Participation In United Nations Peace Keeping Operations (UNPKOs)

1 Garibay and Jyoti, 2003

2 Production increased from 846,724 in 2004 to 1,466,676 liters in 2006

3 Source: Global Bottled Water Report

4 Source: Creating a Development Dynamic – Final Report of the Digital Opportunity Initiative (July 2001).

5 PPD, Ministry of Agriculture, 2002

6 FAO, 1996

7 Bhutan Living Standard Survey 2004, National Statistical Bureau

8 Dorjee, 1995; Deb, 2004

9 RNR Census 2000

10 National Statistical Bureau 2003- Bhutan Living Standards Measurement Survey

11 Ministry of Health 2004 - Annual Health Bulletin 2003.

12 70% in the 9^th FYP

13 Bhutan Trade Statistics 2006

14 Ibid.

15 Comparative Socio-Economic Indicators for Bhutan, NSB 2005

16 Nu.12 million p.a. which is 0.15% of Agri. GDP - Agri-Horti Policy review

17 NSB 2004

18 DALSS, 2002

19 Existing data indicates that in 2006, only 2 projects were valued at more than Nu. 50 million, the rest were either small projects or were downsized into smaller packages.

20 Department of Revenue and Customs, MOF, National Revenue Report, 2005-06

21 The firm power with commissioning of Tala is 283 MW against the projected demand of almost 400 MW from the recent industrial estate at Pasakha.

22 Bhutan has developed only the run-of-the river schemes and deferred the development of multi-purpose storage scheme till date.

23 Revenue data as presented in 2006 (Kuensel issue of November 26^th, 2006).

24 India is adding about 6000 MW of nuclear plant in the recently concluded deal with the US.

25 CEA presentation to Bhutanese Hydropower Development Committee on 15.01.2007.

26 Talmiz Ahmed- Director General of Indian Council of World Affairs during an IPPAI seminar on 28 January, 2007. This figure is derived from the Integrated Energy Policy document of India that says that India will need 800,000 MW of power by 2021-32. Also quoted in Outlook Business of February 20, 2007.

27 Already 20 states have unbundled their utilities, 24 have independent regulators, and 18 regulatory commissions have awarded tariff orders. Ashis Gupta & Ranjana Kaushal – Power Shift; Outlook Business, Feb 20, 2007.

28 S K Garg, CMD, National Hydroelectric Power Corporation in Times of India (January 26, 2007).

29 Hydropower Pricing in Nepal, Developing a Perspective, Jalsrot Vikas Sanstha (JVS), Nepal.

30 Norms established by the Central Electricity Regulatory Authority (CERC) of India.

31 IPPs in India are based on bidding process and spot trading is now being considered (CERC-July 2006). Developing a Common Platform for Electricity Trading, CERC, July 2006.

32 Nepal is trying to consider these and other induced and external costs that raises their threshold level.

33 Theory of negotiation - Getting to Say Yes (Harvard University)

34 Sasan Project by Lanco Group; Powering UP by Balaji Chandramouli in Business Today (28 January, 2007).

35 Bhutan is signatory to the SAARC and BIMSTEC forums for establishing a regional power grid.

36 Preliminary draft of World Bank Report for “Hydropower Sector Study: Opportunities and Strategic Options”.

37 Refer Bhutan Times issue of February 11, 2007 - “Power Transmission Versus Property Rights”

38 Erik J. Woodhouse, A Political Economy of International Infrastructure Contracting: Lessons from the IPP Experience, Center for Environmental Science and Policy, Stanford University, CA, USA, September 30, 2005.

39 Jaypee Group Presentation to the Bhutanese Hydropower Development Committee at Delhi on 15/1/2007.

40 Part 4 of the Electricity Act of Bhutan 2001 defines private participation in the electricity industry. However, the Bhutan Electricity Authority has yet to “prepare and promulgate regulations in relation to the establishment, ownership, operations and activities of private investment.”

41 Outlook Business, February 20, 2007 issue.

42 Because of the Asian financial crisis, power demand dipped in Philippines during 1999-2002 just when power plants started earlier were coming on line. This drained the state utility’s finances and made the IPPs susceptible to criticism.[Erik J. Woodhouse, The Experience of Independent Power Producers in Developing Countries, June 2-3, 2005}

43 The Times of India, Kolkata Edition, Thursday, February 1, 2007.

44 Especially local India coal has very high ash content of more than 30%.

45 Business Today, December 31, 2006.

46 Price Waterhouse Cooper, World Bank Report on Bhutan Hydropower Sector Study: Opportunities and Strategic Options, October 2006.

47 Erik J. Woodhouse, The Experience of Independent Power Producers in Developing Countries, Program for Sustainable Development, Center for Environmental Science and Policy, Stanford University, CA, USA, June 2-3, 2005.

48 Ibid.

49 Section 53.7, Part 5 of Electricity Act of Bhutan 2001 requires “Royalty on use and land resources may be determined by the Authority.”

50 Ministry of Power, Government of India, Policy on Hydro Power Development, August 1998

51 As per DOE’s notification No. 9/DOE/HQ/2005-06/16, dated 20/6/06, the government owned hydropower stations are required to provide 15% of their annual generation as royalty energy, at a subsidized price, to BPC for meeting domestic demand.

