Submission of proposals
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TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Materials/Processes ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PEO Ammunition OBJECTIVE: Design and fabricate a system capable of initiating the surface tension energy in nano meter size particles using lasers. DESCRIPTION: Particles of exceptionally small diameter (10 nm – 1 micron is size) not only store a bulk energy due to their composition. They also contain surface tension energy inherent to their geometry. This surface tension energy (energy/surface area) is greater at that size given that the surface area continues to get smaller and smaller as the diameter reduces. At extremely small particle sizes the bulk begins to flow as a fluid and begin surprising us as to the amount of energy the particles can provide. There has to be a way to characterize the energy within the surface as given by the chemical composition of the particle, how it was formed and under what conditions, and the geometry of the particle to determine the total energy present in the particle. The technology would then be applied to energy storage, explosive enhancement, and aerosol cloud ignition for FCS self-protection. PHASE I: Investigate the possibility of using a laser to extract and determine the surface tension energy of a nano-particle. Provide trade-offs of laser power, particle size and the amount of energy extracted. Provide findings and demonstrate the concept in a laboratory setting. PHASE II: Design and fabricate a system capable of extracting and determining the surface tension energy with a laser and provide to the ARDEC for testing and evaluation. PHASE III DUAL-USE APPLICATIONS: In addition to military applications, this technology has applications in the realm of particle manipulation for use in high power capacitors, designer explosives, particulate fuels, and pharmaceuticals. REFERENCES: http://www.microperforation.com/page3.htm http://www.wcsscience.com/surfacearea/andtemperature.html http://www-ics.u-strasbg.fr/~mecapol/Mecanique_Physique/Introduction/PDF_files/Cavitation_Models.pdf
A03-008 TITLE: Innovative Onboard Angular Orientation Sensors TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Materials/Processes, Sensors, Weapons ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PM Arms (OPM-CAS); PM Abrams OBJECTIVE: To develop innovative onboard angular orientation sensors for munitions as alternatives to rate gyros and GPS for low cost integration into the next generation of smart munitions. DESCRIPTION: Innovative onboard orientation sensor technologies are sought for munitions and other similar angular orientation measurement applications as alternatives to rate gyros, GPS and other similar sensors. The primary goal is to develop angular orientation sensors that could be used onboard munitions to provide full angular orientation information relative to a ground or base reference. The sensory system must be autonomous and must not acquire the sensory information through communication with a ground or airborne source. Sensors that can be embedded into the munitions structure and occupy minimal added volume are highly desirable. Precision, direct and stable measurement of angular orientation is critical for guidance and control of smart munitions. The proposed sensors must provide angular orientation with accuracy of around 0.1 milli-radians, must have negligible drift over several minutes of operation, must be capable of withstanding the harsh firing environment, such as temperatures of around 1200 deg. F and pressures of around 85,000 psi during firing, and very high accelerations of sometimes in excess of 100,000 Gs. This research will transition as a system solution applicable to direct fire munitions and indirect fire munitions where the exit, initial velocity and pitch, yaw and roll information are needed to compute a munitions trajectory. The exit initial conditions are needed for IMUs to calculate the trajectory needed for guidance and control. The design should address the issues of angular measurement accuracy, sensitivity, computational algorithms for angular orientation calculations, susceptibility to environmental noise and methods of reducing their effects, optimal design of the proposed sensors through modeling and simulation, methods of integrating the sensor into munitions and weapon platforms, methods and algorithms for processing the sensory signals, and methods of enhancing the performance of the sensor using signal processing and/or other hardware or software means. The primary trade-off parameters are size, cost, power consumption and accuracy. PHASE I: Design an innovative onboard angular orientation sensor system for munitions as an alternative to rate gyros and GPS for low cost integration into the next generation of smart munitions. PHASE II: Develop and fabricate a prototype of the proposed sensor system. