Any number of other genders (semantically or formally defined), including neuter, vegetable, women, fire, and dangerous things, etc

Any number of other genders (semantically or formally defined), including neuter, vegetable, women, fire, and dangerous things, etc.

(Refs: Corbett, Greville. 1991. Gender

Foley 1991. Yimas grammar. Stanford)

Dobrin, Lise. 1998, The morphosyntatic reality of phonological form. Yearbook of Morphology 1997, ed. by Geert Booij and Jaap van Marle, 59-81. Dordrecht, Foris.

2003. Kibrik, Alexander. Nominal Inflection Galore EUROTYP ed. by Franz Plank.
Class:

6.7 ModalityFeature:

Modality is the theory of possibility and necessity. As a grammatical feature, it represents those dimensions in the domains of knowledge (epistemic modality), social relations (deontic modality) and ability (abilitive modality), and possibly others.

Any

Possibility

Epistemic

Necessity

Deontic

Other

Abilitive

EpistemicPoss

Permissive

EpistemicNec

WeakObligative

Obligative

MentalAbilitive

PhysicalAbilitive

ConditionalPhysicalAbilitive

AbilitiveModality indicates the capacity of an agent to perform some action, regardless of type or condition.

ConditionalPhysicalAbilitiveModality indicates ability of an agent to perform some action, requiring the presence of conditions external to the agent (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 177; Palmer 2001: 76).

DeonticModality indicates that an agent has permission or is under an obligation to perform some action.

EpistemicModality indicates that a state of affairs is known to be possible or certain (necessary).

EpistemicNecessityModality indicates that the expressed proposition is known to be true. Also known as CategoricalModality (Palmer 2001: 37, 68-69).

EpistemicPossibilityModality indicates that the designated state of affairs is not known not to be true.

MentalAbilitiveModality indicates that an agent has the capacity to perform some mental action (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 192; Palmer 2001: 77).

NecessityModality indicates that the described state of affairs is necessary, either directly, or because of a requirement on the part of an agent.

ObligativeModality indicates that an agent is required to perform the action expressed by the predicate (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 177; Palmer 2001: 71)..

PermissiveModality indicates that an agent has permission to perform the action expressed by the predicate (Palmer 2001: 10, 71).

PhysicalAbilitiveModality indicates that an agent has the physical capacity to perform some action (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 192; Palmer 2001: 77).

PossibilityModality indicates that the designated state of affairs is possible, either directly, or because an agent has the ability or permission to carry it out.

WeakObligativeModality indicates that an agent is under a moral obligation to perform the action expressed by the predicate (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 186-187).

Mood, also known as Force, expresses the grammatical mood or force of a proposition. Among the traditionally defined values are Declarative, Imperative and Interrogative. These values are a somewhat mixed bag of attitutude (e.g. optative, volitive, subjunctive) and speech-act (e.g. imperative, commissive) values. It may be desirable to separate them out.

Any
Indicative	Subjunctive		Timitive	Other
Optative		Dubitive

DubitiveMood indicates a speaker's doubt or uncertainty about a proposition (Palmer 2001).

IndicativeMood indicates that the speaker believes the expression to be true.

Optative indicates that the speaker wishes or hopes that the expressed proposition be the case (Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994: 179; Palmer 2001: 204).

SubjunctiveMood indicates that the expression is not believed to be true.

TimitiveMood encodes that the speaker fears something expressed in what is said (Palmer 2001).

Number is a grammatical category often found on nouns, pronouns, and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions--such as 'one' or 'more than one'. The count distinctions typically, but not always, correspond to the actual count of the referents of the marked noun or Pronoun (Add Corbett, Greville G. Number.) Crystal 1980: 245; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 155; Mish et al. 1990: 811).

Any
Paucal			Plural			Other
SmallPaucal		Several			LargePlural
Singular	Dual			Trial		Multal

-Need to separate number out from nouns

-Need to include Pluractionals (similar to Frequentative, particularly in Africanist literature)

Prototypical Languages: Chechen, Ainu, Svan, Yurok, Bole

Cusic, David D. 1981 The verbal plurality of Aspect.

Shuh, Russell. ...Chadic.

Wood, Esther. In progress diss , a typological survey of pluractionals. ??ejwood@berkeley.edu or ask Jeff Good.

Instances:

6.9.1 DualNumber:

Dual refers to two members of a designated class (Crystal 1997: 265). It typically occurs in a number system together with Singular and LargePlural, or with Singular, Trial and Multal.

LargePlural is used in a number system together with Singular and Dual or with SmallPaucal. It core:entails Plural and is entailed by Multal. See comment under Plural.

Multal refers to a large number of individuals. It core:entails LargePlural.

