Supreme court

¹ Fortich v. Corona, G.R. No. 131457, April 24, 1998, 289 SCRA 624, 645.

² Springfield Development Corporation, Inc. v. Presiding Judge, RTC, Misamis Oriental, Br. 40, Cagayan de Oro City, G.R. No. 142628, February 6, 2007, 514 SCRA 326, 342-343; Fortich v. Corona, id.

³ Decision, p. 10.

⁴ G.R. No. 143855, September 21, 2010.

⁵ Bernas, Joaquin G., Foreign Relations in Constitutional Law, 1995 Ed., p. 87 citing Smith, Bell and Co. v. Natividad, 40 Phil 136, 148 (1919); Luzon Stevedoring Corporation v. Anti-Dummy Board, 46 SCRA 474, 490 (1972); De Leon, Hector S., Philippine Constitutional Law (Principles and Cases), 2004 Ed., Vol. 2, p. 940.

⁶ De Leon, Hector S., Philippine Constitutional Law (Principles and Cases), 2004 Ed., Vol. 2, p. 946.

⁷ Manila Prince Hotel v. Government Service Insurance System, G.R. No. 122156, February 3, 1997, 267 SCRA 408, 430.

⁸ Id. at 431.

⁹ Agpalo, Ruben E., Comments on the Corporation Code of the Philippines, 2001 Ed., p. 50.

¹⁰ Id. at 51.

¹¹ Section 137. The Corporation Code.

¹² Sec. 3. Definitions. - As used in this Act:

a. The term "Philippine national" shall mean a citizen of the Philippines; of a domestic partnership or association wholly owned by citizens of the Philippines; or a corporation organized under the laws of the Philippines of which at least sixty percent (60%) of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote is owned and held by citizens of the Philippines; or a corporation organized abroad and registered as doing business in the Philippines under the Corporation Code of which one hundred percent (100%) of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote is wholly owned by Filipinos or a trustee of funds for pension or other employee retirement or separation benefits, where the trustee is a Philippine national and at least sixty percent (60%) of the fund will accrue to the benefit of Philippine nationals: Provided, That where a corporation and its non-Filipino stockholders own stocks in a Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) registered enterprise, at least sixty percent (60%) of the capital stock outstanding and entitled to vote of each of both corporations must be owned and held by citizens of the Philippines and at least sixty percent (60%) of the members of the Board of Directors of each of both corporations must be citizens of the Philippines, in order that the corporation, shall be considered a "Philippine national." (As amended by Republic Act 8179)

¹³ Decision, pp. 25-26.

¹⁴ Id. at 17.

¹⁵ Section 21, Article II.

¹⁶ Section 22, Article II.

¹⁷ Section 25, Article II.

¹⁸ Section 27, Article II.

¹⁹ Section 16, Article III.

²⁰ Section 2, Article V.

²¹ Section 5, Article VI.

²² Section 3, Article XIII.