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The development of direct and absolute angular orientation sensors has a wide range of military, homeland security and commercial applications. In the military related areas, such sensors, particularly if they are low cost, are essential for guidance and control of all smart munitions, missiles and guided bombs. These sensors are also essential for the development of guidance and control systems of various weapon platforms, robotic systems, particularly those used for remote operation in hazardous environments which may be encoutered in homeland defense. Commercial applications include testing and validation systems such as those used in simulators. REFERENCES: 1) Carlos M. Pereira, "Sensory Systems and Communication For The Detection Of Rotational And Translational Position Of Objects In Flight". TACOM-ARDEC publication. 2) Carlos M. Pereira, Dr. Michael Mattice, Robert C. Testa, "Intelligent Sensing and Wireless Communications in Harsh Environments". Presented at the Smart Materials and MEMS Symposium, Newport Beach, California, March 2000. 3) Carlos M. Pereira, "RF Characterization of Charge Propellants as an Environments for Embedded Sensors RF Tags". TACOM-ARDEC publication, July 1999. 4) Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, Components, and Systems Rainee N. Simons Book;2001;ISBN 0-4711-6121-7; Product No.: PC5948-TBR 5) A Coplanar Waveguide Bow-Tie Aperture Antenna,G. Zheng, A. Elsherbeni, C. Smith, University of Mississippi, USA 6) Synthesis of Irregular Waveguide Field Transformation Elements using a Multi-Resolution Algorithm, M.-C. Yang, K. Webb, Purdue University, USA 7) Modeling of Mode Excitation and Discontinuities in PBG Waveguides, F. Capolino, D. Jackson, D. Wilton, Univesity of Houston, USA 8) Folded Coplanar Waveguide Slot Antenna on Silicon Substrates with a Polyimide Interface Layer,A. Bacon, Georgia Institute of Technology, G. Ponchak, NASA, J. Papapolymerou, N. Bushyager, E. Tentzeris, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
A03-009 TITLE: Mass Fabrication of MEMS-based Micro Detonator Technology TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Materials/Processes ACQUISITION PROGRAM: OICW STO Manager, Joint Service Sm Arms Prog Ofc OBJECTIVE: Design an innovative, lightweight, compact, low power, low cost, MEMS-based micro detonator. DESCRIPTION: Detonators have been successfully micro miniaturized to electrically initiate a weapon's firing sequence. The very small size of a micro detonator may facilitate the use of additional energetics to enhance lethality; or, may facilitate the integration of ‘smart fuzing’ within the warhead. Smart fuzing increases munitions lethality significantly. Recent advances in micro-machined silicon techniques demonstrate the capability for low-cost integrated micro cavities with a high degree of isolation, leading to the fabrication of wafer-based micro detonators that are extremely dense. The resulting micro detonators can be self packaged when separated from the wafer. This technology provides the potential for very low cost, very inexpensive, small, compact detonator components. This topic encourages new and novel mass fabrication approaches to micro detonator devices using micro-machining integration. Proposed components that include low temperature polymers and which exploit the unique capabilities of low voltage (1-3 DC) activation, particularly with secondary energetics, are sought under this topic. The MEMS-based micro detonator should be compated, 2 to 5 mm's squared, low power less than 200 micro-watt, and low cost (approximately 20 cents per detonator). For mass fabrication it is envisioned that 300 micro cavities be loaded and sealed simultaneously on a 4-inch silicon wafer. PHASE I: Design a MEMS-based micro detonator that can demonstrate the feasibility of mass fabrication. PHASE II: Develop a prototype MEMS-based micro detonator for mass fabrication. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The micro detonators will be applicable for use in military applications for medium-caliber air bursting munitions, landmines and demolitions, and commercially for anti tamper applications to protect microelectronics from unwanted exploitation. REFERENCES: 1) Cooper, Paul W., Explosive Engineering,Wiley-VCH Inc. 1996 Chapter 24. KEYWORDS: Energetic Deposition; Mass Fabrication; Low Temperature; Polymers; Low Voltage; A03-010 TITLE: Advanced Multi-Sensor Array System (AMAS) TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Materials/Processes, Sensors, Weapons ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PM Close Clombat Systems OBJECTIVE: Design, build, and test an Advanced Multi-sensor Array System (AMAS) using innovative noise reduction techniques, wherein magnetometer array sensor data is fused with acoustic array sensor data. AMAS shall detect and track ferromagnetic vehicles at very long range. DESCRIPTION: During the last three years, the Army has been developing short-baseline solid-state magnetometer array (magnetic gradiometer) sensor systems for the real-time detection and tracking of armored vehicles. Since development has been focused on applications to anti-tank landmines (area