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KEYWORDS: remote visualization, Advanced Collaborative Environments, Teraburst, Lightwave, signal switching, video transmission, virtual reality A03-223 TITLE: Integration of Vehicle Models and Analytical Simulations TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Ground/Sea Vehicles ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PM-MVT OBJECTIVE: Development of UNIX- or Linux-based routines that will natively read physics-based, multi-body, dynamic analysis results for use on high-end, multi-projector, virtual immersive environment visualization display devices. Applications and practices currently do not exist that support such a requirement, nor do they take advantage of parallel processing techniques to increase interactive performance. DESCRIPTION: A valuable capability for vehicle dynamic simulations is to visualize the results using Computer Aided Design (CAD) solid models and time/position dynamic data generated through computationally-intense vehicle dynamic analysis applications (such as LMS Virtual Lab, formerly CADSI DADS, or McNeil Schwendler's Adams software). Various TACOM-TARDEC organizations are making progress in using analytical output to create accurate vehicle animations. However, at best, this is a multiple step, time consuming process that requires conversion of the analytical results and/or the geometry CAD models and usually results in additional programming and a loss of fidelity and accuracy. Many of the advancements are "home grown" and are not robustly supported or readily extendable to other aspects of the vehicle design process. For example, analytical simulations are performed and visualized using low-resolution/low-fidelity (simple geometry) models, while the high-resolution (textured and animated complex geometry) images are usually created from scratch, and do not include analytical results. Eliminating this “disconnect” between these two levels of effort will greatly enhance a vehicle design process (both military and commercially). The research and development of software routines sought through this SBIR should specifically and uniquely incorporate the analytical simulation results with the high-resolution models that can be used for animations and virtual immersive environment purposes. PHASE I: The contractor shall experiment with, propose, and finalize appropriate data file formats, features, and protocols that will dynamically and interactively incorporate the immediate recognition of common dynamics analysis packages (such as Virtual Lab or ADAMS) with a highly-detailed solid geometry CAD model (such as PTC ProE or Unigraphics). The design methodology should emphasize the ability to take advantage of a multiple processor system through parallel processing and shared memory techniques. Mathematical representations, computational procedures, and image generation schemes to allow user interaction with performance of 15 or more frames per second should be developed. PHASE II: Implement the functionality determined in Phase I. Demonstrate the application by using current TACOM-TARDEC data. Extend the research and development to include performance of 30 or more frames per second. Further refinement of the application, interface, and image generation schemes will be necessary to increase accuracy and robustness of results. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: Such an application would ultimately become a commercial-off-the-shelf, fully-supported software application. TACOM-TARDEC, its automotive and academic partners, and industry can immediately take advantage of this much needed dynamic/vehicle design capability. Such research will address a capability that would significantly enhance the development of any vehicle system (military or commercial, tracked or wheeled) through physics-based analysis and immersive-environment visualization and interaction with the data. REFERENCES: 1) Opticore : http://www.opticore.com/ 2) Parametric Technologies : http://www.ptc.com/ 3) Adams : KEYWORDS: Modeling & Simulation, Advanced Collaborative Environments, dynamic analysis, scientific visualization, CAD A03-224 TITLE: Development of High-Resolution Virtual Terrain for Use in a Motion-Based Simulator with an Image Generator TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Ground/Sea Vehicles ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PM, FCS OBJECTIVE: To research, develop and demonstrate an innovative methodology to improve the rendering of terrains using image generators for use with training and engineering simulators. This terrain rendering methodology will increase the level of realism dramatically in the simulators, thereby providing the users with a more realistic development and training environment. This SBIR will apply directly to the recently approved STO IV.GC.2003.01 - High Fidelity Ground Platform and Terrain Mechanics Modeling. DESCRIPTION: The effectiveness of standard training/engineering simulators is reaching a plateau. Current simulators provide a crew-station mockup for the occupants, an audio system for creating proper audio cues, an image generation system which renders visual information (usually the war-gaming or testing environment) and for high-end simulators, a motion-base to provide dynamic motion to the crew. With the increasing applicability of simulation to all aspects of the product development cycle, from inception to user testing and finally testing, a more realistic and affordable simulation solution is needed. Perhaps the most important cue the crew needs is a realistic visual representation of the environment they are in. Image generators are limited in the resolution they can render in terms of polygonal throughput. Up