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| Entman, R. (1991) “Framing US coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran air incidents.” Journal of Communication, 41: 6–27.
Entman, R. (1993) “Framing: Towards a clarification of a fractured paradigm.” In: Journal of Communication, 43(4), pp. 51-58. Fandy M. (2007) (Un)Civil war of words: Media and politics in the Arab world. New York: Praeger. Gamson, W., Modigliani, A. (1989) “Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach.” In: American Journal of Sociology, 95(1), pp. 1-37. Hallin, D. (1989) The Uncensored War: The Media and Vietnam. Berkeley: University of California Press. Hammond, P. (2009) “Celebrity Culture and the Rise of Narcissistic Interventionism.” In: Clarke, R. (ed.), Celebrity Colonialism: Fame, Power and Representation in Colonial and Postcolonial Cultures. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars. Herman, E. S. & Chomsky N. (1988) Manufacturing Consent: The political economy of the mass media. New York: Pantheon Books. Hashem, A. (2012, April 3) “The Arab Spring has weakened Arab TV’s credibility.” In: The Guardian. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/apr/03/arab-spring-arab-tv-credibility. Accessed 17 February 2013. Ibiary, R. (2011) “Questioning the Al Jazeera Effect.” In: Global Media and Communication, 7(3), pp. 199-204. Iyengar, S. (1991) Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Kolmer, C. & Semetko, H.A. (2009) “Framing the Iraq War: Perspectives from American, UK, Czech, German, South African, and Al Jazeera news.” In: American Behavioral Scientist, 52(5), pp. 643-656. Lynch, C. & Gearan, A. (2012, September 25) “At UN, Qatar Emir calls on Arab nations to intervene in Syria.” In: Washington Post. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/at-un-qatar-emir-calls-on-arab-nations-to-intervene-in-syria/2012/09/25/4bf05a9e-0758-11e2-a10c-fa5a255a9258_story.html. Accessed 27 September 2012. Lynch, M. (2006) Voices of the new Arab public: Iraq, Al-Jazeera, and Middle East politics today. New York: Columbia University Press. Norris, P. (1995) “The restless searchlight: Network news framing of the Post-Cold war.” In: Political Communication, 12, pp. 357–370. Pan, Z. & Kosicki, G. (1993) “Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse.” In: Political Communication, 10, pp. 55-76. Pintak, L. (2011) The New Arab Journalist: Mission and identity in a time of turmoil. NY: I.B. Taurus. Reese, S.D. (2001) “Prologue: Framing public life.” In: Reese, S.D., Gandy O. H., and Grant A.E. (eds.), Framing Public Life. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 7-31. Roberts, D. (2011a) “Behind Qatar’s intervention in Libya.” In: Foreign Affairs. Available at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68302/david-roberts/behind-qatars-intervention-in-libya. Accessed 1 April 2013. Roberts, H. (2011b) “Who Said Gaddafi had to Go?” Available at: http://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n22/hugh-roberts/who-said-gaddafi-had-to-go. Accessed 14 March 2013. Robinson et al. (2010) Pockets of resistance: British news media, war and theory in the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press. Robinson, P., Goddard, P. & Parry, K. (2012) “Measuring media criticism of war and political elites: A response to Florian Zollman.” In: Global Media and Communication, 8(2), pp. 177-185. Sakr, N. (2007) “Challenger or lackey? The politics of news on Al-Jazeera.” In: Thussu, D.K., (ed.), Media on the move: Global flow and contra-flow. London: Communication and Society Routledge, pp. 116-132. Samuel-Azran, T. (2013) “Al Jazeera, Qatar, and the new tactics in state sponsored media diplomacy”. