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Poster Sessions

TRADITIONAL POSTER

Give the Dog a Bone

Hall B Monday 14:00-16:00

784. Preliminary In-Vivo Bone Quantification Results Using MR and PQCT

Victor Rakesh Lazar1, Gary P. Liney2, David J. Manton1, Peter Gibbs1, Martin Lowry1, Celia L. Gregson3, Joern Rittweger4, Sue Steel5, Chris Langton6, J H. Tobias3, Lindsay W. Turnbull1

1Centre for MR Investigations, University of Hull, Hull, North Humberside, United Kingdom; 2Radiotherapy Physics, University of Hull, Hull, North Humberside, United Kingdom; 3Academic Rheumatology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; 4Excercise and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; 5Centre for Metabolic Bone Disease, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, North Humberside, United Kingdom; 6School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Australia

Bone quantification is commonly measured using DEXA and pQCT. Research in MRI and MRS have shown promising potential in the quantification of bones. Our work was based on using these ideas in a clinical setting on individual patients. The work was involved in a High Bone Mass (HBM) study program to identify individuals affected with a genetic condition of LRP–5. pQCT data was collected from 169 individuals from the HBM study. 43 people were selected for MRI and MRS acquisition from the total pQCT population. Preliminary results from these investigations have been explained in this abstract.



785. Software Tools for MR and PQCT Bone Quantification

Victor Rakesh Lazar1, Gary P. Liney2, David J. Manton1, Peter Gibbs1, Martin Lowry1, Celia L. Gregson3, Joern Rittweger4, Sue Steel5, Chris Langton6, J H. Tobias3, Lindsay W. Turnbull1

1Centre for MR Investigations, University of Hull, Hull, North Humberside, United Kingdom; 2Radiotherapy Physics, University of Hull, Hull, North Humberside, United Kingdom; 3Academic Rheumatology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; 4Excercise and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom; 5Centre for Metabolic Bone Disease, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom; 6School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Australia

Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT) and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) are the current gold standards for the measurement of bone density and structure, in the research and clinical setting respectively. However, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and unsuppressed 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) can also offer several advantages including the ability to quantify bone marrow content and structure. In-house software was developed to process and evaluate cortical and trabecular bone structure, marrow composition and vertebrae segmentation using data from MRI/MRS and structural details from pQCT.



786. Characterization of Bone Explants by Magnetic Resonance Microscopy

Ingrid E. Chesnick1, Carol B. Fowler1, Francis A. Avallone2, Kimberlee Potter1

1Department of Biophysics, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Annex, Rockville, MD, United States; 2Department of Genitourinary Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, United States

MRI studies of tissue engineered constructs prior to implantation clearly demonstrate the utility of the MRI technique for monitoring the bone formation process. However, in our studies of osteoblast-seeded scaffolds, implanted on the chorioallantoic membrane of a chick embryo, we have found that the presence of angiogenic vessels and fibrous tissue around the implant can confound MRI findings of bone deposition. On-going studies support the use of targeted contrast agents for studying mineral deposition and blood vessel infiltration in tissue engineered scaffolds post-implantation.



787. Performance of 7T µMRI-Based Virtual Bone Biopsy for Structural and Mechanical Analysis at the Distal Tibia

Yusuf Abu Tayeb Bhagat1, Chamith S. Rajapakse1, James H. Love1, Michael J. Wald1, Jeremy F. Magland1, Alexander C. Wright1, Hee Kwon Song1, Felix W. Wehrli1

1Laboratory for Structural NMR Imaging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States

The detection of subtle microstructural trabecular bone (TB) alterations such as the conversion of plates to rods requires adequate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which governs achievable spatial resolution and scan time. Increased SNR may enhance detection sensitivity for microstructural changes in treatment studies. Here, the reproducibility of TB quantitative parameters was investigated using a new 3D fast-spin-echo technique at 7.0T. The imaging and analysis protocol is shown to provide highly reproducible measures of scale, topology and mechanical parameters related to TB microstructure. Performance improvements relative to earlier work are attributed to enhanced SNR, motion control and correction, and improved registration techniques.



788. Studying the Effect of Different Biomaterials on Healing Process in Bone Injury Model Using Microscopic MRI and Micro CT

May Abdel Hamid Taha1, Sarah L. Manske2, Erika Kristensen3, Jaymi T. Taiani4, Roman Krawetz5, Ying Wu, Steven K. Boyd6, John Robert Matyas7, Derrick E. Rancourt5, Jeffery F. Dunn1

1Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; 2Kinesiology; 3Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; 4 Medical Sciences; 5Departments of Oncology, Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Medical Genetics; 6Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; 7Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine in Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different biomaterials on bone healing in vivo in a mouse model of bone injury. These materials; matrigel, purecol gel and hydroxyapatite (HA) are potential matrices to support stem cells. Optimized in vivo MR microscopy and micro computed tomography were used to assess fracture repair. In addition, MRI images and µCT scans were compared at the same time point, to show the difference between them in revealing the actual stage of healing.



