Theatres, Atlases, Cosmographies, Geographies, and Sets of Maps
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NOTES 2 Although the literature on the philosophical shifts of science within the sixteenth and seventeenth century is extensive, well-known monographs include: Michel Foucault, The Order of Things, An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Random House, 1970); Alexander Koyre, From the Closed World to the Infinite Universe Publications of the Institute of the History of Medicine, 3rd series, The Hideyo Noguchi Lectures, vol. VII (Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press, 1957); and more recently Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump, Hobbbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life. Princeton University Press, 1985. 3 For particular aspects of cosmography, see Morris Berman, The Reenchantment of the World. New York: Cornell University Press, 1981. Also Jesse Gellrich, The Idea of the Book in the Middle Ages; Language Theory, Mythology, and Fiction. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985 about the 'book of nature.' 4 Several examples of these illustrations from almanacs are in Harl. 5936 (90-94), with labels such as "The Anatomie of Mans body, as the parts therof are governed by the 12 signes of the Zodiaque." See also Barbara Stafford, Body Criticism, Imaging the Unseen in Enlightenment Art and Medicine. Cambridge, MA and London: MIT Press, 1991. 5 The definition offered for the figurative by the Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Current English, 7th. ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984) applies to both word and image: "...metaphorical, not literal; characterized by figures of speech; of pictorial or sculptural representation." 6 E. Panofsky, Studies in Iconology, Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance (Oxford, 1939) and J. B. Harley, "Meaning and Ambiguity in Tudor Cartography" in English Map‑making 1500‑1650, Historical Essays, ed. Sarah Tyacke (London, The British Library Board, 1983). 7 William Boelhower, "Inventing America: a Model of Cartographic Semiosis," Word and Image 4, no.2, (April-June 1988): 475-497. 8 "...a science that describes [verbally] and maps the main features of the heavens and the earth..." the Random House Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (New York: Random House, 1987). 9 The Theatrum Orbis Terrarum was first published by Abraham Ortelius in 1570. The English versions are: His Epitome of the Theater of the Worlde. London: Printed for Ieames Shawe, and are to be Solde at his shoppe nigh Ludgate, 1603, and An Epitome of Ortelius His Theatre of the World, Wherein the principal regions of the earth are described in smalle Mappes. London: Printed by John Norton, [1610]. 10 The original, Gerard Mercator’s Atlas, was published in 1595. An allegorical reading and analysis of the Atlas, objectivization, and history can be found by Jose Rubasa in "Allegories of the Atlas” in Europe and its others, volume two, Proceedings of the Essex Conference on the Sociology of Literature July 1984. ed. by Francis Barker, Peter Hulme, Margaret Iversen, and Diana Loxley. Colchester: University of Essex, 1985. 11 R.A. Skelton, "Bibliographical Note," Abraham Ortelius: The Theatre of the Whole World (London,1606). Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 4th ser., vol. 4 (Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1968). 12 Richard Bernheimer, "Theatrum Mundi," The Art Bulletin XXXVIII (Dec.1956): 225-247 discusses symbolic value of the "Theatre" fashion in late 16th and 17th centuries. 13 Yates, Frances. Theatre of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969. p.22. 14 See the chapter called "London Theatres" in Frances Yates, Theatre of the World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969). 15 Quiccheberg, Samuel. Inscriptiones vel tituli. Theatri aplissimi, complectentis rerum universitatis singulas materias et imagines eximias… Munich, 1565. 16 Elizabeth M. Hajos, "The concept of an Engravings Collection in the year 1565: Quicchelberg, Inscriptiones Vel Tituli Theatri Amplissimi," Art Bulletin 40 (1958): p.151. 17 C. Koeman, The History of Abraham Ortelius and his Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. (Lausanne, Sequoia S.A.,1964). 18 See Iain Buchanan, "Duerer and Abraham Ortelius," The Burlington Magazine 124, no. 957 (Dec. 1982): 734-741 for a discussion of Ortelius' arrangement of prints by Albrecht Duerer within the greater framework of Samuel Quicchelberg's concept of the 'theatre of knowledge.' 19 Harl. 5945. Reel 9. 20 Georgius Braun and Franz Hohenberg, Civitates Orbis Terrarum. (Cologne, 1572). 21 Cornelis de Jode, Speculum Orbis Terrarum. (Antwerp, 1593). 22 R.A. Skelton, Abraham Ortelius…, p. xvii. 23 Edward Luther Stevenson, trans., Geography of Claudius Ptolemy (New York: New York Public Library, 1932), p.26. 24 As a continuation of Speed's Theatre, the pagination of his The History of Great Britain under the Conquests of ye Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans...from Julius Caesar to our most Gracious Soveraigne King James, H. Hall and J. Beale, for J. Sudbury and G. Humble. (London, 1611), pp. 151-894, follows (though not exactly) the page numbers of the Theatre. A few years after the publication of the above two books, England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland Described and Abridged with ye Historic Relation of Things Worthy Memory from a Farr Larger Volume (London: G. Humble, 1615), was published to continue the work. 25 John Speed, A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World Viz. Asia, Africa, Europe, America. With These Kingdomes therein contained, Grecia, Roman Empire, Germanie, Bohemia, France, Belgia, Spaine,Italie, Hungarie, Denmarke, Poland, Persia, Turkish Empire, Kingdom: of China, Tartaria, Sommer Ilands, Civill Warrs, in England, Wales, and Ireland…Together With all the Provinces, Countries and Shires, contained in that large Theater of Great Brittaines Empire (London, Printed by Iohn Dawson for George Humble, and are to be sold at his Shop in Popes-head Pallace, 1627). Editions continued to be printed through the seventeenth century, in 1631, 1646, 1662, 1668, and 1676 in both epitome and folio editions. 