Paucal refers to a few members of a designated class (Crystal 1997: 265). It occurs in a number system together with Multal. It is entailed by SmallPaucal.

Plural refers to more than one member of a designated class. It is used in a number system together with Singular only, as in English. We deprecate the definition in which it refers to any number larger than the largest individual number value in the system, e.g. 'more than two' in some languages (Crystal 1980: 245; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 178; Crystal 1987: 428; Mish et al. 1990: 906). We recommend LargePlural for systems in which the value is used together with Singular and Dual, and Multal for systems in which the value is used together with Singular, Dual and Trial.

Several is used in a system together with Singular and LargePlural or Multal to refer to a small, non-singular number of individuals.

Singular refers to one member of a designated class (Crystal 1980: 245; Hartmann and Stork 1972: 210).

SmallPaucal occurs in a number system together with LargePlural, referring to a very small number of individuals. It core:entails Paucal and is entailed by both Singular and Dual.

Trial refers to three members of a designated class (Pei and Gaynor 1954: 220; Gove, et al. 1966: 2439).

Person indicates the number and nature of the participants in a situation. Usually a three-way contrast is found: first, second, and third person. Other formal distinctions in languages include: inclusive/exlusive, honorific/intimate, and male/female (Crystal 1997: 285).

Refs: Siewierska 2004, Person. CUP.

Any
Participant				Third		Other
First		Second		3Proximative	3Obviative
1Inclusive	1Exclusive

Figure 13. Entailment relations among Person feature values

Instances:

6.10.1 FirstPerson:

Refers to the speaker, and possibly others (Crystal 1997: 285). FirstPersonSingular is a structure combining FirstPerson and SingularNumber, referring to the speaker only.

Refers to the speaker and one or more nonparticipants, but not hearer(s). Contrasts with FirstPersonInclusive (Crystal 1997: 285).

Refers to the speaker, hearer(s) and possibly others. Contrasts with FirstPersonExclusive (Crystal 1997: 285).

Refers to any combination of participants (speaker and addressee(s)) and possibly others.

Refers to the person(s) the speaker is addressing (Crystal 1997: 285).

Refers to nonparticipants (other than the speaker or hearer(s)), i.e. other people, things, animals, etc. (Crystal 1997: 285).

(needs to include, somewhere, the category of Impersonal:

1. 
   NPs To deal with impersonal 3p reference (Fr. on) - usage issue.
   
2. 
   Vs: -n-ta constructions Kibort, Anna. In-process dissertation. Passive and Passive-like constructions in English and Polish. online)
   

Obviative refers to one or more non-participants that are in some way further removed from the speaker than other non-particpants.

Proximative refers to one or more non-participants that are in some way distinct/closer to the speaker than other non-particpants.

We provisionally assume this feature to take on just the values Positive and Negative. As a morphosyntactic feature, generally only Negative is "marked", i.e. associated with a linguistic expression.

Any
Negative	Positive	Other

A construction that expresses the contradiction of some or all of a proposition (Crystal 1980: 257). Note: this value is not to be confused with the notion "Negative Polarity Item", which is an expression that occurs in the scope of Negation (i.e. Negative Polarity).

In general, positive polarity refers to an assertion that contains no marker of negation (Crystal 1980: 299).

Feature for relative size. Currently only Diminutive and Augmentative defined as possible values. Typically specified "derivationally" rather than by inflection.

Any
Diminutive	Augmentative	Other

A special form of a noun that signals that the object being referred to is large relative to the usual size of such an object (Crystal 1980: 34).

A special form of a noun that signals that the object being referred to is small relative to the usual size of such an object. In some cases it may be used as a term of endearment (Crystal 1980: 116).

Tense is the grammatical encoding of an event's location in time. It is typically marked on the verb and deictically refers to the time of the event or state denoted by the verb in relation to some other temporal reference point (Comrie 1985: 9; Crystal 1987: 384).

Any

Simple

Relative

Other

NonFuture

NonPast

RelPast

RelPresent

RelFuture

Past

Present

Future

PastIn Past

PastIn Future

FutureIn Past

FutureIn Future

PreHodier-nalPast

Recent Past

Still Present

Near Future

PostHodier-nalFuture

Remote Past

Hester-nalPast

Hodier-nalPast

HodiernalFuture

Hester-nalFuture

Remote Future

ImmediatePast Dual

ImmediateFuture Multal

FutureInFutureTense locates the situation in question in the future, relative to a temporal reference point that itself is located in the future relative to the moment of utterance.

FutureInPastTense locates the situation in question in the future, relative to a contextually determined temporal reference point that itself must be located in the past relative to the moment of utterance.