Appendix 3
These tables are taken from the CICAD (IPCS, 2002), therefore, the references in the table do not necessarily appear consistent with the references at the back of this report.
Summary of risk measures from case-control studies
-
Cancer/study
population
|
Formaldehyde exposure
|
Risk Measure (95%
CI)
|
Reference
(comments)
|
Oropharynx or
hypopharynx
SEERa population based
- Washington State
|
> 10 years occupational
exposure occupational exposure scoreb of > 20
|
OR = 1.3 (0.7-2.5)
OR = 1.5 (0.7-3.0)
|
Vaughan et al., 1986a
(IARC Working Group noted that different proportions of interviews conducted with next-of- kin cases and controls may have affected odds ratios)
|
Nasopharynx
SEER population based
- Washington State, USA
|
exposure scoreb of > 20
|
OR = 2.1 (0.6-7.8)
|
Vaughan et al., 1986a
(IARC Working Group noted that different proportions of interviews conducted with next-of- kin cases and controls may have affected odds ratios)
|
Nasopharynx
SEER population based
- Washington State, USA
|
residential exposure of > 10
years
residential exposure of <10 years
|
OR = 5.5 (1.6-19.4)
OR = 2.1 (0.7-6.6)
|
Vaughan et al., 1986b
(IARC Working Group considered living in a mobile home a poor proxy for exposure)
|
Nasal squamous cell
|
"any" occupational
|
OR = 3.0 (1.3-6.4)c
|
Hayes et al., 1986
|
carcinoma
|
exposure; assessment A
|
|
(IARC Working Group
|
Hospital based -
|
"any" occupational
|
OR = 1.9 (1.0-3.6)c
|
noted that a greater
|
Netherlands
|
exposure; assessment B
|
proportion of cases than
|
controls were dead and
|
variable numbers of
|
next-of-kin were
|
interviewed, 10% of
|
controls but none of
|
cases, by telephone;
|
noted also that, although
|
different, results for
|
exposure assessments A
|
& Bd were both positive)
|
Squamous cell
carcinoma of nasal cavity/paranasal sinus Danish Cancer Registry
|
occupational exposure
without exposure to wood dust
|
OR = 2.0 (0.7-5.9)
|
Olsen & Asnaes, 1986
(IARC Working Group noted possibly incomplete adjustment for confounding for wood dust for adenocarcinoma; felt that squamous cell carcinoma less likely to be affected, since no clear association with wood dust)
(Small number of cases)
|
Summary of risk measures from case-control studies (cont.)
Nasopharynx
|
highest potential
|
OR = 2.3 (0.9-6.0)
|
Roush et al., 1987
|
Connecticut Tumour
|
exposure category
|
|
Registry, USA
|
highest potential
|
OR = 4.0 (1.3-12)
|
exposure category and
|
dying at 68+ years of
|
age
|
Oral/oropharynx
|
"any" occupational
|
OR = 1.6 (0.9-2.8)
|
Merletti et al., 1991
|
Population based -
|
exposure
|
|
Turin, Italy
|
"probable or definite"
|
OR = 1.8 (0.6-5.5)
|
occupational exposure
|
Larynx
|
"high" occupational
|
OR = 2.0 (0.2-19.5)
|
Wortley et al., 1992
|
SEER population based
|
exposure
|
|
- Washington State,
|
occupational exposure
|
OR = 1.3 (0.6-3.1)
|
USA
|
of > 10 years
|
|
occupational exposure
|
OR = 1.3 (0.5-3.3)
|
scoreb of > 20
|
Nasal cavity/paranasal
|
males with possible
|
OR = 0.96 (0.38-2.42)
|
Luce et al., 1993
|
sinus (squamous cell
|
exposure to
|
|
(IARC Working Group
|
carcinoma)
|
formaldehyde
|
|
noted possible residual
|
Population based -
|
