Subfamily hesperiinae
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Type locality: South Africa: “Stormbergen, Cape Colony”. Holotype (female) in the Natural History Museum, London. Diagnosis: Antennal club thick; forewing upperside with white spots; underside hindwing with characteristic, bold, irregular shiny white streaks. Distribution: Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999), Lesotho. Common name: Barber’s ranger. Habitat: Grassland, from sea level in the Western Cape Province to 2 800 metres in Lesotho. Often in marshy areas or along stream banks (Pringle, et al., 1994). Most of the former habitat of ssp. bunta, on the Cape Flats, has been destroyed by urbanization and invasion by alien vegetation (Pringle, et al., 1994). Habits: Flies rapidly, close to the ground, around grassy areas, frequently settling on grass blades (Pringle et al., 1994). Both sexes are strongly attracted to flowers. Males occasionally hilltop but more usually establish territories near stands of the larval host plants. Kielland (1990) noted that they perch for long periods on bare ground once the sun has warmed it. Flight period: Double-brooded, flying in October and November, and again in March. It is most abundant in October-November but has been found as early as August near Port Elizabeth (Pringle, et al., 1994). The subspecies bunta is on the wing in September and October. Early stages: Clark, in Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 250; plate 23 [as Kedestes barberae; Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape]. Larval food: Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel (Poaceae) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 193; as Imperata arundinacea]. Kedestes barberae barberae (Trimen, 1873) Cyclopides barberae Trimen, 1873. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1873: 120 (101-124).  
Kedestes barberae barberae. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 25mm. Loteni, 6500, Natal. 1.x.1961. K.M. Pennington. (Transvaal Museum - TM2827). Type locality: South Africa: “Stormbergen, Cape Colony”. Holotype (female) in the Natural History Museum, London. Distribution: Tanzania (south-west), Zambia, Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke, et al., 1999), Lesotho. Specific localities: Tanzania – Crater floor of Mount Rungwe at 2 2250 – 2 700 m (Congdon & Kielland teste Kielland, 1990); Kitulo Plateau (Elton Range) at 2 600 m (Congdon teste Kielland, 1990). Zambia: Shiwa Ngandu; Nyika (Heath, et al., 2002). Limpopo Province – Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953); Haenertsburg – Paardevlei (Swanepoel, 1953); Makapan’s Cave (Swanepoel, 1953). Mpumalanga – Pilgrim’s Rest (Pringle, et al., 1994); Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelspoort Nature Reserve (Williams). North West Province – Rustenburg (Pringle, et al., 1994). Gauteng – Henley-on-Klip (Pringle, et al., 1994); Johannesburg (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Drakensberg (Swanepoel, 1953). Eastern Cape Province – Queenstown (Pringle, et al., 1994); Stutterheim (Pringle, et al., 1994); Summerstrand (Port Elizabeth) (Clark and Dickson). Lesotho – Ramatsiliso (Wykeham). Kedestes barberae bonsa Evans, 1956 Kedestes barberae bonsa Evans, 1956. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 8: 883 (881-885). Type locality: South Africa: “Steynsburg, Cape Province”. Diagnosis: Ssp. bonsa is distinguished by the white markings on the underside of the hindwing, which form two separate lines (Pringle, et al., 1994). Distribution: South Africa (Free State Province, Eastern Cape Province). Specific localities: Free State Province – Oranjekrag (Pringles). Eastern Cape Province – Steynsburg (TL); Winterberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Lootsberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Stormberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Burgersdorp (Swanepoel, 1953); Camdeboo Mountains, near Aberdeen (Pringles). Kedestes barberae bunta Evans, 1956 Kedestes barberae bunta Evans, 1956. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 8: 883 (881-885). Type locality: South Africa: “near Steenberg Railway Station, Cape Province”. Diagnosis: Ssp. bunta is small, dark, and has a distinctive rich brown underside (Pringle, et al., 1994). Distribution: South Africa (Western Cape Province). Specific localities: Western Cape Province – Near Steenberg Railway Station, south of Retreat (TL); Cape Flats (Pringle, et al., 1994); Strandfontein (Swanepoel, 1953). Conservation status: Classified as vulnerable in the South African Red Data List. * Kedestes brunneostriga (Plötz, 1884) Cyclopides brunneostriga Plötz, 1884. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 45: 393 (389-397).  