until now, to get a more realistic image, you had to render more polygons in the scene, which is impossible to do in a real-time simulation. One alternative technique is to modify the texture maps that are applied to the polygons using a technique called bump-mapped texturing. This technique takes advantage of image generators using Phong shading and lighting models. By perturbing each pixels surface normal vector, realistic shading is created without the additional compute burden of adding more polygons. A solution to this problem is to develop a separate, high-resolution terrain database for use as an input to the dynamic model but yet correlated to the image generator's visual terrain database. This high-resolution terrain database would provide higher frequency terrain inputs to the dynamic model. This high-resolution terrain database can be rendered visually using the above mentioned technique, thus, the crew would feel and see a truly realistic scenario and the level of immersion in the simulation becomes almost realistic. PHASE I: The contractor shall research, study and develop an innovative approach for developing a high-resolution correlated terrain skin and how to render it on an image generator. The use of Phong shading techniques along with bump-mapped texturing to increase the visual resolution shall be investigated. The contractor is free to decide as to the methodology for adding high-frequency disturbances to the existing lower-resolution terrain skins. The proposed methodology shall allow the resultant high-resolution terrain skin to be both visible on an image generator and available to the real-time dynamic model during execution during a simulation. The contractor shall deliver a detailed report as to the conclusions and methodologies they would suggest to help solve this problem. PHASE II: The contractor shall extend the research and development of the methodologies from Phase I to provide a user-friendly software package which will read in an existing lower-resolution terrain skin, add higher-frequency disturbances and visually render this new terrain. A demonstration of this technology will include a complete simulation using the motion-bases and image-generators located at TARDEC along with the real-time modeling network and image generators that exist in the Ground Vehicle Simulation Laboratory. This phase will demonstrate the feasibility of this technique. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: This new methodology would be extremely useful to all facets of computer image generation, from military uses to commercial needs to the gaming industry. Since many low-end image generators and pc-based image generation cards are now using the Phong shading technique, it is readily applicable. REFERENCES: 1) A. A. Reid and S. A. Budzik, “Development of a Virtual Proving Ground Using High Resolution Terrain”, I/ITSEC 2000 conference, Nov 2000. 2) A. A. Reid, “Parametric Terrain Surface Development”, IMAGE 2000 conference, July 2000. 3) A. A. Reid, “Development of the Optimum Training Simulator”, Army Science & Technology Magazine, November 2000. 4) P. Bounker, M. Brudnak, P. Nunez, M. Palazzolo and A. Reid, “High Fidelity Unmanned Ground Vehicle Modeling”, 2002 Spring Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Mar 2002. 5) Mark Brudnak, Patrick Nuñez and Alexander Reid, “Real-time, Distributed, Unmanned Ground Vehicle Dynamics and Mobility Simulation”, SAE 2002 World Congress, Mar 2002. 6) Alexander A. Reid, “Development Of A High-Resolution Virtual Terrain To Support The Development And Testing Of Intelligent Systems”, 2002 NDIA 2nd Annual Intelligent Vehicle Systems Symposium, Jun 2002. 7) Patrick Nunez, Alexander Reid, Randy Jones, “A Virtual Evaluation Suite for Examining the Stability, Handling, Ride, Mobility, and Durability of Conceptual Military Ground Vehicles”, 2002 SAE International Truck & Bus Meeting & Exhibition, Nov 2002. KEYWORDS: simulation, image generator, bump-mapping, texture, terrain, motion-base, resolution A03-225 TITLE: Computational Modeling of Nanostructures TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Ground/Sea Vehicles, Materials/Processes ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PM SURVIVABILITY OBJECTIVES: Due to extremely small size of nanostructured materials there are considerable difficulties and material and time costs involved with the experimental characterization of their properties and behavior. Computer modeling at nanoscale has inevitably become a necessary supplemental and complementary tool to experimental nanoscience investigations for predicting and tailoring the engineering properties of nanostructured materials. It is the objective of this research to develop accurate computational tools for modeling and simulation of nanoscale phenomena that will provide the detailed information not easily available from experiments and would lead to accurate predictions required for processing and design of nanostructures. In particular, the research is aimed at computational modeling of functionally graded materials (FGMs) under thermomechanical loads. DESCRIPTION: Future military vehicles should have higher strength and less weight compared to their present day counter parts while equipped with multifunctional sensing and actuation elements for proper response to harsh battleground conditions. Nanotechnology and nanostructures will play a key role in achieving these challenging requirements. Traditional models and theories for predicting material properties and design analyses involve assumptions based on “critical scale length” that are generally larger than 100 nanometers. When at least one dimension of the material structure is under this critical length, distinct behavior often