males with duration of
|
|
confounding by exposure
|
France
|
exposure:
|
|
to wood dust)
|
<20 years
|
OR = 1.09 (0.48-2.50)
|
>20 years
|
OR = 0.76 (0.29-2.01)
|
Nasopharynx
|
<15 years of exposure
|
OR = 2.7 (1.1-6.6)
|
West et al., 1993
|
Hospital based -
|
>25 years since first
|
OR = 2.9 (1.1-7.6)
|
(IARC Working Group
|
Philippines
|
exposure
|
|
noted no control for the
|
<25 years of age at first
|
OR = 2.7 (1.1-6.6)
|
presence of Epstein-Barr
|
exposure
|
viral antibodies, for
|
which previous strong
|
association with
|
nasopharyngeal cancer
|
was observed)
|
Lung
Nested - cohort of chemical workers - Texas, USA
|
likely occupational
exposure
|
OR = 0.62 (0.29-1.36)
|
Bond et al., 1986
|
Lung
|
"long-high" occupational
|
OR = 1.5 (0.8-2.8)/
|
Gérin et al., 1989
|
Population based -
|
exposure
|
Montreal, Quebec,
|
(cancer controls/
|
Canada
|
population controls)
|
OR = 1.0 (0.4-2.4)
|
Lung (adenocarcinoma)
|
"long-high" occupational
|
OR = 2.3 (0.9-6.0)/
|
Gérin et al., 1989
|
Population based -
|
exposure
|
Montreal, Quebec,
|
(cancer controls/
|
Canada
|
population controls)
|
OR = 2.2 (0.7-7.6)
|
Respiratory cancer
|
cumulative exposure of
|
OR = 0.69 (0.21-2.24)c
|
Partanen et al., 1990
|
Nested - cohort of
|
> 3.6 mg/m3-months,
|
|
(IARC Working Group
|
Finnish woodworkers
|
without minimum 10-
|
|
noted that there were too
|
year induction period
|
|
few cancers at sites
|
cumulative exposure of
|
OR = 0.89 (0.26-3.0)c
|
other than the lung for
|
>3.6 mg/m3-months,
|
|
meaningful analysis)
|
with minimum 10-year
|
|
induction period
|
|
exposure to
|
OR = 1.19 (0.31-4.56)
|
formaldehyde in wood
|
dust
|
Lung
Population based - Missouri, USA
|
potentially exposed non-
smokers
|
OR = 0.9 (0.2-3.3)
|
Brownson et al., 1993
|
Lung
|
occupational exposure
|
OR = 1.31 (0.93-1.85)
|
Andjelkovich et al., 1994
|
Nested - cohort of US
|
with latency period of:
|
automotive foundry
|
0 years
|
workers
|
10 years
|
OR = 1.04 (0.71-1.52)
|
15 years
|
OR = 0.98 (0.65-1.47)
|
20 years
|
OR = 0.99 (0.60-1.62)
|
Summary of risk measures from case-control studies (cont.)
-
Multiple myeloma
Incident cases in follow- up of cancer prevention study in USA
|
probably exposed
|
OR = 1.8 (0.6-5.7)
|
Boffetta et al., 1989
|
Multiple myeloma
|
males with probable
|
OR = 1.1 (0.7-1.6)
|
Heineman et al., 1992;
|
Danish Cancer Registry
|
occupational exposure
|
|
Pottern et al., 1992
|
females with probable
|
OR = 1.6 (0.4-5.3)
|
occupational exposure
|
Non-Hodgkin’s
|
potential "lower
|
OR = 1.2 (0.9-1.7)
|
Blair et al., 1993
|
lymphoma
|
intensity" of exposure
|
|
Iowa State Health
|
potential "higher
|
OR = 1.3 (0.5-3.8)
|
Registry, USA
|
intensity" of exposure
|
Ocular melanoma
Cases diagnosed or treated at University of California at San Francisco Ocular Oncology Unit, USA
|
"ever" exposed to
formaldehyde
|
OR = 2.9 (1.2-7.0)
|
Holly et al., 1996
| -
SEER = Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results programme of the US National Cancer Institute.
-
Weighted sum of number of years spent in each job, with weighting identical to estimated formaldehyde exposure level for each job.
-
Data in parentheses represent 90% confidence interval.