52 JAL’s presentation to the Bhutanese Hydro Power Development Committee on 15/01/07 at Delhi. JAL has signed MOU for the 1600 MW Lower Siang Project (Rs. 82.96 billion) and the 500 MW Hirong Project (Rs. 20.73 billion) with Government of Arunachal Pradesh on BOOT (Build Own Operate Transfer) basis for a lease period of 40 years.

53 Clause 49.2, Part 4 of Electricity Act states “The bidding procedures shall be managed by the Authority, which shall give his recommendations to the Minister for final decision regarding the selection of the successful bidder.”

54 Section 31.1 of Part 3 of the Electricity Act of Bhutan 2001 limits the duration of a licence to thirty years, with provision for renewal on terms and conditions specified by the Authority.

55 Draft Energy Policy recommends taxes and duties be exempted for the import and sale of all hydropower generation, transmission and distribution equipment.

56 Erik J. Woodhouse, The Experience of Independent Power Producers in Developing Countries, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development, CESP, Stanford University, Seminar Draft, June 2-3, 2005. “Obsolescing bargain” – negotiating leverage in a large private infrastructure shifts during the project life cycle. Investors face an amortization of several years while the government has already secured its need once the project is operational; original bargain is obsolete and the state could force change in terms.

57 Of the total installed capacity of 11,581 MW, IPPs will own 3,160 MW.

58 The 2003-2022 Power System Master Plan, March 2004 has projected domestic peak by 2022 at 352 MW.

59 Projection made by BPC.

60 It is reported that 50% of the power sale to PTC from 750 MW West Seti Project in Nepal has been arranged for payment in US $.

61 Section 51.2, Part 5 of Electricity Act of Bhutan 2001 states “the Minister shall pursue the acquisition of the land on behalf of the Licensee in accordance with the Land Act.”

62 Existing level of wheeling tariff is Nu. 0.125 per unit, but BPC has indicated that this could increase to Nu. 0.24 for the existing system.

63 MoU has been signed between NHPC and Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh on 21/09/06 for implementation of Tawang I (750 MW, 3156.10 MU in a 90% dependable year) and Tawang II (750 MW, 3480.40 MU in a 90% dependable year) Projects by NHPC.

64 Based on the generation subsidy of Nu.0.91 (1.21-0.30) & distribution subsidy of Nu.1.80 (2.8-1.0).

65 An easement is the right to make certain uses of another person’s property (affirmative easement) or the right to prevent another person from making certain uses of his own property (negative easement). The right to run a sewer line across someone else’s property would be an affirmative easement. An easement preventing somebody from erecting a structure in his won land would be a negative easement. Among others, easements are required by grant, reservation, prescription and by implication. For utilities, most relevant are those created by grants and by implication.

66 Land Use Survey 1995

67 Kuensel issue dated 6 January, 2007

68 Nu. 80 million in 2006

69 Jalpaiguri has three Sub-Divisions: Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar and Mal. Its political structure is as follows: It has a Zilla Parishad (District level) with 31 seats, 374 Panchayat Samities (Block level) and 2,241 Gram Panchayats (Village level). The Zilla Parishad is headed by the Sabhadhipati, the Panchayat Samiti by a Savapati and a Gram Panchayat by a Pradhan.

70 Darjeeling is the other district in West Bengal with which Bhutan shares a border. In particular, it is the Kalimpong Sub-Division of Darjeeling District that shares a river border with Sipsu Dungkhag.

71 The DGAHC has 12 members. It has not yet received the Sixth Schedule status under the Indian Constitution. Therefore, in the interim, Subhash Ghising is functioning as the Chief Administrator of DGAHC.

72 Bhutan shares a border with four districts of Assam – Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baksha and Udalguri – which are under the Bodoland Territorial Council. Panchayati Raj institutions do not function in the BTC Districts.

73 Kalimpong Sub-Division elects three of the 12 Councillors of DGAHC.

74 BTC has 46 members: 1 elected from each of the 40 constituencies (30 reserved for scheduled tribes, 5 for non-tribal communities, 5 open for all communities), 6 nominated (at least two should be women) by Governor of Assam. BTC has an Executive Council consisting of 14 members with adequate representation of non-tribal communities. The status of the Chief and Deputy Chief of the Executive Council are equivalent to a Cabinet Minister of Assam and the Executive Members equivalent to that of a Minister of State of Assam for protocol matters in BTC.

75 While traveling through Assam, Bhutanese vehicles have to travel through the other districts of Darranga, Kamrup, Nalbari, Barpeta, and Bongaigaon. Panchayati Raj institutions still function in these districts.

76 This is an age-old tradition that existed between the people of eastern Bhutan with the people of Assam. During the winter months, people living in the higher areas of Samdrup Jongkhar and Pema Gatshel would come down to Assam, where Assamese families would host them for few months. When the winter was over, they returned home with gifts from their host families. In the summer months, the people of Samdrup Jongkhar and Pema Gatshel reciprocated the hospitality. This tradition stopped with the problem of IIGs in Bhutan.

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