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ZEALOTS. This militant party of Jewish patriots came into existence during the early years of the first century a.d. in Palestine. In a.d. 6, Quirinius, the Roman legate of Syria, ordered a census to be taken of the newly created Roman province of Judea. The census was to provide the basis for the taxation of the Jews. In retaliation, Judas of Galilee, along with some of his Jewish compatriots, organized a revolt (cf. Acts 5:37). Josephus is not too kind in his assessment of these people. He depicts them as fanatics who engaged in rash deeds which finally hindered rather than advanced their cause. Furthermore, he attributes the fall of Jerusalem in a.d. 70 to their nationalistic spirit. Some of the Zealots fled to Herod's fortress-palace, Masada, and held out there against the Romans until a.d. 73. This party functioned with strong theocratic sensitivities, being firmly committed to the principle that acceptance of a Gentile as sovereign was unlawful for the Jews. They shared the theological beliefs of the Pharisees except with respect to the Jewish political situation under the Roman rule. While the Pharisees pled for patience in the matter of release from the bondage, the Zealots felt they were religiously required to take the initiative in breaking the Roman yoke, in much the same way as the Maccabeans had done in their time. One of the disciples of Jesus was named Simon the Zealot (Luke 6:15; Acts 1:13). We are not to assume from this reference that Jesus' activities and preaching were associated with the political messianism of the Zealots. See PHARISEES. For Further Reading: Bruce, New Testament History, 93 ff; Josephus, Wars of the Jews, 4. 3. 9, 12-14; Lohse, The New Testament Environment, 83-84. Willard H. Taylor ZIONISM. The term Zionism, from "Zion," an early OT synonym for Jerusalem, was first coined by a European Jew, Nathan Birnbaum, in April, 1890. It designated a Jewish nationalist movement which aimed to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Increasingly in the 19th century there were movements among the numerous European Jews towards a return to Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire. Influential Jews such as Mordecai Noah (in 1818) and Moses Hess (in 1862) had proclaimed Eretz Israel ("the land of Israel") as the Jews' rightful possession; and the growing movement of Cho-veve Zion ("Lovers of Zion") protested against any permanent assimilation of Jews into Gentile lands and culture. The true founder of Zionism was Theodor Herzl (1860-1904), a Jewish Viennese journalist whose concern about growing anti-Semitism in Europe was climaxed by the proceedings of the famous Dreyfus case in France in 1895. In 1896 Herzl wrote a short but very influential pamphlet entitled fudenstaat ("The Jewish State"). He argued that such was the menace of anti-Semitism that the Jewish people could only survive if gathered together and concentrated in one geographical area. Herzl convened the first Zionist Congress in Basel in 1897 which agreed on a Zionist Charter: "Zionism aims at establishing for the Jewish people a publicly and legally assured home in Palestine." Thousands of Jews all over the world supported the Zionist cause, including many wealthy American Jews and European Jews such as Chaim Weizmann (1874-1952), an internationally recognized scientist and later to be elected the first president of the state of Israel in 1949. See JUDAISM, ISRAEL, RESTORATION OF ISRAEL. For Further Reading: Cohen, The Zionist Movement; Halpem, The Idea of a Jewish State. Herbert McGonigle ZOROASTRIANISM. The dualistic religion founded by the Persian prophet Zarathustra (c. 630-583 b.c.) and important because it stands as one of man's earliest attempts to explain the origin of sin (Wiley, CT, 2:71). In reaction to Persian poly- ZOROASTRIANISM (cont.) 555
theism, Zoroaster (Greek form of Persian name) taught the existence of one supreme God, Ahura Mazda or Ohrmuzd, author of all good, who sought only the good of man. Angra Mainyu or Ahriman, the source of all evil, was coeval in origin with Ahura, yet not truly eternal because ultimately he would be annihilated. Maris soul is the battlefield where the conflict between good and evil is fought. Zoroaster stressed man's freedom to ally himself with Ahura Mazda and thus share his ultimate triumph through eternity. See NON-CHRISTIAN RELIGIONS. For Further Reading: Parrinder, A Dictionary of Non-Christian Religions, 83-84, 316-17; Archer, "Zoroastri-anism" in Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 15:1203-4. * MAUREEN H. BOX BIBLIOGRAPHY 557