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(9), pp. 1293-1311. Samuel-Azran, T. and Pecht, N. (2014) “Is there an Al Jazeera-Qatari nexus? A study of Al Jazeera’s online reporting throughout the Qatari-Saudi conflict.” In: Media, War and Conflict, 7, pp. 218-232. Schudson, M. (2002) “News Media as Political Institutions.” In: Annual Review of Political Science, 5, pp. 249-269. Seib, P. (2008) The Al-Jazeera Effect: How the new global media are reshaping world politics. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. Sharaf, A. (2013, August 31) “More journalists resign from Al Jazeera.” In: Gulf News. Available at: http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/qatar/more-journalists-resign-from-al-jazeera-1.1225812. Accessed 2 September 2013. Urban, M. (2012, January 19) “Inside story of UK’s mission to beat Gaddafi.” In: BBC News. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16573516 Accessed 16 June 2014. Youssef, M. (2009) “Their word against ours: News discourse of the 2003 Gulf War civilian casualties in CNN and Al-Jazeera.” In: Global Media Journal: Mediterranean Edition, 4(2), pp. 13–24. Zayani, M. and Sahraoui, S. (2007) The Culture of Al Jazeera. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 1 Lina Dencik (2013) “What global citizens and whose global moral order? Defining the global at BBC World News,” Global Media and Communication, 9(2), p. 125. 2 Edward S. Herman & Noam Chomsky (1988) Manufacturing Consent (NY: Pantheon Books), pp. 1-36. 3 See Further, Daniel Hallin (1989) The Uncensored War: The Media and the War in Vietnam (University of California Press), pp. 116-118; and W. Lance Bennett (1990) “Towards a theory of press-state relations in the United States,” Journal of Communication, 40(02), pp. 103-125. 4 Herman and Chomsky, “Manufacturing Consent,” p. 3; and James Curran and Jean Seaton (2010) Power without Responsibility (Abingdon, UK: Routledge). 5 Piers Robinson, et al. (2010) Pockets of Resistance: British news media, war, and theory in the 2003 Invasion of Iraq (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press), pp. 164-167; and Michael Schudson (2002) “News media as political institutions,” Annual Review of Political Science, 5, p. 251. 6 Schudson, “News media as political institutions”, p. 251. 7 Philip Hammond (2009) “Celebrity culture and the rise of narcissistic interventionism,” in Robert Clarke (ed.), Celebrity Colonialism: Fame, Power and Representation in Colonial and Postcolonial Cultures (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars), p. 116; and Martin Bell (1998) “The journalism of attachment,” in Matthew Kieran (ed.) Media Ethics (London: Routledge), p. 16. 8 Mohamed El Nawawy and Adel Iskander (2003) Al Jazeera: The story of the network that is rattling governments and redefining modern journalism (Boulder, CO: Westview Press), pp. 25-26; Marc Lynch (2006) Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, Al Jazeera, and Middle East politics today (NY: Columbia University Press), p. 2; Philip Seib (2008) The Al Jazeera Effect: How the new global media are reshaping world politics (Washington, D.C: Potomac Books), pp. 143-144. 9 See further Lynch, “Voices of the New Arab Public,” pp. 126-134; Naomi Sakr (2007) “Challenger or lackey? The politics of news on Al-Jazeera,” In Daya K.Thussu, (ed.), Media on the move: Global flow and contra-flow (London: Communication and Society Routledge), p. 129; and Mohamed Zayani and Sofiane Sahraoui (2007) The Culture of Al Jazeera: Inside an Arab media giant (Jefferson, N.C: McFarland), p. 24. 10 Mohamed El Nawawy and Shawn Powers (2009) “Al Jazeera English: Clash of civilizations or cross cultural dialogue?” Media, War & Conflict, 2(3), p. 270. 11 Bob Dreyfuss (2013) “Al Jazeera’s Muslim Brotherhood Problem,” The Nation. Available at http://www.thenation.com/blog/175179/al-jazeeras-muslim-brotherhood-problem# , accessed 24 July 2013. 