manitoba)

49.89

–99.91

1.2

+

1.3

176

–1.2

+

2.0

0.9

C brdn 15

Grand Rapids (Manitoba)

53.27

–99.33

1.6

+

1.3

179

2.9

+

2.1

2.1

C grap 15

Ponton (Manitoba)

54.70

–99.01

1.9

+

1.3

–176

5.1

+

2.1

4.2

C pntn 15

Fairford (Manitoba)

51.62

–98.74

1.4

+

1.2

179

0.6

+

2.0

1.3

C fard 15

Thompson (Manitoba)

55.44

–98.22

1.8

+

1.2

–172

6.0

+

2.1

5.7

C tmpg 15

Thompson (Manitoba)

55.85

–98.02

1.6

+

1.2

–176

7.0

+

2.1

6.4

C thmp 15

Winnipeg (Manitoba)

49.85

–97.48

1.8

+

1.2

–176

0.2

+

2.0

1.6

C wina 15

Winnipeg (Manitoba)

50.18

–97.28

1.3

+

1.8

–176

0.3

+

2.8

1.5

C win5 11

Baker Lake (Nunavut)

64.32

–96.00

1.3

+

1.7

153

10.8

+

3.8

10.5

G bake 5

Split Lake (Manitoba)

56.39

–95.90

1.1

+

1.2

–175

8.3

+

2.0

7.3

C splk 15

Lac du Bonnet (Manitoba)

50.26

–95.87

1.4

+

0.8

–172

0.1

+

1.8

1.6

G dubo 10

Kenora (Manitoba)

49.72

–94.76

0.9

+

1.1

–162

0.6

+

1.9

1.5

C knra 15

Gods Lake (Manitoba)

54.55

–94.48

1.6

+

1.6

–172

7.0

+

2.9

5.9

C gdlk 10

Churchill (Manitoba)

58.76

–94.09

1.2

+

0.9

–179

10.6

+

1.9

8.6

G chur 10

Balmertown (Ontario)

51.01

–93.77

1.6

+

1.1

–160

2.5

+

1.9

1.8

C bmtn 15

Ignace (Ontario)

49.29

–91.46

1.1

+

1.4

–176

1.4

+

2.2

1.5

C ignc 14

Pipestone River (Ontario)

52.33

–90.78

1.7

+

1.8

–165

6.3

+

3.3

5.1

C pipr 9

Savant Lake (Ontario)

50.70

–90.56

1.6

+

1.4

–156

3.9

+

2.2

3.1

C svlk 14

Pickle Lake (Ontario)

51.48

–90.16

1.4

+

1.1

–155

5.6

+

2.5

4.5

G picl 7

Thunder Bay (Ontario)

48.47

–89.22

1.5

+

1.2

–151

2.5

+

2.1

2.1

C tbyg 14

Upper Keweenaw (Michigan)

47.23

–88.62

1.9

+

0.7

160

0.8

+

1.6

1.1

G kew1 12

Rossport (Ontario)

48.83

–87.52

1.7

+

0.9

–152

3.3

+

2.1

3.6

G ross 9

Escanaba (Michigan)

45.75

–87.07

1.0

+

0.8

179

–0.9

+

1.8

0.6

G sup2 11

Longlac (Ontario)

49.78

–86.52

1.3

+

1.9

–152

5.5

+

2.8

5.2

C lglk 13

Newberry (Michigan)

46.30

–85.51

2.4

+

0.8

–173

–0.1

+

1.8

1.8

G sup3 11

Peawanuck (Ontario)

55.01

–85.41

1.0

+

1.3

–126

12.0

+

2.5

9.2

C peaw 13

Wawa (Ontario)

48.07

–84.76

1.3

+

2.0

–154

3.6

+

2.8

4.3

C wawa 13

Sault Saint Marie (Ontario)

46.53

–84.59

1.2

+

2.1

–171

1.3

+

2.8

2.3

C ssmg 13

Hearst (Ontario)

49.67

–83.51

1.5

+

0.8

–156

7.3

+

1.7

6.5

G hrst 7 C hrst 12

Igloolik (Nanavut)

69.38

–81.81

3.0

+

1.8

–143

10.8

+

4.1

11.3

C iglo 10

Timmins (Ontario)

48.52

–81.54

1.4

+

1.8

–154

6.4

+

2.6

5.8

C tims 13

Port Elgin (Ontario)

44.44

–81.40

1.1

+

2.2

–169

0.3

+

2.9

0.2

C pteg 13

Sudbury (Ontario)