denial), magnetometer array dimensions (baseline) have been constrained to match the outer dimensions of landmines. This developmental experience has shown that the maximum detection and tracking ranges of short-baseline solid-state magnetometer array sensor systems are severely limited by noise. If detection and tracking ranges of landmine-sized magnetic gradiometers are to be significantly increased, it is imperative that innovative noise reduction techniques be explored, such as: low-noise electronics, real-time noise suppression signal processing, and post-deployment array baseline expansion. Recent experiments have also shown that when target data from a simple and inexpensive acoustic array sensor system are fused with magnetic gradiometry, not only can more accurate and more reliable real-time tracking performance be obtained, but also detection and tracking ranges can be extended. AMAS shall significantly increase the maximum detection and tracking ranges of short-baseline magnetic gradiometers by incorporating innovative noise reduction techniques and data fusion with an inexpensive and simple acoustic array. AMAS magnetometers shall all be low-cost solid-state magnetometers. When AMAS is eventually militarized and inserted into a munition, it will be completely self-contained (in the pre-deployed state) within the munition; however, for this SBIR, AMAS shall have all non-deployed components (except for its laptop computer operator console and power supply, as will be described) inside a vertical cylinder, five inches in radius and ten inches in height. AMAS shall perform real-time detection and tracking, at 15 – 20 samples per second, of a main battle tank (MBT) moving at 60 kilometers per hour in the horizontal plane. MBTs of interest are those that the US Army may encounter in future battles; however, for the purposes of this SBIR effort, this MBT shall be defined to be an M1 Abrams. The AMAS magnetic gradiometer alone (without acoustic data fusion) shall: detect a moving MBT at a range of 60 meters; and track it (in range and bearing) up to a maximum range of 30 meters, with RMS tracking errors of plus or minus 15 degrees in bearing, and plus or minus 15 % in range. AMAS (with acoustic data fusion) shall: detect a moving MBT up to a maximum range of 300 meters; and track it up to a maximum range of 60 meters, with RMS tracking errors of plus or minus 3 degrees in bearing, and plus or minus 10 % in range. In addition, the AMAS shall estimate the target’s magnetic moment vector with an accuracy of plus or minus 10 percent. The reference coordinate system to be used in all measurements, calculations, and data inputs/outputs is the X, Y, Z coordinate system; where X is the north direction component, Y is the east direction component, and Z is the downward vertical direction component. The AMAS shall be operated from a laptop computer operator console. Via this console, the AMAS operator shall be able to: start/stop data collection; select all AMAS modes of operation; select all AMAS parameters; initiate target-tracking algorithms (in both real-time and post-processing modes); display the target track and estimated target magnetic moment vector; and record all sensor data and tracking data. The electrical power source of AMAS shall be dual mode: internal battery power, able to fully power AMAS for up to eight hours without recharging; and external power, able to utilize commercially available 115 volt/60 Hz electrical power. Battery recharging circuits shall be part of AMAS. PHASE I: Develop the AMAS design. Perform all experiments required to show that the design shall meet the specified AMAS performance requirements for detecting and tracking the MBT. Specify all components. Specify all component performance parameters. Show origin of all component performance parameters by internal experiment reports, by published papers, by journal articles, etc. Analyze all sources of noise, including sensors, electronic circuits, and geomagnetic, to determine the resultant RMS noise to be expected in individual magnetometer outputs. Analyze the AMAS design to show that all performance requirements will be met. PHASE II: Develop a prototype of the AMAS system. PHASE III DUAL-USE APPLICATIONS: AMAS would have wide utility in civilian applications such as: homeland security applications including perimeter protection, airport security, and firearms detection; archeological surveying; and de-mining (UXO) applications. REFERENCES: (1) W. Michael Wynn, “Detection, Localization, and characterization of Static Magnetic-Dipole Sources,” in “Detection and Identification of Visually Obscured Targets,” edited by Carl E. Baum, published by Taylor & Francis, 1999. (2) Czipott, Peter V.; Perry, Alexander R.; Whitecotten, Brian R.; Dalichaouch, Yacine; Walsh, David O.; and Kinasewitz, Robert T.; “Magnetic Detection and Tracking of Military Vehicles,” 2001 Meeting of the MSS Specialty Group on Battlefield Acoustic and Seismic Sensing, Magnetic and Electric Field Sensors, 23 October 2001, Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD.
