Themes of the American Civil War

49.
O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. 52, Part 2, pp. 586–92.
50.
Durden, The Gray and the Black, pp. 79, 120–2, Lee to Andrew Hunter, January 11, 1865, in O.R., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, pp. 1012–13, emphasis added. Benjamin to Frederick A. Porcher, December 21, 1864, in O.R., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, pp. emphasis added.
53.
Clippings from The Kansas Chief, January 23, 1879, and the Atchison Daily Globe, July 16,
1894, and May 13, 1905, Kansas State Historical Society Michael B. Ballard, A Long Shadow:
Jefferson Davis and the Final Days of the Confederacy (Jackson, MS, and London, 1986), p. 12.
Stringfellow
’
s Kansas resolution is quoted in F. B. Sanborn, ed, The Life and Letters of John
Brown (1885, rpr. New York, 1969), p. 176.
54.
O.R., Ser. 4, Vol. 3, p. 1069–70.
55.
O.R., Ser. 1, Vol. 52, Part 2, p. AS. Colyar to Colonel AS. Marks, January 30, 1864, in The Annals of the Army of Tennessee
and early Western History, 1 (May 1978), pp. 50–2. Marks was Colyar’s cousin and a colonel in Cleburne’s division. See Thomas Robson Hay, Pat Cleburne: Stonewall Jackson of the West
(Jackson, TN, 1959), pp. Hans Rosenberg, Bureaucracy, Aristocracy, and Autocracy The Prussian Experience, 1660–1815
(1958, rpr. Boston, MA, 1966), pp. 202–28; Werner Conze, The Effects of Nineteenth Century
Liberal Agrarian Reforms on Social Structure in Central Europe in F. Crouzet, W. H.
Chaloner, and WM. Stern, eds, Essays in European Economic History, 1789–1914 (New York, pp. 53–81; Elisabeth Fehrenbach, “Verfassungs- und sozialpolitische Reformen und Reformprojekte in Deutschland unter dem Einfluss des Napoleonischen Frankreich,”
Historische Zeitschrift 228 (April 1979), pp. 289–316; Robinson, Rural Russia under the
Old Regime (1932, rpr. Berkeley, CA, 1960), pp. 88, 92–3. See also Terence Emmons, The
Russian Landed Gentry and the Peasant Emancipation of 1861 (Cambridge, 1968); Alfred J.
Rieber, Alexander II A Revisionist View Journal of Modern History 43 (1971), pp. and Peter Kolchin, Some Controversial Questions concerning Nineteenth Century
Emancipation from Slavery and Serfdom in Serfdom and Slavery Studies in Legal Bondage,
Ser. 1 (London, 1996), pp. 43–67.
58.
Hans-Ulrich Wehler, The German Empire, 1871–1918 (Leamington Spa, 1985), esp. pp. Cf. W. R. Brock, Conflict and Transformation The United States, 1844–1877 (Harmondsworth,
1973), pp. 306–7; James L. Roark, Masters without Slaves Southern Planters in the Civil War
and Reconstruction (New York, 1977), p. 107; Durden, The Gray and the Black, p. viii.
60.
“Report on the Condition of the South in Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers of
Carl Schurz, ed. Frederic Bancroft (1913, rpr. New York, 1969) I, pp. 279–374. Quotations on pp. 311, 316, 321, 359, 371–2, emphases added. Subsequent testimony before Congress’s Joint
Committee on Reconstruction confirmed the prevalence of this thinking throughout the former Confederacy. See, for example, Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction,
Part 2, pp. 123–4, 126, 177; Part 3, pp. 5–7, 15, 24–5, 36, 175, 184. Dan T. Carter, When the War was Over The Failure of Self-reconstruction in the South,
1865–1867 (Baton Rouge, LA, 1985), p. 216; Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished
Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York, 1988), pp. 198–209; Theodore Brantner Wilson, The

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