emerges that cannot be explained by traditional mechanics models and theories. A great deal of work has been performed in atomistic modeling that includes Molecular Dynamics, Force Fields, Quantum Mechanics, and Statistical Mechanics. However, due to their immense computational requirements, practical application of these techniques are limited. On the other hand, classical continuum mechanics models neglect some nanoscale characteristics of these materials and are unable to account for all forces acting at nanoscales. Therefore a need for an efficient modeling technique that can simulate the static and dynamic mechanical response of nanostructures at the atomistic scale is emerging. Some recent works exploring the similarities between carbon nanotubes and large scale structures have shown promising results where methods of computational structural mechanics are used at atomistic scale though correspondence between force field in computational chemistry and structural frame element parameters. Extension of this approach for modeling and simulation of nanoscale structures to predict the needed material characteristics of these materials is highly promising, and it will fill the existing gap in utilizing the nanotechnology for future military and commercial applications. PHASE I: During Phase I of this research the theoretical framework of the nanoscale modeling should be investigated and formulations showing correspondence between force field chemistry and frame element parameters should be presented and feasibility of the proposed method should be shown based on existing theoretical and experimental data. In particular, mathematical models and computational procedures to analyze nanocomposites and functionally graded materials should be developed. PHASE II: Numerical implementation of the theory, software developments and validation and verification should be pursued in Phase II. PHASE III: Commercialization of the developed mathematical framework for the study of nanomaterials (e.g., nanocomposites and nano FGMs) should be the goal of Phase III. MILITARY AND COMMERCIAL BENEFITS: The outcome of this research in mathematical and computational modeling of nanostructures leads to the next generation of high performance materials, that are much harder, stronger, lighter, more reliable, and safer so that they last many times longer than our current technology allows. These materials will be an integral part of future military vehicles and will make our infrastructures such as bridges, roads and lifeline utilities more reliable and safer. The means of transportation by ground, water and air spacecraft need lightweight for greater maneuverability, and yet functionally designed materials: strength for function and safety, low weight for fuel economy, maneuverability and agility, and low failure rates (wear, corrosion, fracture, and fatigue) for life-cycle cost and waste reduction. Present military/space platforms have material limitations on their duration and performance that are clearly deleterious to mission success. With the incorporation of sensing/actuation functions directly into materials, these smart materials will have condition-based maintenance (reducing the enormous cost of multi billion dollar per year associated with materials replacement) and will provide new materials capabilities. One military application would be stealthy materials that can recognize probing radar or sonar beams and initiate an action that gives no return signal. Automobile and aircraft materials could also be made to sense incipient failure and warn the user well in advance. In medical applications, nanomaterials will make self-regulating pharmaceutical dispensers compatible with biosystems so that they will not be rejected by the human body and will last many times longer in the corrosive and mechanically harsh environment of the human body. REFERENCES: 1) M. S. Dresselhaus, "Future Directions in Carbon Science,” Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci., 27, 1-34, 1997. 2) P. M. Ajayan and O. Z. Zhou, "Applications of Carbon Nanotubes,” in Carbon Nanotubes, Topics Appl. Phys, M.S. Dresselhaus, et al (eds.), 80, 391-425, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2001. 3) V. Lodri and N. Yao, "Molecular Mechanics of Bindng in Carbon-nanotube-Polymer Composites,” J. Mater. Res., 15(12), 2770-2779, 2000. 4) J. N. Reddy, “Analysis of Functionally Graded Plates,” Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng., 47, 663-684, 2000. 5) V. M. Harik, "`Mechanics of Carbon Nanotubes: Applicability of the Continuum Beam Models,” Computational Material Science, 24, 328-342, 2002. 6) Cornell, W. D. et al., A second generation force-field for the simulation of proteins, nucleic-acids, and organic-molecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117(1995), 5179-5197. 7) Harris, P. J .F., 1999. Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures. Cambridge University Press, UK. 8) Hernandez, E., Goze, C., Bernier, P., Rubio, A., Elastic properties of C and BxCyNz composite nanotubes. Phys. Rev. Lett., 80(1998), 4502-4505. 9) Li, C., Tsu-Wei, C., A Computational Structural Mechanics Approach to Modeling of Nanostructures. Mang, H. A., Rammerstorfer, F. G., Eberhardsteiner, J. (eds.), WCCM V, Austria, 2002. 10) Saito, S., Dresselhaus, D., Dresselhaus, M. S., 1998. Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes. Imperial College Press, London. 11) Yakobson, B. I. et al., High strain rate fracture and C-chain unraveling in carbon nanotubes. Comp. Mater. Sci., 8(1997), 341-348. 12) Srivastava, D., Menon, M., and Cho, K., Computational Nanotechnology with Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes. Computing in Science and Engineering, July/August 2001.