12 Ali Hashem (2012) “The Arab Spring has weakened Arab TV’s credibility,” The Guardian. Available at http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/apr/03/arab-spring-arab-tv-credibility accessed 17 February 2013; and Dreyfuss “Al Jazeera’s Muslim Brotherhood Problem”; and Ayman Sharaf (2013) “More journalists resign from Al Jazeera,” Gulf News. Available at http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/qatar/more-journalists-resign-from-al-jazeera-1.1225812, accessed 2 September 2013. 13 See, for example, Rasha Ibiary (2011) “Questioning the Al Jazeera Effect,” Global Media and Communication, 7(3), pp. 199-204; and Tal Samuel-Azran (2013) “Al Jazeera, Qatar, and the new tactics in state sponsored media diplomacy,” American Behavioral Scientist, 57(9), pp. 1306-1309; and Tal Samuel-Azran and Naama Pecht (2014) “Is there an Al Jazeera-Qatari nexus? A study of Al Jazeera’s online reporting throughout the Qatari-Saudi conflict,” Media, War and Conflict, 7, pp. 218-232; and Mamoun Fandy (2007) (Un)Civil war of words: Media and politics in the Arab world (New York: Praeger), pp. 48-50. 14 See, for example, Leon Barkho (2008) “The discursive and social power of news,” Studies in Language and Capitalism, 3(4), pp. 111-159; and Piers Robinson et al. (2010) Pockets of resistance: British news media, war and theory in the 2003 Invasion of Iraq (Machester, UK: Manchester University Press), pp. 162-187; and Piers Robinson et al. (2012) “Measuring media criticism of war and political elites: A response to Florian Zollman,” Global Media and Communication, 8(2), pp. 177-185; and Christian Kolmer and Holli A. Semetko (2009) “Framing the Iraq War: Perspectives from American, UK, Czech, German, South African, and Al Jazeera news,” American Behavioral Scientist, 52(5), p. 654. 15 Hugh Roberts (2011b) “Who said Gaddafi had to go?” London Review of Books, 33(22), pp. 8–18. 16 Ibid, pp. 8-18 17 See, for example, Barkho, “The discursive and social power of news,” pp. 111-159; and Samuel-Azran, “Al Jazeera, Qatar, and the new tactics in state sponsored media diplomacy,” pp. 1293-1311; and Samuel-Azran and Pecht, “Is there an Al Jazeera-Qatari nexus? A study of Al Jazeera’s online reporting throughout the Qatari-Saudi conflict,” pp. 218-232; and Mohamed M. Abdul-Mageed and Susan C. Herring (2008) “Arabic and English news coverage on AlJazeera.net,” in Sudweeks F. et al. (eds.) Proceedings of Cultural Attitudes towards Technology and Communication 2008 (CATaC’08), Nîmes, France, 24–27 June; and Mohamed Youssef (2009) “Their word against ours: News discourse of the 2003 Gulf War civilian casualties in CNN and Al-Jazeera,” Global Media Journal: Mediterranean Edition, 4(2), pp. 13–24. 18 Barkho, “The discursive power of news,” p. 137. 19 Ibid., pp. 126-127. 20 Ibid., pp. 142-145. 21 Ibid., p. 143. 22 Barkho, “The discursive power of news,” p. 141. 23 Ibid., pp. 145. 24 Lawrence Pintak (2011) The New Arab Journalist: Mission and identity in a time of turmoil (NY: I.B. Taurus), pp. 1-6. 25 Stephen D. Reese (2001) “Prologue: Framing public life,” in Stephen D. Reese, Oscar H. Gandy, and August E. Grant (eds.) Framing Public Life (Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum), pp. 7. 26 Robert Entman (1993), “Framing: Towards a clarification of a fractured paradigm,” Journal of Communication, 43(4), p. 51. 27 Claes H. De Vreese (2005) “News framing: Theology and typology,” Information Design Journal + Document Design, 13(1), pp. 51-62. 28 Paul D’Angelo (2002) “News framing as a multi-paradigmatic research program: A response to Entman,” Journal of Communication, 52, p. 874. 29 Kevin M. Carragee and Wim Roefs (2004) “The neglect of power in recent framing research,” Journal of Communication, 54(2), p. 2016 30 Herman and Chomsky, “Manufacturing Consent”, pp. 1-14. 