Bibliography Dictionaries, Lexicons, and Word Studies Abbott, Lyman. A Dictionary of Religious Knowledge. New York: Harper and Bros., 1885. Barclay, William. New Testament Words. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1964, 1974. Bauer, Walter. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. Translated and edited by William F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957. Blunt, John Henry. Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical Theology. London: Rivertons, 1972. Brown, Colin, ed. The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1975, 1978. Buck, Charles, ed. A Theological Dictionary. London: James Duncan, 1833. Buttrick, George Arthur, ed. The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. New York: Abingdon Press, 1962,1976. Cremer, Hermann, ed. Biblico-Theological Lexicon of New-Testament Greek. Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1980. Cross, F. L., ed. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. London: Oxford University Press, 1957, 1958, 1974. Cully, Kendig Brubaker. The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Education. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1963. Douglas, J. D., ed. The New Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1962, 1971. , ed. The New International Dictionary of the Christian Church. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1974. Ernst, Cornelius, ed.; trans. Richard Strachan. Theological Dictionary. New York: Herder and Herder, 1968. Ferm, Vergilius, ed. A Protestant Dictionary. New York: The Philosophical Library, 1951. Harrison, Everett E, ed. Baker's Dictionary of Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1960, 1973. Hastings, James. A Dictionary of the Bible. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1900. . A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908. . Dictionary of the New Testament. Reprint. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1973. Henry, Carl F. H., ed. Baker's Dictionary of Christian Ethics. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1973. Hill, David. Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings. London: Cambridge University Press, 1967. Kittel, Gerhard, ed.; trans. Geoffrey W. Bromiley. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1964, 1965, 1967. Liddell, H. G., and Scott, Robert, comps. A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1943. Revised by H. S. Jones, 1958. Macquarrie, John, ed. Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1967. McKenzie, John L., ed. Dictionary of the Bible. New York: Macmillan Co., 1965. Miller, Madeline, and Lane, J., eds. Harper's Bible Dictionary. New York: Harper and Row, 1952, 1973. Richardson, Alan, ed. A Dictionary of Christian Theology. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1969. , ed. A Theological Word Book of the Bible. New York: Macmillan Co., 1951, 1962, 1964, 1967. Roberti, Francesco, comp.; trans. Henry J. Yannone. Dic-tionary of Moral Theology. Westminster, Md.: Newman Press, 1957, 1962. Robertson, A. T. Word Pictures in the New Testament. New York: R. R. Smith, 1930. Runes, Dagobert D., ed. Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: Philosophical Library, 1959. Souter, Alexander. A Pocket Lexicon of the Greek New Testament. Reprint. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966. Tenney, Merrill C., ed. The Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1963. Unger, Merrill E Unger's Bible Dictionary. Chicago: Moody Press, 1964. Vincent, Marvin R., ed. Word Studies in the New Testament. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1957. Vine, W. E„ ed. An Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words. Old Tappan, N.J.: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1966. Wiener, Claude, ed. Dictionary of Biblical Theology. New York: Seabury Press, 1973. Wolman, Benjamin B., ed. Dictionary of Behavioral Science. New York: Van Nostrand, Reinhold Co., 1973. Wuest, Kenneth S., ed. Wuest's Word Studies. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1966. 558 BIBLIOGRAPHY (cont.) Encyclopedias Adler, Cyrus, et al., eds. The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-6. Alexander, David and Pat, eds. Eerdmans' Handbook to the Bible. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1973. Baver, Johannes, ed. Encyclopedia of Biblical Theology. 3 vols. London: Sheed and Ward, n.d. Benton, A. A. Church Cyclopedia. New York: M. H. Mal-lory and Co., 1883. Denham, J. E, ed. The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopedia. Chicago: Howard Severance Co., 1911. Edwards, Paul, ed. Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York: Macmillan Co., 1967. Fallows, Samuel, et al., eds. Bible Encyclopedia and Scriptural Dictionary. Chicago: Howard Severance Co., 1910. Ferm, Vergilius, ed. Encyclopedia of Morals. New York: Philosophical Library, 1956. , ed. An Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: Philosophical Library, 1945. Hastings, James. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1951. Jackson, Samuel M., et al., eds. Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1909. Revised as The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. 13 vols. 1909. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1949-50. Loetscher, Lefferts A., ed. Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (an extension of the original Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia). Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1955. M'Clintock, John, and Strong, James, eds. Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. New York: Harper and Bros., 1891. Reprint. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1970. Meagher, Paul Kevin, et al., eds. Encyclopedia Dictionary of Religion. Washington, D.C.: Corpus Publishers, 1979. The Mennonite Encyclopedia. Scottdale, Pa.: Mennonite Publishing House, 1956. New Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1967-69. Orr, James, ed. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1943, 1959. Pfeiffer, Charles E; Vos, Howard E; and Rea, John; eds. Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia. Chicago: Moody Press, 1975. Rahner, Karl A., et al., eds. Encyclopedia of Theology. New York: Seabury Press, 1975. Rahner, Karl A.; Ernst, Cornelius; and Smyth, Kevin; eds. Sacramentum Mundi: An Encyclopedia of Theology. New York: Herder and Herder, 1968-70. Seligman, Edwin R. A., and Johnson, Alvin, eds. Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. New York: Macmillan Co. and Free Press, 1963. (International edition, ed. David L. Silla, published in 1968.) Tenney, Merrill C, ed. The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1975, 1977. Urmson, J. O., ed. The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960. Wolman, Benjamin, ed. International Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, Psychoanalysis, and Neurology. New York: Aesculapius Publishers, Inc., 1977. Arminius, James. Works. Translated by Nichols and Bag-nall. Buffalo, N.Y.: Derby, Miller, Orton, and Mulligan, 1853. Barth, Karl. Church Dogmatics. Edited by G. W. Bromiley and T. E Torrance. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1936—. Chafer, Lewis Sperry. Systematic Theology. 8 vols. Dallas: Dallas Seminary Press, 1947-48. Fletcher, John. The Works of the Rev. fohn Fletcher. New York: B. Waugh and T. Mason, 1833. Reprint. Salem, Ohio: Schmul Publishers, 1974. Hills, A. M. Fundamental Christian Theology. 2 vols. Pasadena, Calif.: Pasadena College, 1931. Abridged ed., C. J. Kinne, 1932. Marty, Martin E., and Peerman, Dean G, eds. New Theology. 2 vols. New York: MacMillan Co., 1964-65. Miley, John. Systematic Theology. 2 vols. New York: Hunt and Eaton, 1892-94. Souter, A., ed. The Ante-Nicene Fathers. New York: Macmillan Co., 1920. Wesley, John. Standard Sermons. Edited by Edward H. Sugden. London: Epworth Press, 1968. . The Works of the Rev. John Wesley. London: Wes- leyan Methodist Book Room, 1872 reprint. Kansas City: Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City, n.d.; also Baker Book House. Wiley, H. Orton. Christian Theology. 3 vols. Kansas City: Nazarene Publishing House, 1940. Commentaries Barclay, William. The Daily Study Bible. Philadelphia: Bruce, F. E, ed. The New International Commentary on the Westminster Press, 1956-58. New Testament. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Broadman Bible Commentary. Nashville: Broadman Publishing Co., 1954, 1959. Press, 1970. Calvin, John. Calvin's New Testament Commentaries. BIBLIOGRAPHY (cont.) 559
Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1961. Carter, Charles W, ed. The Wesleyan Bible Commentary. 7 vols. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1964-66. Clarke, Adam. The New Testament of Our Lord and Savior fesus Christ. 6 vols. New York: Abingdon Press, n.d. Cranfield, C. E. B. The International Critical Commentary. 2 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1962, 1975-79. Greathouse, Wm. M., and Taylor, Willard H., eds. Beacon Bible Expositions. 12 vols. Kansas City: Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City, 1974—. Grosheide, F. W. New London Commentary. London: Marshall, Morgan, and Scott, 1953. Harper, A. E, ed. Beacon Bible Commentary. 10 vols. Kansas City: Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City, 1964-69. Keil, C. E, and Delitzsch, E Biblical Commentary on the Old Testament. 25 vols. Reprint. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., n.d. Morris, Leon, ed. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1957. Whedon, D. D. Commentary on the New Testament. Reprint. Salem, Ohio: Schmul Publishing Co., n.d. Will, Harold E., ed. Commentary on the New Testament. Traverse City, Mich.: OC1 Missionary Publications, 1975. Directory: sites -> default -> files -> publications publications -> Table of Content forward introduction publications -> Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center for Wireless Technologies Georgia Institute of Technology publications -> Housing Counseling Research in Chicago publications -> Communicating with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Audiences publications -> New Brunswick Info Sheet on First Nations Child Welfare publications -> Paap’s Electronic Newsletter 14 November 2008 Volume 11 Number 22 towards ‘smart’ subsidies in agriculture: lessons from recent experience in malawi publications -> Information support of pedagogical process for the children experiencing difficulties with acquisition of preschool educational programs publications -> Asus’ ZenFone ar has Google’s augmentted and virtual reality baked in — but not combined publications -> School Readiness and Early Grade Success Consultation Memo Atlanta, ga Download 6.66 Mb. Share with your friends:
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