Tampa Prep 2009-2010 Impact Defense File
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- Ext 4 – No Excalation
- AT: Sprawl
Ext #3 – AgreementsChinese expansionism decreasing – new SCS agreement Straits Times, 08 (6/20, Chua Chin Hon, China Bureau Chief, "Dawn of new era in China's regional relations?; Beijing's new deals with Taipei and Tokyo point way towards resolving disputes with others", L/N) BEIJING - IN THE space of about a week, China has reached two remarkable new agreements with neighbouring Japan and Taiwan in breakthroughs that would have seemed improbable a year ago. The first pact, which was inked when Taiwanese negotiators visited Beijing last week, allowed for weekend direct flights between China and Taiwan, as well as for more mainland tourists to visit the island. The second, announced simultaneously by officials in Beijing and Tokyo on Wednesday, called for the shelving of a territorial dispute in the East China Sea in favour of cooperation and joint exploration of natural gas resources there. In both cases, Beijing showed a surprising willingness to put aside complex and emotional disputes over territory and sovereignty despite the obvious risks of a nationalistic backlash. While the back-to-back timing of these two deals could be sheer coincidence, the message behind this public display of flexibility and pragmatism would surely not be lost on neighbouring countries, such as Vietnam and India, which have outstanding border or maritime disputes with China. Beijing and Hanoi have long been at odds over the Paracel and Spratly islands in the South China Sea, which are claimed by both countries. Their bitter war of words has shown signs of escalation in recent years, particularly following skirmishes in the area between their fishing boats and armed vessels. Analysts and Chinese officials now believe the Sino-Japanese agreement this week could point the way towards resolving this row between China and Vietnam. 'The China-Japan deal is an example of how we should resolve disputes with other countries, such as those in the South China Sea,' said Professor Shi Yinhong of People's University. 'It's completely unreasonable to give up on cooperation and joint development just because we can't fully resolve certain disputes at this point.' Chinese Vice-Foreign Minister Wu Dawei suggested as much at a press conference yesterday, though he did not mention Vietnam directly. 'We also hope the practice (shown in the East China Sea agreement) will help resolve the maritime differences between different countries, as well as those between China and other countries,' he said. Mr Wu sounded a similarly optimistic note when he spoke about the border dispute with India, suggesting that it should not stand in the way of strategic cooperation between the two Asian giants. Both countries waged a brief war in 1962 over the border issue, which has dragged on despite 11 rounds of talks. In public, Chinese officials say little, if anything at all, about their border negotiations with India. But as the East China Sea agreement suggests, official silence may not necessarily suggest a lack of progress. Granted, the breakthroughs with Japan and Taiwan took place after a change in their respective governments in favour of one with a more China-friendly approach. But their history of enmity with China also cuts much deeper, particularly in the case of Japan, whose World War II conduct still angers many mainlanders. The fact that such major breakthroughs were achieved raises the prospect that China's disputes with 'less rancorous'' rivals, such as India and Vietnam, could be addressed more smoothly. Ext #4 – No ExcalationMilitary activity in the Spratlys for decades and no escalate – 1988 battle provesDunnigan 08 (James, 10/22, Strategy Page, “Chinese Victory at Sea,” http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/20081022222038.asp) Called Taiping Island by the Taiwanese, Ita Aba is one of the largest of Spratly Islands, at about 120 acres (489,600 square meters). It has been in Taiwanese hands since the mid-1950s, and has largely been used as a way station for fishermen. The island is also claimed by the Vietnamese, who call it Thai Binh. Taiwan has long maintained a small military presence on the island, and the new air strip is meant to cement that control. Protests were made by Vietnam, which controls the largest group of islands, and the Philippines, which also claims Itu Aba island. The Vietnamese earlier refurbished an old South Vietnamese airstrip on Big Spratly Island. In 1988, China and Vietnam fought a naval battle, off the Spratly islands. The Chinese victory was followed by Chinese troops establishing garrisons on some of the islands. In 1992, Chinese marines landed on Da Lac reef, in the Spratly Islands. In 1995, Chinese marines occupied Mischief Reef, which was claimed by the Philippines. AT: Sprawl1. There are multiple alternate causes for urban sprawl Sakowicz 4 (J Celeste, Florida State U JD candidate, 19 J. Land Use & Envtl. Law 377, Spring, p. 383, LN) The causes of American sprawl derive from "a complex result of market and economic forces, social factors . . . and government policies." 29 There are seven main causes of sprawl: 1) The American Dream of desiring less expensive housing on larger lots, improved schools, and less crime on the streets; 2) Companies in quest of lower taxes, skilled workers, and developable tracts of land that are less expensive; 3) Workers moving where the jobs are located and changing job locations more often; 4) Wholesale entry of women into the workforce and spouses traveling in different directions; 5) Local zoning and [the] federal interstate highway system; 6) Americans' increasing love affair[s] with their cars; and 7) Americans' dislike of density. 30 2. Eliminating urban sprawl takes 50 years. Crain’s Detroit Business 8 (5/5, http://crainsdetroit.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080505/SUB/805050305/-1) Change has been slow and will continue to be slow, Younger said. “The suburbs didn't exist until the 1950s,” she said. “To change those dynamics will take at least the 50 years it took to develop the suburbs.” 3. Sprawl is inevitable due to the nature of development – intervening just makes it worse. Holcombe 99 (Randall G, FL State U econ prof., Feb., http://www.perc.org/articles/article356.php) Specific policies to stop or slow down urban sprawl reflect a more general vision of how metropolitan development takes place. Planners assume that suburban areas spread out from a central urban core. They assume that people work in the central cities, commuting from the suburbs. Growth management policies are designed to keep people living and working in central districts. But this picture of metropolitan areas is not an accurate portrayal of today's actual commuting patterns. In Los Angeles, for example, only 3 percent of the total workforce works downtown. There are 19 major activity centers in the Los Angeles area, but even these areas account for only 17.5 percent of the area's total employment. Most people both live and work in the suburbs, and the average commute for individuals in the Los Angeles area is 20 minutes.(2) While the statistics for each metropolitan area will differ, patterns in many cities are likely to be similar; today's jobs are primarily in the suburbs.(3) If left to its own devices, development will occur in a decentralized manner, which will usually lead different types of activities to be conveniently located in relation to one another. Decentralized growth will provide nodes of development. People can live close to the node where they work, allowing a more efficient pattern of two-way traffic as people travel between nodes. Decentralized development keeps commuting distances short but allows the amenities of suburban living for those who want them. In sum, the invisible hand of the market guides property owners to develop their property in ways that result, over time, in efficient land-use patterns. When government land-use planning is examined, we find that land-use decisions made under the name of growth management will more likely hinder than help the development process. Directory: files -> documents documents -> North Mankato Taylor Library documents -> In the Red and Brown Water documents -> - documents -> I. Disaster Summary Sheet II. 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