A03-011 TITLE: Solar Power for Ground Munitions, Sensors, and Communication Systems TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Materials/Processes, Sensors ACQUISITION PROGRAM: PM-Close Combat Systems OBJECTIVE: Design, develop, and test a solar power source for ground munitions, sensors, and communication systems. DESCRIPTION: Many modern ground based munitions, sensors, and communication systems require a large amount of power to operate. Since these systems are usually battery driven, they must operate on a frugal energy budget, and battery replacement is not always an option. To extend the operating lifetime in the field, new energy sources are needed to address the problem. One possible solution is to incorporate solar power to recharge batteries as an additional power source to significantly extend the operating lifetime. In addition, solar power may make it possible to operate more energy consuming devices, such as video cameras, over an extended period of time. The solar power source shall be designed for an existing sensor system that is in the form of a cylinder with dimensions that are 14 inches high and 5 inches in diameter. Six to eight rod shaped legs shall be used to erect the cylinder vertically from a horizontal position on the ground. The power source shall include, but not be limited to, solar cells configured to the cylinder or the legs, non-rechargeable and rechargeable batteries, monitoring indicator/software, and associated electronic circuitry, including the power switching electronics between the non-rechargeable and rechargeable batteries. The solar power source shall be capable of providing a nominal voltage of 14 VDC, be capable of generating at least 5.18 W-hrs/day with 6 hours of sunlight/day, and have a nominal battery capacity of at least 13Ah at 15 mA. It shall also be designed to withstand 1300 G's deceleration upon impact with the ground. The solar power source shall be tested in conditions such as snow (3 inches), tree canopy shadowing, tall grass (12"), dust, solar shadowing from the erected sensor system and tree leafs, and variations from solar output due to the diurnal cycle and time of year. Also, the source shall not attract enemy attention. Therefore, a low reflectivity surface on the solar cells shall be utilized in the design. PHASE I: Design the solar power source. Specify all components. Specify all components parameters. Estimate the performance of the solar power assembly under varying environmental conditions. Show that the design objectives can be met. PHASE II: Develop a prototype of the solar power source. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: The proposed solar source can be utilized by the civilian sector to provide remote power for homeland security applications such as perimeter protection. In the military sector, the proposed source can be used as a power supply for ground based perimeter protection and target acquisition. REFERENCES: 1) D. L. Pulfrey, Photovoltaic Power Generation, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1978. KEYWORDS: Power, Solar Power, Photonics, Batteries A03-012 TITLE: Remote Sensing of the Electro-Magnetic Potential of the Human Heart TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Biomedical, Sensors OBJECTIVE: Design and build a device that can remotely detect the electronic signature of the beating human heart. The device would be portable, preferably give range and direction of the signal, and be able to work in high electronic noise environments. DESCRIPTION: Advances in electronic signal detection and filtering technology could make it possible to remotely detect the electronic signal given off by the beating human heart. The human heart has a specific electronic signature that could be detected by filtering out the noise using modern electronic filtering technologies. Uses of such a device are numerous. A handheld version could be used by a medic in the field to determine the heart rate of wounded soldiers. By further refining such a device to detect through walls and obstructions, it could be used by soldiers in urban environments to determine how many individuals are in a room that is about to be entered and cleared. The signature could be detected using active doppler radar to sense the movement of the heart. The use of MEMS devices (gyroscopic) could be