46.45

–81.19

0.9

+

2.1

–169

3.2

+

2.7

3.0

C sdby 13

Moosonee (Ontario)

51.29

–80.61

1.0

+

1.2

–145

9.9

+

2.2

9.7

C mosn 13

Parry Sound (Ontario)

45.34

–80.04

1.0

+

0.8

–155

1.4

+

1.7

1.8

G pary 9 C pars 13

Toronto (Ontario)

43.73

–79.61

0.8

+

1.5

–141

–0.6

+

2.4

–0.7

C tort 13

La Sarre (Quebec)

48.78

–79.16

1.5

+

1.7

–153

8.2

+

2.3

6.5

C lsar 15

Temiscaming (Quebec)

46.72

–79.09

1.1

+

1.7

–149

3.9

+

2.4

3.5

C tmsc 15

La Grande (Quebec)

53.70

–78.57

0.7

+

1.1

–133

13.3

+

2.1

11.8

C lg1g 14

Peterborough (Ontario)

44.31

–78.30

0.7

+

1.8

–156

1.2

+

2.6

0.5

C pter 13

Inukjuak (Quebec)

58.46

–78.11

1.1

+

1.2

–62

11.0

+

2.9

10.7

C injk 13

Algonquin Park (Ontario)

45.96

–78.07

1.0

+

0.4

–177

2.5

+

0.9

2.5

V algopark 19

G algo 17



Bancroft (Ontario)

45.04

–77.89

1.2

+

1.7

–145

2.7

+

2.5

1.5

C bcft 13

Kuujjuarapik (Quebec)

55.28

–77.75

0.3

+

1.1

–115

14.2

+

2.4

11.8

G kuuj 6 C kuuj 7

Val–d'Or (Quebec)

48.10

–77.56

1.4

+

0.7

–158

8.3

+

1.5

5.5

G vald 7 C vald 14

Louise (Quebec)

50.50

–77.43

0.7

+

1.5

176

9.1

+

3.0

9.8

C luse 9

Pembroke (Ontario)

45.84

–77.25

1.4

+

2.1

175

3.4

+

2.8

2.3

C pemb 13

Eastmain (Quebec)

52.11

–77.20

1.5

+

1.1

–162

11.7

+

2.0

12.1

C estm 14

Belleville (Ontario)

44.23

–77.19

1.0

+

1.7

–150

1.2

+

2.5

0.4

C bel3 13

Gananoque (Ontario)

44.35

–76.17

1.0

+

2.1

–157

1.6

+

2.8

0.6

C gang 13

Grand–Remous (Quebec)

46.67

–75.99

1.0

+

1.9

–158

4.5

+

2.4

3.2

C gdrm 15

Bossler (Ontario)

45.40

–75.92

1.0

+

1.5

180

3.0

+

2.1

1.7

C bslr 15

Mallorytown (Ontario)

44.47

–75.87

1.1

+

1.8

–152

2.1

+

2.5

0.7

C mltn 14

Gatineau (Quebec)

45.59

–75.81

1.0

+

0.8

176

2.5

+

1.7

1.9

G cags 11

Salluit (Quebec)

62.19

–75.67

0.4

+

1.8

–153

7.2

+

3.0

7.3

C sall 13

Ottawa (Ontario)

45.45

–75.62

0.5

+

0.5

176

2.9

+

1.2

1.8

G nrc1 16 nrc2 3

D otta 4


Laggan Glenelg Road (Ontario)

45.39

–74.70

1.4

+

1.2

–153

3.2

+

1.9

1.6

C hlag 15

Parent (Quebec)

47.92

–74.62

1.1

+

2.4

–169

6.4

+

2.8

4.5

C prnt 15

Saint–Jovite (Quebec)

46.11

–74.59

0.7

+

1.8

–147

3.3

+

2.4

2.2

C stjv 15

Chibougamau (Quebec)

49.91

–74.39

1.1

+

1.6

–178

9.5

+

2.2

8.2

C cmou 15

Chambly (Quebec)

45.41

–73.35

1.4

+

1.6

–163

2.7

+

2.2

1.3

C cnmc 15

La Tuque (Quebec)

47.42

–72.79

0.8

+

2.0

–169

4.4

+

2.5

2.6

C ltuq 15

Sherbrooke (Quebec)

45.41

–71.99

1.2

+

2.1

174

1.9

+

2.6

0.7

C srbk 15

Laval University (Quebec)