Kedestes brunneostriga. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 28mm. Ikelenge, Mwinilunga, Zambia. 25 March, 1983. A.J. & M.W. Gardiner. (Gardiner Collection). Type locality: Angola: “Pungo Adongo”. Diagnosis: Upperside forewing with white spots; cilia not chequered; underside hindwing ochreous brown; forewing with spot in space 1b and three subapical spots; cell spots separate and not in line with the spot in 2. Distribution: Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania (Evans, 1937), Malawi, Zambia (north-west to Copperbelt). Specific localities: Tanzania – Evans (1937) recorded the species from Tanzania but Kielland (1990) did not meet with it. Zambia: Ikelenge; Solwezi; Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Setaria spp. (Poaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 325]. * Kedestes callicles (Hewitson, 1868) Cyclopides callicles Hewitson, 1868 in Hewitson, 1867-8. Descriptions of one hundred new species of Hesperidae [sic]: 42 (56 pp.). London. Holotype (female) in the Natural History Museum, London.  
Kedestes callicles. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 24mm. Punda Milia. 19.IV.1969. J.J. Kloppers. (Transvaal Museum - TM2835). Type locality: Namibia: “Damara Land”. Diagnosis: Upperside dark brown; forewing with row of pale-yellow spots from near apex to middle of vein 1; spot in space 2 largest; two cell spots and three subapical spots; hindwing with irregularly placed spots; spots on underside as for upperside but bordered by black; underside ground-colour greenish olive. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Angola, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal - north), Swaziland. Specific localities: Nigeria – Gashaka-Gumpti N.P. (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Bamenda Highlands (Larsen, 2005a). Tanzania – Northern Highlands, central areas, east to Rubeho Mountains, Image and Kitonga Gorge (Kielland, 1990). Zambia: Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Kapiri Mposhi (Heath et al., 2002); Mkushi (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Luangwa Valley (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002). Botswana – Okavango Delta (Pinhey). Limpopo Province – Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Chuniespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953); Dendron (Swanepoel, 1953); Vivo (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Mokeetsi (Swanepoel, 1953); Tzaneen (Swanepoel, 1953); Mica (Swanepoel, 1953); Legalameetse Nature Reserve (Williams). Mpumalanga – Burgersfort (Swanepoel, 1953); Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953). Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); Hluhluwe (Swanepoel, 1953); Mooi River (Swanepoel, 1953). Common name: Pale ranger. Habitat: Moist and mesic woodland (bushveld), from sea level to about 1 400 metres (Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania in rather dry thornbush country from 600 to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990). Habits: Regarded as local and uncommon in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990). Keeps largely to the shade beneath trees. The flight is fairly swift but they settle often, on grass or on the ground. Flowers are visited occasionally (Pringle et al., 1994) to frequently (Larsen, 2005a). Males establish territories in the shade of thorn and other trees (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: November to April, with a peak in February and March (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Imperata cylindrica (Poaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 12]. aleta Plötz, 1883 (as sp. of Hesperia). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 44: 232 (26-64, 195-233). No locality given. * Kedestes chaca (Trimen, 1873) Pyrgus chaca Trimen, 1873. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1873: 118 (101-124).  
Kedestes chaca male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Images courtesy of Jeremy and Chris Dobson.  
