This research paper has been commissioned by the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament, but reflects the views of the author and should not be construed as necessarily reflecting the views of the Commission

3 “The United States Nuclear Weapons Program: The Role of the Reliable Replacement Warhead,” Nuclear Weapons Complex Assessment Committee of the American Academy for the Advancement of Science, April 2007, p.4.

4 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, Statement by President Bill Clinton (Transcript), released by the White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Washington, DC, August 11, 1995.

5 Ibid.

6 Stockpile Stewardship Program, Department of Energy Factsheet, Accessed at: http://www.nv.doe.gov/library/FactSheets/DOENV_1017.pdf.

7 Jonathan Medalia, CRS Report for Congress, “The Reliable Replacement Warhead Program: Background and Current Developments,” September 12, 1998, p.8.

8 Ibid., p.9.

9 For a comprehensive (and comprehensible) overview of these various aspects of the SSP, please see: A.Fitzpatrick and I.Oelich, “The Stockpile Stewardship Program: Fifteen Years On,” The Federation of American Scientists, April 2007.

10 Statement of Dr. Victor H. Reis, Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs, Department of Energy, before the Subcommittee on National Security, U.S. House of Representatives, March 19, 1998.

11 Ibid.

12 Statement of C. Paul Robinson, Director, Sandia National Laboratories, United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, October 7, 1999.

13 Sidney D. Drell, Testimony Before the Senate Armed Services Committee on Stockpile Stewardship and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, October 7, 1999.

14 This Act was formally known as the Strom Thurmond Defense Authorization Act of 1999. The full text may be accessed at: http://bulk.resource.org/gpo.gov/laws/105/publ261.105.pdf. See especially, Sec.3158 and Sec.3159.

15 FY 1999 Report to Congress of the Panel to Assess the Reliability, Safety, and Security of the United States Nuclear Stockpile, February 1, 2001, ES-1.

16 Ibid., p. 4.

17 FY 2000 Report to Congress of the Panel to Assess the Reliability, Safety, and Security of the United States Nuclear Stockpile, February 1, 2001, ES-1.

18 Ibid. pp.28-29.

19 FY 1999 Report to Congress of the Panel to Assess the Reliability, Safety, and Security of the United States Nuclear Stockpile, February 1, 2001, p.9.

20 FY 2000 Report to Congress of the Panel to Assess the Reliability, Safety, and Security of the United States Nuclear Stockpile, February 1, 2001, p.ES-3.

21 “Opportunities Exist to Improve the Budgeting, Cost Accounting, and Management Associated with the Stockpile Life Extension Program,” GAO Report (GAO-03-583), July 2003.

22 Victor H. Reis, “Stockpile Stewardship and U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy,” Post-Cold War U.S. Nuclear Strategy: A Search for Technical and Policy Common Ground, National Academies Committee on International Security and Arms Control Public Symposium, August 11, 2004. Accessible through: http://sites.nationalacademies.org/pga/cisac/PGA_049763. (N.B. Cooperation on stockpile stewardship with Israel is often assumed, but cannot – for obvious reasons – be confirmed.)

23 Ibid.

24 Siegfried H. Hecker, “Thoughts about an Integrated Strategy for Nuclear Cooperation with Russia,” in The Nonproliferation Review, Summer 2001, p.7.

25 GAO, “Russia’s Request for the Export of US Computers for Stockpile Maintenance,” Statement for the Record by Mr. Harold J. Johnson, Associate Director, International Relations and Trade Issues, National Security and International Affairs Division, September 30, 1996 (GAO/T-NSAID-96-245), p.1.

26 Siegfried H. Hecker, “Thoughts about an Integrated Strategy for Nuclear Cooperation with Russia,” p.6.

27 Victor H. Reis, “Stockpile Stewardship and U.S. Nuclear Weapons Policy,” Accessible through: http://sites.nationalacademies.org/pga/cisac/PGA_049763.

28 Ibid.

29 See, for instance, Floyd D. Spence, Chairman, House National Security Committee, “The Clinton Administration and Nuclear Stockpile Stewardship: Erosion by Design,” October 30, 1996.

30 FY 2000 Report to Congress of the Panel to Assess the Reliability, Safety, and Security of the United States Nuclear Stockpile, February 1, 2001, p.16.

31 Letter to Senators Trent Lott and Tom Daschle from James R. Schlesinger, Frank C. Carlucci, Donald H. Rumsfeld, Richard, B. Cheney, Caspar W. Weinberger, and Melvin R. Laird, Final Review of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (Treaty Doc. 105-28), Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, First Session, October 7, 1999, p.64.

