Syllable reduction

when trying to simplify and reconstruct adult words systematically)

1. 
   Syllables
   

1. 
   SYLLABLE REDUCTION
   
   • 
     Reducing the number of syllables in a word to one syllable
     
   • 
     Deletion of a syllable nucleus in a multi-syllabic word
     

• 
  i.e.: vowel, diphthong, vocalic consonant (ɚ)
  

• 
  e.g.: flower  [] , basket  __
  

2. 
   CONSONANT SEQUENCE REDUCTION / Weak syllable deletion
   
   • 
     AKA- Cluster Reduction
     
   • 
     Deletion of a consonant in a sequence of two or more
     
   • 
     Common in adults as well as children – not a disorder
     

• 
  i.e.: CC → C, CCC→C, or CCC→CC = string to sing or sring
  

• 
  e.g.: basket → []
  

3. 
   MULTISYLLABICITY PROBMEMS
   
   • 
     Most children can produce multisyllabic words by 6 years of age
     
     • 
       e.g.: extinguisher  [__]
       

2. 
   Singleton Consonants
   
   1. 
      PREVOCALIC SINGLETON CONSONANT OMISSION (word-initial)
      

• 
  AKA- Initial Consonant Deletion
  
• 
  Deletion of a singleton consonant that initiates a syllable / CV syllable
  
• 
  Less common
  

• 
  i.e.: leaving off the first part of a word
  

• 
  e.g.: zipper → []
  

1. 
   INTERVOCALIC (word-medial)
   

• 
  Occur when children delete word-medial singleton consonants
  

• 
  e.g.: bucket  [_]
  

1. 
   POSTVOCALIC SINGLETON CONSONANT OMISSION (word-final)
   

• 
  AKA- Final Consonant Deletion
  
• 
  CV used by 12 months
  
• 
  Deletion of a singleton consonant that terminates a syllable
  
• 
  More common – seen in toddlers of 18 months
  

• 
  i.e.: dropping off the last consonant sound – in a word or syllable
  
  • 
    e.g.: leaf → [l] ; baseball → []
    

3. 
   Consonant Sequence/Clusters
   

1. 
   REDUCTIONS (Consonant sequence reduction)
   
   • 
     Extremely common
     
   • 
     Occurs when one consonant (or more) in a sequence is omitted w/ at least one consonant remaining
     
     • 
       e.g.: truck  [t_k]
       

2. 
   DELETIONS
   
   • 
     The omission of all of the consonants in the sequence
     
     • 
       e.g.: truck  [_]
       

1. 
   FRONTING
   

• 
  The substitution of an anterior/front consonant for a posterior/rear consonant
  
  • 
    i.e.: /k/, /g/, //, /h/
    
• 
  Usually continues into the same manner
  

• 
  i.e.: The velar becomes an alveolar or a bilabial
  

• 
  e.g.: cowboy → [tb]
  
• 
  k → t
  
• 
  g → d
  

1. 
   BACKING
   
   • 
     The substitution of a posterior/back consonant for an anterior/front consonant
     
   • 
     Less common than fronting
     

• 
  i.e.: alveolar and bilabials become a velar
  

• 
  e.g.: soap → [] ; taupe → [k]
  

1. 
   STOPPING
   

• 
  The substitution of a stop consonant for a continuant
  

• 
  i.e.: /p/, /b/, / t/, /d/, /k/, /g/
  

• 
  e.g.: mouth → [d]
  

1. 
   GLIDING
   
   • 
     The substitution of a glide (/w, or j/) for another phoneme
     

• 
  i.e.: going from a liquid to a glide
  

• 
  e.g.: rock → []
  

1. 
   VOWELIZATION
   
   • 
     The substitution of a vowel (a pure vowel) in the place of a vocalic liquid, or postvocalic liquid
     

• 
  i.e. the schwar “  ”= dropping the “ r ”
  

• 
  e.g.: square → [skw]
  
• 
  e.g.: battle  [b]
  
• 
  e.g.: car  [k], belt  [b]
  

1. 
   PALATALIZATION
   
   • 
     Adding a palatal component to a non-palatal phoneme
     

• 
  i.e.: making a sound at the palate when it should be made somewhere else
  

• 
  e.g.: soap → []
  

1. 
   DEPALATALIZATION
   
   • 
     Deleting the palatal component from a palatal phoneme
     

• 
  i.e.: moving the sound being made away from the palate to somewhere else
  

• 
  e.g.: shoe → []
  

1. 
   AFFRICATION
   
   • 
     Adding a stop component to a continuant phoneme
     
   • 
     The addition of the combination of stop and fricative
     

• 
  i.e.: turning a fricative (/s, f, v, , , ,/ into an affricate (/, /)
  

• 
  e.g.: shoe → [ ]
  

1. 
   DEAFFRICATION
   
   • 
     The substation of an affricate with a continuant or a stop
     
   • 
     The loss of the combination of stop and fricative
     

• 
  i.e.: taking away the stop portion of the affricate
  

• 
  e.g.: chair → [] or jump→ [dmp]
  

• 
  Assimilation involves altering a phoneme so that it takes on a characteristic of another sound in the word even if that sound has been omitted.
  