incorporated into the device in order to minimize the size needed as well as provide a means of canceling the doppler noise effects from the relative movement of the soldier carrying the device. It is expected that the weight of the system be approximately 5 to 10 lbs. and that the sensing range should be between 20 and 50 feet. If the sensing range of the device can be increased, then it could augment other sensing devices such as infrared and light amplification. With a longer range capability, this technology can be used in a telescopic sight on small arms/rifles to detect where enemy soldiers might be hiding. PHASE I: Develop and build a proof-of-principle device using breadboard components that would show that the concept is feasible. PHASE II: Develop and demonstrate a prototype of the human heart sensor. PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS: For military applications, it is expected that this technology can be incorporated into the gun sight of small arms. Commerciallly, this technology would have applications in the medical industry. It would also have applications in security/police forces for detection and surveillance of individuals. REFERENCES: 1) http://www.biofind.com/business/opportunity_search_details.asp?OpportunityId=110 2) http://www.darpa.mil/DSO/thrust/sp/metaEng/quasar.html 3) E.F. Grenecker, "Radar Sensing of Heartbeat and Respiration at a Distance with Security Applications," Proceedings of SPIE, Radar Sensor Technology II, Volume 3066, Orlando, Florida, pp. 22-27, April, 1997. KEYWORDS: Sensors, electrocardiogram(EKG), remote detection, tracking, surveillance, heart rate, heart rhythm A03-013 TITLE: Medium Caliber Gun Barrel Bore Coatings TECHNOLOGY AREAS: Materials/Processes OBJECTIVE: Develop, demonstrate and validate a coating technique to apply advanced erosion resistant materials to medium caliber gun tubes. DESCRIPTION: Current medium caliber (20mm to 40mm) gun tubes have chrome as a protective coating applied on bore surfaces via aqueous electrodeposition. Utilization of highly energetic propellants exposes the gun barrel to high flame temperatures and erosive gases. Micro-cracks and porosity in electrodeposited chromium allow hot propellant gases to reach and degrade the steel substrate resulting in severe reduction of barrel life and overall performance. Executive Order EO13148 requires the usage reduction of hexavalent chrome (primary element of electro-deposition) by 50% by 31 Dec 2006. Currently under development in the Army is a process known as Cylindrical Magnetron Sputtering (CMS-IM). This internally-magnetized (IM) coating deposition technique is known to produce high quality coatings where materials are highly adhered, fine grained, crack-free and fully dense. Traditionally perceived as a “line-of-site” technology, CMS-IM has made instrumental advances in applications of coatings to internal surfaces of cylindrical substrates. This process is better suited for larger bore diameters and has fundamental limitations in internal bore diameters smaller than 60 mm. There is a need to develop a technique to apply quality coatings to gun tubes with dimensions below 60mm (all medium calibers). Specific efforts will be concentrated on designing methods of surface cleaning and preparation. The developed deposition process would demonstrate an ability to produce uniform, well-adhered dry coatings to comply with existing medium caliber test protocol requirements. The technique should have the potential to develop a coating of tantalum or other protective coating in a thickness suitable to provide a gun tube bore service life superior to one of an electroplated chrome bore. Explosive bonding of tantalum has shown success in the M242 Bushmaster 25mm. Some issues remain, such as the high cost of the tantalum material and the softness of the unalloyed tantalum. For purposes of flexibility of manufacture, it is desired to seek processes that yield nominally equivalent or superior results. PHASE I: Demonstrate the feasibility of producing novel coating materials and/or processes for erosion protection of medium caliber gun tube specimens under simulated exposure conditions. Common coating characteristics (i.e., uniformity, density, etc.) should be sufficient to maintain or exceed current system results. 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