A03-226 TITLE: Integrating Stochastic Engineering Models in a Distributed Environment TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Information Systems ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PM, FCS OBJECTIVE: Development of distributed/computational design optimization techniques to improve vehicle system/subsystem performance-based analytical models through the incorporation and management of model parameter uncertainties characterized by Probability Density Functions (PDFs). DESCRIPTION: In order to quantify uncertainty in modeling, and assess the reliability of designs, their robustness, and risk associated with them, stochastic methods must be applied to dynamic and finite element modeling in a distributed, high-performance computing environment. Methods such as robust design optimization and fast Monte Carlo methods should be considered. Other methods such as particle filters (sequential Monte Carlo methods) based upon point mass representations of probability densities based on given parameter set shall be investigated. Lack of information, model uncertainty, material uncertainties, and stochastic inputs should all be considered. Resulting point clouds of results should be spatially analyzed as to how to change the clouds for maximum robustness and optimality which will require a multi-dimensional visualization capability. Because of the parallel nature of the problem, the optimization methodology can be mapped to multiple processors to increase computational efficiency PHASE I: The contractor shall research, design, and develop a robust vehicle design optimization methodology to introduce model parameter “uncertainty” in a deterministic modeling environment. Commercial rigid/flexible body and FEA codes may be used but the parameter and input data sets must be represented by Probability Density Functions (PDFs). The design methodology shall have the ability to be mapped on to multiple processors for speed optimization using such standard parallel techniques as shared memory, message passing interface (MPI), etc. while preserving mutual exclusion. Additional emphasis must be made on visualization of the resultant point clouds for analysis. Target platform will be a small ground vehicle system. PHASE II: The contractor shall extend the research and development of the robust optimization methodology from Phase I into a working “user friendly” software package. Tests should be conducted to demonstrate the accuracy, robustness, and performance of the methodology in a variety of conditions. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The design methodology developed above in the description can be used in a broad range of military and civilian applications. For potential commercial applications, research shall be conducted for implementation into mobile robot/small vehicle design and performance evaluation. Research also shall be conducted for implementation into the Future Combat Systems (FCS) mission. REFERENCES: 1) http://www.ccad.uiowa.edu/projects/designopt/rbdo.html 2) McAllister, C., Simpson T., Kurtz P., Yukish M., “Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Testbed Based on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Design”, 9th AIAA/ISSMO Symposium on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Atlanta GA., (2002).
A03-227 TITLE: Exploratory Development for A Controllable Combustion Process for Improved Power-Density and Fuel Economy within Multi-Fueled, Low Heat Rejection Compression Ignition Engines TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Ground/Sea Vehicles ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PM, Future Combat System (FCS) OBJECTIVE: Research, design, and develop an engine combustion process capable of combustion near stoichiometric air/fuel ratio at higher engine speeds under high boost conditions. The combustion system should exhibit good cold startability, and fuel economy. The engine projected specifications are as follows: Ratio of power/engine weight= 1.00 hp/lb Ratio of power/ engine volume = 30 hp/cu ft Ratio of power/ propulsion system volume = 5 hp/cu ft Brake specific fuel consumption, (BSFC) = 0.32 to 0.40 lb/hp-hr Brake mean effective pressure, (BMEP) = 18 to 25 bar Power to total engine displacement = 1.40hp/cu in Specific heat rejection to coolant = 12 to 17 btu/hp-min Specific heat rejection to ambient = 2 to 3 btu/hp-min Super-turbocharger compressor output pressure= 4 to 5 bar Air/fuel ratio = 15/1 to 25/1
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