• 
  Common in adult speech
  
  • 
    Bank  [bk]
    

1. 
   LABIAL (Regressive or progressive)
   
   • 
     Regressive assimilation affects a sound earlier in the word
     
   • 
     Progressive assimilation influences a later sound
     

• 
  i.e.: when a sound is an artifact of assimilation even though a word-final sound is omitted:
  

• 
  e.g.: so  [to], but [po] for soap = /p/ for /s/ is an artifact of assimilation
  
• 
  Labial is fairly common
  
  • 
    e.g.: swim  [fwm]
    
1. 
   VELAR
   
   • 
     Occurs in the speech of some preschoolers w/
     
     • 
       e.g.: doggie  [ggi]
       

1. 
   ALVEOLAR
   
   • 
     An alveolar consonant is substituted because of another alveolar in the word
     
   • 
     Can be differentiated from fronting by having the child say two words, one with an alveolar (e.g. cat) and one without (e.g. car)
     

• 
  If they substitute /t/ in both words it’s fronting, if only in one word, then it is alveolar assimilation
  
  • 
    e.g.: duck  [dt]
    

1. 
   PALATAL
   

• 
  e.g.: juice  []
  

5. 
   NASAL
   
   • 
     e.g.: bone  [mon]
     
6. 
   LIQUID
   
   • 
     e.g.: yellow  [ll]
     

• 
  Some children mark final consonants by substituting a glottal stop intil they are able to produce word endings
  
• 
  Children with palatal anomalies often produce glottal stops excessively
  
• 
  Glottal stops sometime are produced because of dialects and in specific contexts (button  [bun]
  

• 
  The transposition of phonemes or syllables within words, or across word boundaries
  
  • 
    e.g.: masks → [ks] ; kung pow → [p k]
    

2. MIGRATION

• 
  Similar to metathesis, but only one phoneme is moved to another place in the word
  
  • 
    e.g.: star → [ts]
    

3. COALESCENCE

• 
  The replacement of two phonemes by another phoneme that contains characteristics of both original phonemes
  
  • 
    e.g.: spoon → [fn]
    
  • 
    The /f/ has same stridency features of /s/ and the labial feature of the /p/
    

4. REDUPLICATION

• 
  Repetition of phonemes or syllables
  

• 
  e.g.: Santa Clause → [ ], truck  [_]
  

5. EPENTHESIS

• 
  The addition of consonants or vowels
  
  • 
    i.e.: adding a sound that should not be there
    

• 
  e.g.: fish → [f]
  

6. DIMUNITIVE

• 
  When /i/ is added to nouns
  
  • 
    Often done when speaking to toddlers
    

• 
  e.g.: horsie
  

7. CLUSTER CREATION

• 
  When a second consonant is added to a singleton
  

• 
  e.g.: see  [sti]
  

1. 
   PREVOCALIC VOICING
   

• 
  cup  [gp]
  

1. 
   PREVOCALIC DEVOICING
   

• 
  gum  [km]
  

3. 
   POSTVOCALIC DEVOICING (normal)
   
   • 
     page  [pe]
     

4. 
   POSTVOCALIC VOICING (rare)
   
   • 
     leaf  [liv]
     

• 
  The substitution of a vowel that might affect meaning
  

• 
  i.e.: one change of pronunciation changes the word
  

• 
  e.g.: pit → [pt]
  

1. 
   Neurtalization –
   

• 
  bed  [bd]
  

2. 
   Dialectal – many vowel differences are related to dialects (Southern America)
   

• 
  eye  []
  

1. 
   MINIMAL PLACE OF ARTICULATION SHIFTS (Phonemic)
   

• 
  teeth  [tf]
  

2. 
   MINIMAL PLACE OF ARTICULATION SHIFTS (Phonetic)
   

1. 
   Lisps for sibilants (stridency maintained)
   
   1. 
      Frontal/Interdental Lisp – stridency is maintained, but the tongue placement is forward
      

• 
  see  [si]
  
• 
  see  [si]
  

2. 
   Lateral lisp – not a phonemic difference (i.e. does not result in a change in meaning)
   

1. 
   Other tongue protrusion – for alveolar consonants must be seen to be identified
   

• 
  note  []
  

1. 
   Nasalizations – a nonphonemic alteration that sometimes is related to oral structure difficulties ()
   

• 
  e.g. velopharyngeal incompetence
  

• 
  see  [s]