-
Two independent evaluations of exposure to formaldehyde, designated assessments A and B
Summary of risk measures from cohort studies
-
Cohort exposed
|
Cancer
|
Risk measure
|
Reference (comments)
|
Male anatomist
|
Brain
|
SMR = 270 (130-500): 10
|
Stroup et al., 1986
|
Leukaemia
|
SMR = 150 (70-270): 10
|
(Likely exposure to
|
"Other lymphatic tissues"
|
SMR = 200 (70-440): 6
|
other substances; no
|
Nasal cavity and sinus
|
SMR = 0 (0-720): 0
|
quantitative data on
|
Larynx
|
SMR = 30 (0-200): 1
|
exposure)
|
Lung
|
SMR = 30 (1-50): 12
|
Male abrasives
|
Multiple myeloma
|
SIR = 4 (0.5-14): 2
|
Edling et al., 1987
|
production workers
|
Lymphoma
|
SIR = 2 (0.2-7.2): 2
|
(Increases based on
|
Pancreas
|
SIR = 1.8 (0.2-6.6): 2
|
only two cases each)
|
Lung
|
SIR = 0.57 (0.1-2.1): 2
|
Garment
|
Buccal cavity
|
SMR = 343 (118-786)b: 4
|
Stayner et al., 1988
|
manufacturing
|
Connective tissue
|
SMR = 364 (123-825)b: 4
|
workers
|
Trachea, bronchus, and
|
SMR = 114 (86-149)b: 39
|
lung
|
|
Pharynx
|
SMR = 111 (20-359)b: 2
|
Resin
manufacturing workers
|
Alimentary tract
Stomach Liver Lung
|
SMR = 134 (P > 0.05): 11
SMR = 164 (P > 0.05): 5
SMR = 244 (P > 0.05): 2
SMR = 69: 6
|
Bertazzi et al., 1989
(Small cohort exposed primarily to low concentrations; few deaths)
|
Male pathologists
|
Buccal cavity and
pharynx Respiratory system Hypopharynx Pancreas Leukaemia
|
SMR = 52 (28-89): 13
SMR = 56 (44-77): 77
SMR = 470 (97-1340): 3
SMR = 140 (104-188): 47
SMR = 168 (114-238): 31
|
Matanoski, 1989
|
Male mortuary
|
Buccal cavity and
|
PMR = 120 (81-171): 30
|
Hayes et al., 1990
|
workers
|
pharynx
|
|
Nasopharynx
|
PMR = 216 (59-554): 4
|
Lymphatic and
|
PMR = 139 (115-167): 115
|
haematopoietic
|
|
Colon
|
PMR = 127 (104-153): 111
|
Trachea, bronchus, and
|
PMR = 94.9: 308
|
lung
|
Summary of risk measures from cohort studies (cont.)
Male chemical workers
|
Lung
|
SMR = 123 (110-136): 348
|
Gardner et al., 1993
|
employed before 1965
|
Buccal cavity
|
SMR = 137 (28-141): 3
|
(35% of cohort exposed
|
Pharynx
|
SMR = 147 (59-303): 7
|
to >2 ppm [>2.4
|
mg/m3])
|
Workers exposed to >2 ppm (>2.4 mg/m3) at one specific plant
|
Lung
|
SMR = 126 (107-147): 165
|
Gardner et al., 1993
|
Male industrial workers
|
Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx Lung
Larynx
Oral cavity and pharynx
|
SPIR = 2.3 (1.3-4.0): 13
SPIR = 1.3 (0.3-3.2): 4
SPIR = 1.0 (0.9-1.1): 410
SPIR = 0.9 (0.6-1.2): 32
SPIR = 1.1 (0.7-1.7): 23
|
Hansen & Olsen, 1995
|
Male industrial workers
exposed above baseline levels
|
Nasal cavity
|
SPIR = 3.0 (1.4-5.7): 9
|
Hansen & Olsen, 1995
|
Male automotive
|
Buccal cavity and
|
SMR = 131 (48-266): 6
|
Andjelkovich et al.,
|
foundry workers
|
pharynx
|
|
1995
|
Trachea, bronchus,
|
SMR = 120 (89-158): 51
|
(25% of cohort exposed
|
and lung
|
to >1.5 ppm [>1.8
|
mg/m3])
|
White male industrial
workers exposed to
>0.1 ppm formaldehyde
|
Nasopharynx
|
SMR = 270 (P < 0.05): 6
|
Blair et al., 1986
(4% of cohort exposed to >2 ppm [>2.4 mg/m3])
|
White male industrial
|
Nasopharynx
|
SMR = 530: 1
|
Blair et al., 1986
|
workers with cumulative
|
(4% of cohort exposed
|
exposures of:
|
to >2 ppm [>2.4
|
0 ppm-years
|
mg/m3])
|
<0.5 ppm-years
|
SMR = 271 (P > 0.05): 2
|
0.51-5.5 ppm-years
|
SMR = 256 (P > 0.05): 2
|
>5.5 ppm-years
|
SMR = 433 (P > 0.05): 2
|
White male industrial
workers co-exposed to particulates with cumulative formaldehyde exposures of:
0 ppm-years
<0.5 ppm-years
0.5-<5.5 ppm-years
>5.5 ppm-years
|
Nasopharynx
|
SMR = 0: 0
SMR = 192: 1
SMR = 403: 2
SMR = 746: 2
|
Blair et al., 1987
|
White male industrial
workers:
exposed for <1 year exposed for >1 year exposed at one plant with particulates
|
Nasopharynx
|
SMR = 517 (P 0.05): 3
SMR = 218 (P > 0.05): 3
SMR = 1031 (P < 0.01): 4
|
Collins et al., 1988
|
White male workers,
hired between 1947 and 1956, employed at one specific plant for:
<1 year
>1 year
|
Nasopharynx
|
SMR = 768 (P > 0.05): 2
SMR = 1049 (P < 0.05): 2
|
Marsh et al., 1996
|
White male industrial workers exposed to
>0.1 ppm formaldehyde
|
Lung
|
SMR = 111 (96-127): 210
|
Blair et al., 1986
(4% of cohort exposed to >2 ppm [>2.4 mg/m3])
|
Summary of risk measures from cohort studies (cont.)