Kedestes chaca female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Images courtesy of Jeremy and Chris Dobson. Type locality: South Africa: “Grahamstown and Bathurst, Cape Colony; Tsomo River, Kaffraria”. Holotype (male) in the Natural History Museum, London. Distribution: South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province). Specific localities: KwaZulu-Natal – Mount Currie near Kokstad (Swanepoel, 1953); Loteni (Swanepoel, 1953); Giant’s Castle (Swanepoel, 1953); Dargle (Pringle, et al., 1994); Garden Castle (Pringle, et al., 1994); Bushman’s Nek (Pringle, et al., 1994); upper Loteni River basin (Pringle, et al., 1994). Eastern Cape Province – Highlands, near Grahamstown (TL); Bathurst (TL); Tsomo River (TL); Mount Kubusie near Stutterheim (Pringle, et al., 1994). Common name: Shaka’s ranger; Shaka’s skipper. Habitat: Montane grassland. Colonies occur among long grass in damp areas (seeps). Habits: Specimens fly rapidly, close to the ground and often settle, on blades of grass or on flowers. The flowers of Basananthe sandersoni (Passifloraceae) are especially favoured (Pringle, et al., 1994). Males hilltop, on grassy eminences and mountain tops, perching on grass stems or on the ground. Flight period: October to April, with a peak in December and January (Pringle, et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. * Kedestes heathi Hancock & Gardiner, 1982 Kedestes heathi Hancock & Gardiner, 1982. Arnoldia. Zimbabwe 9: 110 (105-124).  
Kedestes heathi. Male (paratype). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 22mm. Mudwiji Plains, Zambia. 2 January, 1982. A.J. Gardiner. (Gardiner Collection).  
Kedestes heathi. Female (paratype). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 25mm. Mwekera, Kitwe, Zambia. 10 January, 1982. A.J. Gardiner. (Gardiner Collection). Type locality: Zambia: “Itawa, Ndola”. Distribution: Zambia (north-west to Copperbelt). Specific localities: Zambia: Mundwiji Plain; Mwunilunga; Mufulira; Mwekera; Itawa Dambo (Ndola) (TL); Imanda Mushitu (St. Anthony’s Mission) (Heath, et al., 2002). Habitat: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. * Kedestes lema Neave, 1910 Kedestes lema Neave, 1910. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 77 (2-86).  
Kedestes lema lema. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 25mm. Foulakari R., 85 K S.W. Brazza, Congo. 1/93. S. Collins. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kambove, Katanga”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Common name: Lema ranger. Habitat: Brachystegia woodland. Flight period: December to April (Pringle, et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Kedestes lema lema Neave, 1910 Kedestes lema Neave, 1910. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 77 (2-86).
Kedestes lema lema. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 25mm. Foulakari R., 85 K S.W. Brazza, Congo. 1/93. S. Collins. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kambove, Katanga”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Zambia. Specific localities: Zambia: Lusaka (Heath, et al., 2002). Kedestes lema linka Evans, 1956 Kedestes lema linka Evans, 1956. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (12) 8: 883 (881-885).  
Kedestes lema linka. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 24mm. Kabanga Dam, Chipinga. 6-1-78. S. Hensman. (Transvaal Museum – TM2831). Type locality: Zimbabwe: “Chirinda Mt., Mashonaland”. Distribution: Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe (east). Specific localities: Zambia: Makutu Mountains (Heath, et al., 2002). Zimbabwe – Chirinda Mountain (Marshall; TL; single female); Forrester Estates near Umvukwes (Pennington; single male); Chitora Hills (Carcasson; single male); Chipinga (Parker). * Kedestes lenis Riley, 1932 Kedestes lenis Riley, 1932. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (10) 10: 150 (137-152). Type locality: South Africa: “Cape of Good Hope”. Holotype (male) in the Natural History Museum, London. Diagnosis: Similar to K. niveostriga but smaller, with more reduced and fainter white markings (Pringle, et al., 1994). Distribution: South Africa. Common name: Unique ranger. Habitat: Grassland and grassy areas in fynbos. Most often along stream banks and in marshy places, from sea level to 1 800 metres. Habits: Flies rapidly in places with short grass, frequently settling on grass blades or stems. Rarely observed feeding from flowers. Males establish territories in short grass, near stands of the larval host plants; they do not hilltop. Flight period: The nominate subspecies is on the wing in November and December. Subspecies alba flies from October to March (Pringle, et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel (Poaceae) [Dickson and Kroon, 1978: 193; as Imperata arundinacea]. Kedestes lenis lenis Riley, 1932 Kedestes lenis Riley, 1932. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (10) 10: 150 (137-152). Type locality: South Africa: “Cape of Good Hope”. Holotype (male) in the Natural History Museum, London. Distribution: South Africa (Western Cape Province). Specific localities: South Africa – Strandfontein (east of Muizenberg); near Retreat (Feltham). Conservation status: Classified as vulnerable in the South African Red Data List. Kedestes lenis alba Henning, Henning, Joannou & Woodhall, 1997 Kedestes lenis alba Henning, Henning, Joannou & Woodhall, 1997. Living butterflies of southern Africa - Volume 1: 151 (397 pp.). Umdaus Press, South Africa. Type locality: South Africa: “Golden Gates Highland National Park, Free State, 16.xii.1993, S.F. Henning”. Holotype in Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. Distribution: South Africa (Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province). Specific localities: Free State Province – Golden Gate Highlands National Park (Kroon; TL). KwaZulu-Natal – Giant’s Castle (Swanepoel, 1953). Eastern Cape Province – Camdeboo Mountains (V. and E. Pringle); near Steynsburg (Pringle, et al., 1994); Dordrecht (Pringle, et al., 1994). * Kedestes lepenula (Wallengren, 1857) Hesperia lepenula Wallengren, 1857. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis 1838-1845. Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 50 (55 pp.). Type locality: South Africa: “Caffraria”. Distribution: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, North West Province, Free State Province, Eastern Cape Province, Northern Cape Province). Specific localities: Namibia – Buschbrunnen Farm (de Moor); Kombat; Grootfontein; Tsumeb (Pringle, et al., 1994). Limpopo Province – Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik (Swanepoel, 1953). North West Province – Potchefstroom (Swanepoel, 1953). Eastern Cape Province – Uitenhage (Swanepoel, 1953). Northern Cape Province – Griqualand West (Swanepoel, 1953). Common name: Chequered ranger. Habitat: Dry woodland (bushveld). Habits: The flight is very fast, and difficult to follow. Flowers attract both sexes. Unlike most species of Kedestes the males of this species are regular hilltoppers. They may select from a variety of perches such as rocks, grass stems, the leaves of bushes and trees, or even the ground, from which they defend their territories. Flight period: September to April (Pringle, et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel (Poaceae) [Dickson and Kroon, 1978: 194; as Imperata arundinaceae]. chersias Hewitson, 1877 (as sp. of Cyclopides). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 20: 327 (319-328). South Africa. * Kedestes macomo (Trimen, 1862) Cyclopides macomo Trimen, 1862. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London (3) 1: 405 (398-406).  
Kedestes macomo male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Images courtesy of Jeremy and Chris Dobson. 
Kedestes macomo female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Images courtesy of Jeremy and Chris Dobson. Type locality: South Africa: “King William’s Town”. Diagnosis: Specimens from the Port Elizabeth area have reduced black spotting on the underside of the hindwings (Pringle, et al., 1994). Distribution: Mozambique (south), Zimbabwe (south-east), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland. Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Chikwarakwara (Pinhey). Limpopo Province – Warmabths (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Chuniespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Dendron (Swanepoel, 1953); Vivo (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Mokeetsi (Swanepoel, 1953); Tzaneen (Swanepoel, 1953); Legalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Mica (Swanepoel, 1953). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Burgersfort (Swanepoel, 1953). Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Isipingo (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Pinetown (Swanepoel, 1953); Verulam (Swanepoel, 1953); Tongaat (Swanepoel, 1953); Greytown (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953). Eastern Cape Province – King William’s Town (TL); Port Elizabeth (Swanepoel, 1953); Addo (Swanepoel, 1953); Coega (Swanepoel, 1953); Alicedale (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Alfred (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Tsomo River (Swanepoel, 1953); Barkly Brudge (Swanepoel, 1953); Kei River (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953). Directory: downloads downloads -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations downloads -> Dynatest 3031 lwd light Weight Deflectometer downloads -> Forth coming competitive exams downloads -> Brush High School Morning Announcements Friday, September 05, 2014 all school downloads -> Year 9 The Arts — Music downloads -> Years 7 and 8 standard elaborations — Australian Curriculum: Music draft downloads -> Chris Young sets 2016 “I’m Comin’ Over” Tour headlining dates downloads -> Slavery and Abolition: the Plymouth Connection Introduction downloads -> Summer Assignment Download 1.61 Mb. Share with your friends:
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