31 Carragee and Roefs, “The neglect of power in recent framing research,” pp.214-233. 32 David Roberts (2011a) “Behind Qatar’s intervention in Libya,” Foreign Affairs. Available at http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68302/david-roberts/behind-qatars-intervention-in-libya, accessed 1 April 2013. 33 Ibid. 34 Mark Urban (2012) “Inside story of UK’s mission to beat Gaddafi,” BBC News. Available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16573516, accessed 16 June 2014. 35 See further Katherine Beckett (1996) “Culture and the politics of signification: The case of child sexual abuse,” Social Problems, 43, pp. 57-76; and Carragee and Roefs, “The neglect of power in current framing research,” pp. 214-233; and William A. Gamson and Andre Modigliani (1989) “Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach,” American Journal of Sociology, 95(1), pp. 1-37. 36 Pre-packaged frames (e.g. Zhongdang Pan and Gerald Kosicki (1993) “Framing analysis: An approach to news discourse,” Political Communication, 10, pp. 55-76; and Shanto Iyengar (1991) Is anyone responsible? How television frames political issues (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press), pp. 17-19; De Vreese, “News Framing: Theory and typology,” pp. 51-62; and issue specific frames (e.g. Robert Entman (1991) “Framing US coverage of international news: Contrasts in narratives of the KAL and Iran air incidents,” Journal of Communication, 41: 6–27; and Gamson and Modigliani, “Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach,” pp. 1-37; and Pippa Norris (1995) “The restless searchlight: Network news framing of the Post-Cold war,” Political Communication, 12, pp. 357–370. 37 De Vreese, “News Framing: Theory and typology,” p. 55. 38 Ibid, p. 55 39 Robinson et al., “Pockets of Resistance” 40 John B. Alterman (2011) “The Revolution will not be Tweeted,” The Washington Quarterly, Fall 2011, 34(4), p. 110. 41 Author Interview with BBCA Libya correspondent Mustafa El Menshawy, London, UK, 17 February 2013. 42 Barkho, “The discursive and social power of news,” pp. 111-159. 43 Hallin, “The Uncensored War,” pp. 116-118. 44 Ibiary, “Questioning the Al Jazeera Effect,” pp. 199-204; and Samuel-Azran, “Al Jazeera, Qatar, and the new tactics in state sponsored media diplomacy,” pp. 1293-1311; and Samuel-Azran and Pecht, “Is there an Al Jazeera-Qatari nexus?” pp. 218-232; and Fandy, “(Un)Civil war of words,” pp. 48-50. 45 Barkho, “The discursive and social power of news,” pp. 111-159; and Robinson et al. (2010) Pockets of resistance,” pp. 162-187; and Robinson et al. (2012) “Measuring media criticism of war and political elites,” pp. 177-185; and Kolmer and Semetko, “Framing the Iraq War,” p. 654. 46 See further Herman and Chomsky, “Manufacturing Consent,” pp. 2-35. 47 Robinson et al., “Pockets of Resistance,” pp. 164-167; Schudson, “News media as political institutions,” p. 251; and Hammond, “Celebrity culture and the rise of narcissistic interventionism,” p. 116; and Herman and Chomsky, “Manufacturing Consent,” pp. 2-5. 48 Samuel-Azran, “Al Jazeera, Qatar, and the new tactics in state sponsored media diplomacy,” pp. 1293-1311; and Samuel-Azran and Pecht, “Is there an Al Jazeera-Qatari nexus?” pp. 218-232; and Abdul-Mageed and Herring, “Arabic and English news coverage on AlJazeera.net”; and Youssef, “Their word against ours,” pp. 13–24. 49 Barkho, “The discursive and social power of news,” pp. 111-159; and Samuel-Azran, “Al Jazeera, Qatar, and the new tactics in state sponsored media diplomacy,” pp. 1293-1311; and Samuel-Azran and Pecht, “Is there an Al Jazeera-Qatari nexus?” pp. 218-232; and Abdul-Mageed and Herring, “Arabic and English news coverage on AlJazeera.net”; and Youssef, “Their word against ours,” pp. 13–24. 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