32 See also, Kathleen C. Bailey and Robert B. Barker, “Why the United States Should Unsign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and Resume Nuclear Testing,” in Comparative Strategy, vol.22, no.2, p.134.

33 Hannah Levine, “Stockpile Stewardship in the United States: A Primer,” World Security Institute’s Center for Defense Information, June 6, 2006. Accessed at: http://www.cdi.org/PDFs/Haninah%20Levine%20Stockpile%20Stewardship%20Primer.pdf, p.4.

34 Baker Spring, “Why the Administration’s Stockpile Stewardship Will Harm the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent,” Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder #1334, October 7, 1999.

35 An earth penetrating weapon had, in fact, been introduced already, in 1997 under the Clinton administration. Although this version was not low-yield, the B61-11 nuclear weapon was nonetheless a source of controversy, with some debate as to whether it did indeed constitute a new nuclear weapon or – as the administration maintained – was merely a modification of an older delivery system.

36 “Directed Stockpile Work” refers to those activities within the SSP that are directly associated with maintaining the current weapons in the stockpile.

37 “The United States Nuclear Weapons Program: The Role of the Reliable Replacement Warhead,” p.1.

38 A.Fitzpatrick and I.Oelich, “The Stockpile Stewardship Program: Fifteen Years On,” The Federation of American Scientists, April 2007, p.58.

39 Energy and Water Development Appropriations Bill, 109^th Congress, 1^st Session, House of Representatives, Report 109-86, May 18, 2005, p.130.

40 Sidney Drell and James Goodby, What Are Nuclear Weapons For?, Washington, Arms Control

Today, April 2005, p. 20.

41 A.Fitzpatrick and I.Oelich, “The Stockpile Stewardship Program: Fifteen Years On,”, p.4.

42 Ibid., p.1.

43 Speaker: Sidney Drell, Arms Control Association press briefing on “The Future of US Nuclear Weapons: The Weapons Complex and the Reliable Replacement Warhead,” April 19, 2007.

44 Daryl Kimball, speaking at “Reliable Replacement Warhead: Does the United States Need a New Breed of Nuclear Weapons?” an Arms Control Association panel, April 25, 2006. Accessed at: http://www.armscontrol.org/events/20060425_RRW_Transcript.

45 See, for instance, John Burroughs (Hague Appeal for Peace, International Association of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms, Lawyers’ Committee on Nuclear Policy), speaking at The South Asia and Southeast Asia Peace Activists Conference, “Peace Builds, Bombs Destroy: Let’s Make Asia Nuclear Free,” Dhaka, Bangladesh, February 18-20, 2000 (Plenary I, February 18, 2000), accessed at: http://lcnp.org/disarmament/nwfz/dhakatalk.htm.

46 Andrew Lichterman and Jacqueline Cabasso (Western States Legal Foundation) “Stockpile Stewardship: Nuclear Weapons Research and Production for the 21^st Century,” in News in Review: Civil society perspectives on the Seventh Review Conference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, May 9, 2005, no.6, accessed at: http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/legal/npt/NIR2005/day6.pdf.

47 US President Barack Obama, speaking in Prague, April 5, 2009.

48 Letter to Senators Trent Lott and Tom Daschle from James R. Schlesinger, Frank C. Carlucci, Donald H. Rumsfeld, Richard, B. Cheney, Caspar W. Weinberger, and Melvin R. Laird, Final Review of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (Treaty Doc. 105-28), Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, First Session, October 7, 1999, p.64.

49 For an extremely useful explanation of these new advances in understanding please see the presentation provided by Dr. Sidney Drell on “The Future of the CTBT” at the 2009 Carnegie International Non-Proliferation Conference, April 7, 2009. Accessed at: http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/npc_ctbt1.pdf.

50 “Pit Lifetime,” JASON Defense Panel Advisory Report (JSR-06-335), January 11, 2007, Executive Summary, page 1. (Accessed at: http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/jason/pit.pdf).

51 Christopher A. Ford, “Shattering Obsolete Thinking on Arms Control,” in Arms Control Today, vol.38, no.9.

52 Henry Kissinger is perhaps the most well-known name of those who have since expressed support for the Treaty’s ratification, as he did (along with George P. Schultz, William J. Perry, and Sam Nunn, in the op-ed entitled “A World Free of Nuclear Weapons,” which was published in The Wall Street Journal, January 4, 2007.

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