46.78

–71.28

1.8

+

1.2

–57

2.7

+

2.5

0.9

C lave 15

Laforge (Quebec)

54.60

–71.27

0.2

+

1.3

–15

13.2

+

2.2

13.3

C lfrg 14

Chicoutimi (Quebec)

48.48

–71.20

0.8

+

2.0

166

4.5

+

2.6

2.4

C ccmi 15

Saint–Georges (Quebec)

46.02

–70.74

0.2

+

2.1

60

1.8

+

3.0

0.3

C stgo 15

Charlevoix (Quebec)

47.55

–70.33

1.2

+

1.2

156

3.3

+

2.1

0.5

C crlv 14

La Pocatiere (Quebec)

47.34

–70.01

1.1

+

0.8

169

2.4

+

1.8

0.1

C lpoc 15

Cacouna (Quebec)

47.91

–69.48

0.9

+

1.2

174

2.3

+

2.0

–0.2

C cacu 15

Iqaluit (Nunavut)

63.75

–68.55

1.3

+

1.9

179

3.2

+

3.5

2.2

C iqlu 10

Kuujjuaq (Quebec)

58.11

–68.41

0.9

+

1.9

6

8.6

+

2.8

9.0

C kujq 13

Edmundston (New Brunswick)

47.40

–68.36

0.8

+

1.6

–176

1.2

+

2.2

–1.4

C edmd 15

Baie–Comeau (Quebec)

49.19

–68.26

1.0

+

0.9

157

3.0

+

2.1

0.6

G baie 9

Manic–5 (Quebec)

51.25

–68.20

1.1

+

1.9

174

8.2

+

2.7

8.6

C mnc5 13

Baie Comeau (Quebec)

49.27

–68.16

1.3

+

1.7

157

3.8

+

2.4

0.7

C bcom 15

Mont–Joli (Quebec)

48.52

–67.98

0.9

+

1.6

147

1.6

+

2.4

–1.1

C mtjl 15

Schefferville (Quebec)

54.83

–66.83

0.3

+

1.0

14

11.1

+

2.3

11.4

G sch2 8

Port–Cartier (Quebec)

50.05

–66.78

0.8

+

2.0

170

4.1

+

2.6

2.7

C pcrt 15

Sainte–Anne–des–Monts (Quebec)

49.12

–66.54

0.9

+

1.9

157

2.3

+

2.6

–0.9

C stan 15

Bathurst (New Brunswick)

47.62

–65.78

0.3

+

1.4

173

0.4

+

2.0

–2.8

C btht 16

Chandler (Quebec)

48.38

–64.56

0.4

+

1.6

168

1.0

+

2.2

–3.2

C cnda 15

Harvre–Saint–Pierre (Quebec)

50.30

–63.83

0.3

+

1.7

–157

3.4

+

2.3

2.0

C hvrp 15

Folly Mountain (Nova Scotia)

45.51

–63.54

0.2

+

1.8

–21

–0.6

+

3.1

–1.8

C flmt 9 flm2 3

Nain (Labrador)

56.54

–61.69

1.5

+

0.6

28

4.0

+

1.4

2.0

G nain 9 C nain 14

Goose Bay (Labrador)

53.30

–60.54

0.5

+

1.8

21

4.8

+

2.7

7.1

C gsby 13




Sites in Greenland, Baffin Island, and Ellesmere Island 32

Resolute (Cornwallis Island)

74.69

–94.89

2.3

±

0.8

–177

5.3

±

1.8

3.5

G reso 11

Thule (Greenland)

76.54

–68.79

3.1

±

0.5

–123

5.6

±

1.1

0.4

G thu1 6 thu2 13

thu3 9


Qikiqtarjuaq (Baffin island)

67.56

–64.03

0.4

±

1.1

0

3.4

±

2.4

–1.6

G qiki 8

Kap Morton (Greenland)

81.25

–63.53

2.0

±

1.9

–100

7.5

±

4.2

5.7

G kmor 4

Alert (Ellesmere Island)

82.49

–62.34

3.7

±

0.9

–146

5.3

±

2.0

4.0

G alrt 9

Doecker Smith glacier(Greenland)

76.35

–61.68

1.9

±

1.7

–80

16.3

±

3.8

0.0

G dksg 5

Kullorsuaq (Greenland)

74.58

–57.23

3.1

±

2.0

–110

9.1

±

4.5

–0.3

G kull 4

Sermip Nunatak (Greenland)