26Examples of the surveyor's tasks given in books such as J. Fitzherbert, The Boke of Surveying and Improvementes newly corrected and amended, very necessarye for all men, 1587. 27 The relationship between what is called the signature of God and the world is explained by M. Foucault in The Order of Things, an Archeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Vintage Books, 1970), p. 25-30, and in S.K. Heninger, Jr., The Cosmographical Glass, Renaissance Diagrams of the Universe (San Marino, California: The Huntington Library, 1977), p.8. 28 Margaret Palmer, The Mapping of Bermuda, A Bibliography of Printed Maps and Charts 1548-1970, 3d rev. ed. Holland Press Cartographica Series Vol. 10 (London: The Holland Press Ltd., 1983) p. 25. 29 Robert Adolph, The Rise of Modern Prose Style (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1968). pp. 34, 69. 30 The passage refers to a criticism of Bacon’s in a letter to Grenville. The Letters and Life of Francis Bacon Including All His Occasional Works, ed. J. Spedding (London, 1861-1874), II, p. 22. 31 J. Keunig, "The History of an Atlas. Mercator-Hondius," Imago Mundi IV (1965): 37-63. For a discussion of Atlas, the sphere and cosmography, see S.K. Heninger, Jr., The Cosmographical Glass, Renaissance Diagrams of the Universe (San Marino, California: The Huntington Library, 1977), p. 176-179. 32 Justin Winsor, "The General Atlases and Charts of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries," in Narrative and Critical History of America, ed. by J. Winsor (New York, 1885) p.371. Elial F. Hall, "Gerard Mercator: his Life and Works," The Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York X (1878): 163‑196. 33 Daniel Russell wrote, "And as early as 1560, Gabriello Symeoni noted that verse was more appropriate than prose in emblems because it made the text easier to remember." “Emblems and the End of Memory,” 1993. Daniel Russell, paper read for the Center for Renaissance Studies, The Newberry Library, Chicago. May 1, 1993. 34 R.A. Skelton, Mercator-Hondius-Janssonius: Atlas or Geographicke Description of the Regions, Countries and Kingdomes of the World (Amsterdam, 1636), "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 4th ser., vols. 2 and 3 (Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, 1968). 35 Svetlana Alpers, The art of describing; Dutch art in the seventeenth century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983, and Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (New York: Knopf, 1987). 36 Derek J. de Solla Price, "The , , and and Other Geometrical and Scientific Talismans and Symbolisms," in Changing Perspectives in the History of Science, Essays in Honour of Joseph Needham, ed. Mikulas Teich and Robert Young (London: Heinemann, 1973), pp.250-264. In another example, the cordiform heart projection of Gerard Mercator's world map of 1538 still strikes a symbolic response in the viewer before a geographical one today. 37 British Library Harlean Collection. 5934(15). 38 D. Smith, "Jansson versus Blaeu: A Study in Competitive Response in the Production of English County Maps," The Cartographic Journal 23 (December 1986):106-114. 39 James Welu has researched individual designs and engravers of cartouches from sixteenth- and seventeenth-century cartography in the Netherlands. J. Welu, "The Sources and Development of Cartographic Ornamentation in the Netherlands," in Art and Cartography, ed. David Woodward (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987), pp. 148-57. 40 J.C. Stone, "Origins and Sources of the Blaeu Atlas of Scotland with Particular Reference to 'Extima Scotia' (Atlas Novus, 1654), Imago Mundi 26 (1978):17-25 examines the incorporation of scientific quality into Blaeu's cartography. 41 Bernard Lamy, The Art of Speaking: Written in French by Messieurs du Port Royal: in Pursuance of a Former Treatise, Intituled, the Art of Thinking. Trans. of De l'art de parler (Paris, 1675). London: Printed by W. Godbid, and are to be sold by M. Pitt, 1676. p.46. 42 Peter Heylyn, Cosmographie in foure Books Contayning the Chorographie & Historie of the whole World and all the Principall Kingdomes Provinces Seas and Isles Thereof London: Printed for Anne Seile over against St. Dunstans Church in Fleetstreete, 1677, Lib. IV. p.95 43 A. Rupert Hall, "Newton's First Book," Archives Internationales D'Histoire des Science 13 (1960): 55-61, pp. 59-61. 44 In a memorandum he drew up about the plan of studies at the university, Newton recommended "The Tutor to read Logic, Ethics, the Globes and principles of Geography and Chronology..." but also "The Mathematic Lecturer to read first some easy and useful Practical Things; then Euclid, Spherics, the Projections of the Sphere, the Construction of Maps, Trigonometry, Astronomy, Optics, Music, Algebra, etc. Also to examine and (if the Tutor be deficient) to instruct in the principles of Chronology and Geography." By Isaac Newton. In: W.W. Rouse Ball, "A Seventeenth Century Fly-Sheet," The Cambridge Review, (Oct. 21, 1909): 29-30. 45 Richard Blome, trans. and ed. Cosmography and Geography In Two Parts. London: Printed by S.Roycroft for Richard Blome, 1682; 1683. p.2. 46 See the section called "Astronomy and applied science," pp. 191-204, in Bernard Capp, Astrology and the Popular Press. London: Faber and Faber, 1979. 47 Thomas Porter, A New Booke of Mapps, Being a ready Guide or Direction for any Stranger, or other, who is to Travel in any part of the Comon-wealth of England, Scotland & Ireland London, sold by Robert Walton, at the Rose and Crown at the West end of St. Pauls, 1655, and A Compendious View: or, Cosmographical, and Geographical Description of the Whole World. London, 1659. 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