-
White male industrial
workers with >20 years since first exposure
|
Lung
|
SMR = 132(P < 0.05): 151
|
Blair et al., 1986 (4%
of cohort exposed to
>2 ppm [2.4 mg/m3]
|
White male industrial
|
Lung
|
SMR = 68 (37-113): 14
|
Blair et al., 1986
|
workers with cumulative
|
(4% of cohort exposed
|
exposures of:
|
to >2 ppm [>2.4
|
0 ppm-years
|
mg/m3])
|
<0.5 ppm-years
|
SMR = 122 (98-150): 88
|
0.51-5.5 ppm-years
|
SMR = 100 (80-124): 86
|
>5.5 ppm-years
|
SMR = 111 (85-143): 62
|
Wage-earning white
males in industrial cohort exposed to formaldehyde and other substances
|
Lung
|
SMR = 140 (P 0.05): 124
|
Blair et al., 1990a
|
Wage-earning white
males in industrial cohort exposed to formaldehyde
|
Lung
|
SMR = 100 (P > 0.05): 88
|
Blair et al., 1990a
|
Subjects in industrial
|
Lung
|
RR = 1.0
|
Sterling & Weinkam,
|
cohort less than 65
|
1994
|
years of age with
|
cumulative exposures
|
of:
|
<0.1 ppm-years
|
0.1-0.5 ppm-years
|
RR = 1.47 (1.03-2.12)b
|
0.5-2.0 ppm-years
|
RR = 1.08 (0.67-1.70)b
|
>2.0 ppm-years
|
RR = 1.83 (1.09-3.08)b
|
Males in industrial
|
Lung
|
RR = 1.0
|
Sterling & Weinkam,
|
cohort less than 65
|
1994
|
years of age with
|
cumulative exposures
|
of:
|
<0.1 ppm-years
|
0.1-0.5 ppm-years
|
RR = 1.50 (1.03-2.19)b
|
0.5-2.0 ppm-years
|
RR = 1.18 (0.73-1.90)b
|
>2.0 ppm-years
|
RR = 1.94 (1.13-3.34)b
|
White wage-earning
males in industrial cohort with >2 ppm- years of cumulative exposure and exposure durations of:
<1 year
1-<5 years
5-<10 years
>10 years
|
Lung
|
SMR = 0: 0
SMR = 110 (P > 0.05): 9
SMR = 280 (P < 0.05): 17
SMR = 100 (P > 0.05): 10
|
Blair & Stewart, 1994
|
White male workers
employed at one specific plant for:
<1 year
>1 year
|
Lung
|
SMR = 134 (P < 0.05): 63
SMR = 119 (P > 0.05): 50
|
Marsh et al., 1996
(25% exposed to >0.7
ppm [>0.84 mg/m3])
|
White males in
industrial cohort with cumulative exposures of:
0 ppm-years
0.05-0.5 ppm-years
0.51-5.5 ppm-years
>5.5 ppm-years
|
Lung
|
RR = 1.00
RR = 1.46 (0.81-2.61)
RR = 1.27 (0.72-2.26)
RR = 1.38 (0.77-2.48)
|
Callas et al., 1996
|
a Unless otherwise noted, values in parentheses are 95% confidence interval or level of statistical significance. Risk measures are presented in the format reported in the references cited. Values in italics are the number of observed deaths or cases, when specified in the reference cited. Abbreviations are as follows: SMR = standardized mortality ratio; SIR = standardized incidence ratio; PMR = proportionate mortality ratio; SPIR = standardized proportionate incidence ratio; RR = relative risk
b Values in parentheses represent 90% confidence interval.
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