72.91

–54.39

4.3

±

2.0

–111

17.3

±

4.5

1.1

G srmp 4

Quaarsuut (Greenland)

70.74

–52.69

2.2

±

1.8

–82

7.8

±

4.0

0.9

G qaar 5

Rinks Isbrf (Greenland)

71.85

–50.99

2.4

±

1.7

24

9.9

±

3.9

1.2

G rink 5

Kellyville (Greenland)

66.99

–50.94

1.5

±

0.8

–117

1.1

±

1.8

0.4

G kely 10

Kangia North (Greenland)

69.22

–49.81

4.1

±

1.9

–88

19.7

±

4.3

–0.9

G kaga 4

Qaqortoq (Greenland)

60.72

–46.05

1.7

±

1.0

–106

3.8

±

2.2

3.1

G qaq1 9

Timmiarmiut (Greenland)

62.54

–42.29

1.4

±

2.5

–24

7.4

±

5.6

2.2

G timm 3

Trefoldigheden (Greenland)

64.28

–41.38

2.3

±

2.1

–66

10.3

±

4.6

0.6

G treo 4

Hjornefjeldet (Greenland)

63.42

–41.15

0.3

±

2.0

–123

7.8

±

4.5

1.2

G hjor 4

Kulusuk(Greenland)

65.58

–37.15

2.0

±

0.8

–107

8.3

±

1.9

–0.1

G kulu 10

Pilappik (Greenland)

66.90

–34.03

1.8

±

2.5

–71

8.9

±

5.5

–0.4

G plpk 3

Scoresbysund (Greenland)

70.49

–21.95

1.6

±

1.1

–62

3.0

±

2.6

1.7

G scor 7

Kap Agassiz (Greenland)

79.13

–65.85

2.8

±

2.8

–122

10.5

±

6.3

4.3

G kagz 3

Marie glacier (Greenland)

77.19

–65.69

2.0

±

1.5

–120

9.3

±

3.4

2.1

G marg 5

Astrup Kystland (Greenland)

75.73

–58.26

3.0

±

3.3

–88

15.7

±

7.3

-0.4

G asky 2

Sermip Nunataa (Greenland)

61.07

–47.14

2.6

±

1.7

–122

12.2

±

3.8

2.6

G senu 5

Kxge Bugt (Greenland)

65.14

–41.16

2.7

±

3.1

–100

16.1

±

6.8

–0.1

G kbug 3

Lynfs (Greenland)

64.43

–40.20

0.9

±

2.3

–89

9.8

±

5.2

0.2

G lyns 3

Steenstrup Nordre Brf (Greenland)

66.86

–35.58

2.5

±

1.5

–47

13.9

±

3.3

–0.2

G ksnb 6

Kangerdlussuaq glacier (Greenland)

68.59

–33.05

4.6

±

2.4

–94

26.0

±

5.4

-0.4

G kuaq 3

Vestfjord glacier (Greenland)

70.30

–29.82

3.0

±

2.4

–58

10.4

±

5.3

1.6

G vfdg 3

Hamburg glacier (Greenland)

73.68

–28.13

3.1

±

2.6

–53

4.8

±

5.9

-0.5

G hmbg 3

Ymer nunatak (Greenland)

77.43

–24.33

3.2

±

2.3

–83

4.8

±

5.1

4.5

G ymer 4

Walterhausen glacier (Greenland)

73.96

–24.31

2.4

±

2.3

–66

6.4

±

5.1

0.7

G wthg 4

Mestersvig (Greenland)

72.24

–23.91

2.0

±

2.3

–58

6.8

±

5.0

2.2

G msvg 4

The horizontal velocity is described by a speed (in mm/yr) and an azimuth (in degrees clockwise of North).

Values after the ± are 1–dimensional 95% confidence limits.

The right column list the sites used to estimate the velocity of the place:

the space technique (G– GPS, V– VLBI, S– SLR, D-DORIS, C–Canadian Base Network), the site abbreviation, and the effective time period of observation (in yr).

For example, Westford has 23 years of VLBI data at site westford, 11 years of GPS data at site wes2, 13 years of VLBI data at site haystack, and 12 years of SLR data at site haystk.

ICE-6G_C (VM5a) is the postglacial rebound model in this study.

We define the effective time period of observations to be the root sum square of the time period before an offset and the time period after the offset and the root sum square of the time periods of 2 or more sites at the same place.

We take the standard error in uplift to be 10 mm divided by the effective time period of observation [see Argus et al. 2010, Argus and Peltier 2010].




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