Themes of the American Civil War

Carl Bridenbaugh, The Spirit of 1776: The Growth of American Patriotism before Independence,
1607–1776 (New York and Oxford, 1975); Richard L. Merritt, Symbols of American
Community, 1735–1775 (New Haven, CT, 1966); Nathan O. Hatch, The Origins of Civil
Millennialism in America New England Clergymen, War with France, and the Revolution,”
William and Mary Quarterly 31 (1974), pp. Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven, CT, 1992); Winthrop D.
Jordan, White over Black American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550–1812 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1968). For evolving views on the self-identification of colonial Americans, see TH. Breen,
“Ideology and Nationalism on the Eve of the American Revolution Revisions once more in
Need of Revising Journal of American History 84 (1991), pp. 13–39, esp. pp. Merritt, Symbols of American Community, p. 182; Breen, Ideology and Nationalism pp. 31–9. See also Pauline Maier, From Resistance to Revolution Colonial Radicals and the
Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1763–1776 (London, 1973); Ann Fairfax
Withington, Toward a More Perfect Union Virtue and the Formation of American Republics
(New York and Oxford, 1991), esp. pp. 18–19. The phrase last best hope is usually credited to Abraham Lincoln but it was a commonplace after the Revolution see, for example, William G. McLoughlin, The Role of Religion in the Revolution Liberty of Conscience and Cultural Cohesion in the new Nation in Stephen G. Kurtz and James H. Hutson, eds.,
Essays on the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, NC, 1973), pp. Edmund S. Morgan, Inventing the People The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and
America (New York, 1988), esp. pp. 237–8, 263–87; Pauline Maier, American Scripture How
America Declared its Independence from Britain (New York, 1997), pp. 7, 14, 76, 115; David
Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes The Making of American Nationalism, 1776–1820
(Chapel Hill, NC, 1997), quotation p. 112. Benedict Anderson’s influential Imagined
Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London, 1983) does not directly discuss the United States, but before 1820 it fits very closely his category of popular linguistic-nationalisms.”
6.
Merrill Jensen, The Founding of a Nation A History of the American Revolution, 1763–1776
(New York and Oxford, 1963), pp. 506–7, 515 (quotation, 679–81; Morgan, Inventing the
People, p. 263; Richard B. Morris, The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789 (New York, 1987), pp. 55–76. For Thomas Jefferson’s own sense of the oneness of the American people, see Peter S. Onuf, Jefferson’s Empire The Language of American Nationhood (Charlottesville, VA,
2000).
7.
John Shy, A People Numerous and Armed Reflections on the Military Struggle for American
Independence (New York and Oxford, 1976); Charles Royster, Founding a Nation in Blood:
Military Conflict and American Nationality in Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, eds.,
Arms and Independence The Military Character of the American Revolution (Charlottesville,
VA, 1984), pp. 25–49; Edwin J. Perkins, American Public Finance and Financial Services,
1700–1815 (Columbus, OH, 1994), pp. Leonard W. Levy, ed, Essays on the Making of the Constitution (1969, 2nd edn. Oxford, p. 108. See also Robert A. Rutland, Ordeal of the Constitution The Antifederalists and the
Ratification Struggle of 1787–1788 (Norman, OK, John M. Murrin, A roof without walls the Dilemma of American National Identity in
Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward C. Carter II, eds, Beyond Confederation Origins
of the Constitution and American National Identity (Chapel Hill, NC, 1987), pp. quotation, p. 344. Incidentally, why artificial And why, if unexpected and impromptu,
“therefore extremely fragile Isaac Kramnick, ed, The Federalist Papers (Harmondsworth, 1987); Morgan, Inventing the
People, pp. Patrick T. Conley and John P. Kaminski, eds, The Constitution and the States The Role of
the Original Thirteen in the Framing and Adoption of the Federal Constitution (Madison, WI, pp. 186–98; Steven R. Boyd, The Politics of Opposition Antifederalists and the Acceptance
of the Constitution (Millwood, NY, 1979); Richard Ellis, The Persistence of Antifederalism after 1789,” in Beeman, Botein, and Carter, Beyond Confederation, pp. For contrary views of varying shades, see Hendrickson, Peace Pact; Peter S. Onuf and Nicholas Onuf, Federal Union, Modern World The Law of Nations in an Age of Revolutions,
1776–1814 (Madison, WI, 1993); HG. Koenigsberger, Composite States, Representative
Institutions, and the American Revolution Historical Research 62 (1989), pp. 135–53; Greene, Colonial History and National History Max M. Edling, A Revolution in Favor
The State of the Union
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of Government Origins of the United States Constitution and the Making of the American State
(New York, Holden Reid, Origins of American Civil War, pp. 199, 234, The sectional basis of the parties is emphasized in James Roger Sharp, American Politics in the
Early Republic The New Nation in Crisis (New Haven, CT, Thomas P. Slaughter, The Whiskey Rebellion Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution
(Oxford, 1986); Francis Philbrick, The Rise of the West, 1754–1830 (New York, 1965), esp. pp. Adrienne Koch, Jefferson and Madison The Great Collaboration (New York and Oxford, pp. 174–260; William N. Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation The American Experience,
1776–1809 (New York, James M. Banner, Jr, To the Hartford Convention The Federalists and the Origins of Party
Politics, 1789–1815 (New York, 1970), pp. 84–121, 294–350, quotation p. 333. The convention claimed its proposed constitutional amendments were designed to perpetuate the union p. David Hackett Fischer, The Revolution of American Conservatism The Federalist Party in
the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy (New York, 1965); Banner, To the Hartford Convention,
pp. 294–350; WA. Robinson, Jeffersonian Democracy in New England (New Haven, CT,
1916).
19.
Waldstreicher, Perpetual Fetes, pp. 177–245. Integrative effects of political parties are discussed in William N. Chambers, Parties and Nation-building in America in Joseph G.
LaPalombara and Myron Weiner, eds, Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton,
NJ, 1969), pp. 79–106, and in Andrew W. Robertson, Look on this picture . . . and on this!”
Nationalism, Localism, and Partisan Images of Otherness in the United States, 1787–1820,”
American Historical Review 106 (2001): 1263–80. For the national focus of politics, the reality of mass parties, and the extent of popular participation in this period, see Donald
J. Ratcliffe,

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