The Internet Economy and Global Warming
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238“Most Online Holiday Gift Buying Will Be at E-Stores, Not Real Stores,” Greenfield Online, Westport, CT, Sept. 29, 1999, www.greenfieldcentral.com/default2.htm. 239John Dodge, “Harried Shoppers Are Ready To Buy Groceries on the Web,” Wall Street Journal Interactive Edition, Sept. 21, 1999, www.wsj.com. 240“More Than Five Million New-Vehicle Shoppers Nationwide Use the Internet to Shop for New Vehicles,” J.D. Power and Associates press release, August 23, 1999, Agoura Hills, CA, www.jdpower.com. 241“Retailing,” HBR, 1999, pp. 160-161. 242Greg Sandoval, “Lands' End gives Web shopping the personal touch,” CNET News.com, September 16, 1999, http://news.cnet.com/category/0-1007-200-120829.html. 243OECD 1999, p. 46. 244Lee Schipper et al, “Linking Life-Styles and Energy Use: A Matter of Time?” Annual Review of Energy 1989, 14:273-320. 245Apgar, “The Alternative Workplace,” HBR, p. 128. 246 MIT 1999, p. 13. 247Mark Borsuk, “Nowhere yet Everywhere,” June 1999. Borsuk cites Wal-Mart Chairman David Glass, who is quoted in Richard Tomkins, “Supreme storeman with an eye for detail,” Financial Times, October 21, 1998, p. 11. 248Patricia Mokhtarian and Ilan Salomon, “How derived is the demand for travel? Some conceptual and measurement considerations,” Transportation Research A, forthcoming. See also, “Not all Commuters Driven Crazy,” Washington Post, October 18, 1999, pp. A1-A12. 249 Mokhtarian and Salomon, “How derived is the demand for travel?” 250Apgar, “The Alternative Workplace,” HBR, pp. 125-126. 251“Generation X Buy More Online,” www.nua.ie/surveys, October 5, 1999. 252Shelley Morrisette, “Talking Point,” www.forrester.com/ER/Press/Talking/0,1773,0,FF.html. 253Testimony Of Alan E. Pisarski, Subcommittee on Ground Transportation, House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Wednesday, February 3, 1999, www.house.gov/transportation/ctisub6.html. 254OECD 1999, pp. 63-64. 255Rejeski, “Electronic Impact,” p. 34. The energy intensity figures are from Stacy Davis and Sonja Strang, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 13, Office of Transportation Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy, ORNL-6743, March 1993, p. 3. 256The 1998 edition of the Transportation Energy Data Book carries the following disclaimer: “Great care should be taken when comparing modal energy intensity data among modes. Because of the inherent differences between the transportation modes in the nature of services, routes available, and many additional factors, it is not possible to obtain truly comparable national energy intensities among modes.” Stacy Davis, Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 18, Office of Transportation Technologies, U.S. Department of Energy, ORNL-6941, September 1998, p. 2-17. 257For a thorough discussion of the alternative models being pursued by companies (the “portal” strategy, the “overbuild” strategy, the “caching” strategy, the “speed” strategy, and the “niching” strategy), see Mohanbir Sawhney, “Reinventing the Milkman,” to appear in Business 2.0. Available online at http://sawhney.kellogg.nwu.edu/. 258 John Dodge, “Harried Shoppers,” www.wsj.com. 259Sawhney, “Reinventing the Milkman.” 260Brad Allenby, “E-Commerce and the New Environmentalism,” iMP Magazine, October, 1999, www.cisp.org/imp/october_99/10_99allenby-insight.htm. 261Haya El Nasser, “Postal Service links up with Amazon.com,” USA Today, September, 28, 1999, www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/ctg254.htm. 262Personal communications with David Guernsey of U.P.S. 263Pisarski testimony. 264It may be difficult to disentangle any impact here from the potentially much larger impact of the price of petroleum on oil use and imports especially if, as some believe, the recent sharp rise in the price of petroleum continues. See, for instance, Kenneth Gilpin, “Raising the Specter of an Oil Shortage,” New York Times, October 31, 1999, p. BU9, and Agis Salpukas, “An Oil Outsider Revives a Cartel,” New York Times, October 24, 1999, pp. BU1, BU16. See also Joseph Romm and Charles Curtis, “Mideast Oil Forever,” Atlantic, April 1996. 265See, for instance, Rejeski, “Electronic Impact,” p. 34. 266Economist 1999, p. 21. 267“Fast Growth Companies Conserving Capital,” PricewaterhouseCoopers, www.pwcglobal.com. 268Tom Stein and Jeff Sweat, “Killer Supply Chains,” Informationweek, Nov. 9, 1998. 269Scott Verite, “Venture Verite,” Wired, September 1999, p. 95. 270Economist 1999, p. 21. 271Commerce 1998, A4, p. 29. An analysis of the energy savings here would be difficult because it would have to take into account the degree to which lower fares may stimulate some additional travel. 273Personal communication with Roger Stone. 274See, for instance, “Taking a Byte Out of Carbon,” p. 10 or Ernst von Weizsacker, Amory B. Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins, Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use (London: Earthscan Publications Ltd, 1997), p. 114-116. 275Telia, “Environmental Report 1998,” www.telia.se/tews/item/603302.html. 276Ilan Saloman and Joseph Schofer, “Forecasting Telecommunications -- Travel Interactions: The Transportation Manager’s Perspective,” Transportation Research –A, Vol. 22A, No. 3, 1988 (as cited in Arnfalk, p. 112). See also Joan Feldman, “Bane of Business Travel?” Air Transport World, September 1993, pp. 44-50. 277 Andrew Cook and Patrick Haver, “Meeting Face to Face,” Airline Business, November 1994, pp. 58-61. 278Lisa R. Silverman, “Coming Of Age: Conferencing Solutions Cut Corporate Costs,” International Multimedia & Collaborative Communications Alliance, www.imcca.org/cl_imcca/framesettest.html?content (White Paper). Lisa Silverman is director of marketing and product management for MCI WorldCom Conferencing in Vienna, VA. 279“Desktop Videoconferencing Shipments to Hit 2.1 Million by 2003, IDC Says,” IDC press release, August 23, 1999, www.idcresearch.com/Data/Personal/content/PS082399PR.htm. 280For a comprehensive discussion of the benefits of, barriers to, and future scenarios for teleconferencing, see “Desktop Videoconferencing: Killer Application or Dead Technology?” Kellogg Graduate School of Management case study, Northwestern University, 1998, available at http://sawhney.kellogg.nwu.edu/. 281Evan Rosen, Personal Videoconferencing, pp. 15-16. 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