789. Traditional Bone Structural Parameters on Different Resolutions in Magnetic Resonance Imaging

June-Goo Lee1,2, Gyunggoo Cho1, Youngkyu Song1, Jong Hyo Kim2, Namkug Kim3

1Division of Proteome Research/Bio-Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongwon-Gun, Chungcheongbuk-Do, Korea, Republic of; 2Interdisciplinary Program in Radiation Applied Life Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, Republic of; 3Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea, Republic of

Our study focused on the development of robust image processing algorithm on low resolution μ-MR bone image



790. Advanced Image Analysis Techniques of New High-Resolution Images of the Proximal Femur in the Presence of Red and Yellow Bone Marrow Using Local Bone Enhancement Fuzzy Clustering

Jenny Folkesson1, Julio Carballido-Gamio1, Dimitrios C. Karampinos1, Patrick Koon2, Suchandrima Banerjee2, Eric Han2, Thomas M. Link1, Sharmila Majumdar1, Roland Krug1

1Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; 2Applied Science Laboratory, GE Heathcare, Menlo Park, CA, United States

With the advent of new MR hardware and pulse sequences it is now possible to image the small trabecular structure of deeper seated regions like the proximal femur with high spatial resolution in a clinically feasible scan time. We employ a novel partial membership bone segmentation technique (BE-FCM) technique that enhances bone segmentation compared to an established dual thresholding method in the presence of signal variations due to different marrow types. We demonstrate that the new image acquisition and analysis framework enables trabecular bone analysis in the deeply situated femoral head, something which has been previously unfeasible in vivo.



791. Bone Marrow Fat Fraction Mapping in the Proximal Femur in Vivo Using IDEAL Gradient Echo Imaging

Dimitrios C. Karampinos1, Huanzhou Yu2, Ann Shimakawa2, Eric T. Han2, Thomas M. Link1, Sharmila Majumdar1, Roland Krug1

1Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; 2Applied Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Menlo Park, CA, United States

There is some evidence that osteoporosis is associated with increased marrow fat content as well as an accelerated conversion from red marrow to yellow (fatty) marrow with age. In this work, we investigated the marrow fat composition in the proximal femur in vivo using IDEAL gradient echo imaging. 3-point IDEAL FGRE hip images of six healthy subjects were acquired and water-fat separation was performed using multi-peak IDEAL. The average fat fraction and standard deviation were determined in three different regions of interest (femoral head, greater trochanter and neck). Significant differences in marrow fat content were identified between the three regions for all subjects.



792. 1H MRS to Detect Biochemical Degenaration of the Vertebral Bone Marrow in Gaucher Disease

Simona Ortori1, Michela Tosetti2, Marzio Perri3, Margherita Marchetti1, Gabriele Caproni1, Laura Biagi2, Mirco Cosottini4, Virna Zampa1, Giuliano Mariani3, Carlo Bartolozzi1

1Divisione di Radiologia Diagnostica ed Interventistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy; 2MR Laboratory, Stella Maris Scientific Institute, Pisa, Italy; 3Divisione di Medicina Nucleare, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy; 4Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy

Gaucher disease is the most prevalent inherited, lysosomial storage disease and results in a deficient level of activity of β-glucocerebrosidase, a membrane-bound lysosomal enzyme. This deficiency leads to accumulation of the lipid glucocerebroside in the lysosomes of monocytes and macrophages, called Gaucher cells. The symptoms and pathology of Gaucher disease result from the accumulation of Gaucher cells in various organ system, including vertebral bodies. To evaluate the biochemical process underlying the infiltration of Gaucher cells, 1H-MRS has been acquired on vertebral bone marrow in patients affected by Gaucher disease, highlighting a significant reduction of fat content of any age range



793. Characterization of Trabecular Orientation in Chicken Femur by Multi-Directional SPENT (Sub-Pixel Enhancement of Non-Uniform Tissue)

Bailiang Chen1, Bernard Siow2, David Carmichael1,3, Freddy Odille2, Roger Ordidge1, Andrew Todd-Pokropek1

1Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom; 2Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom; 3Institute of Neurology , University College London, London, United Kingdom

The recently proposed SPENT sequence can provide direction specific information based on the sub-voxel structural uniformity of a sample. Analogous to diffusion tensor imaging, given a voxel with a local anisotropic structure (e.g. trabecular bone), it is possible to characterize the orientation of sub-pixel micro-structure by applying SPENT with multiple directions. A 6-direction SPENT series was applied to a chicken femur head in order to characterize its trabecular bone orientation by reconstructing a 2D tensor in each voxel. Both tensor statistics and eigensystems were computed and showed good qualitative agreement with data from a subsequent micro-CT acquisitions.



794. The Effect of Freezing on Measurements of Trabecular Bone Structure Based on NMR Spectroscopy

Viktoria Prantner1, Hanna Isaksson1, Johanna Närväinen2, Eveliina Lammentausta3, Olli HJ Gröhn2,4, Jukka S. Jurvelin1

1Department of Physics, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland; 2A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland; 3Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; 4Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland

NMR is a potential tool for the assessment of trabecular bone structure. Since trabecular bone provides a negligible NMR signal, the indirect evaluation of the trabecular bone structure is based on the analysis of water and fat components in the bone marrow. Earlier studies have revealed that freezing affects the bone marrow structure, suggesting there may be changes in the molecular structure. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of freezing on trabecular bone and bone marrow, as assessed by NMR spectroscopy.



795. Performance of Two Spin-Echo Sequences for Quantitative Structure Analysis of Trabecular Bone

Michael Jeffrey Wald1, Jeremy Francis Magland1, X. Edward Guo2, Felix Werner Wehrli1

1Laboratory for Structural NMR Imaging, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States; 2Bone Bioengineering Laboratory, Columbia University, New York, United States

The performance of two spin-echo based pulse sequences for imaging trabecular bone microstructure are evaluated at 1.5T in seven fixed, cadaveric distal tibia specimens. SNR efficiency and sensitivity of image-derived trabecular bone structural parameters to variations in bone quality as assessed by µCT were investigated. Inter- pulse sequence correlations suggest similar structural sensitivity, while comparisons to µCT reveal good sensitivity but large deviations in absolute values between modalities.



796. Ultra-Short TE (UTE) Imaging of Skull and a Quantitative Comparison of Skull Images Obtained from MRI and CT

Liya Wang1, Xiaodong Zhong2, Longjiang Zhang3, Diana Tiwari1, Hui Mao1

1Department of Radiology and Emory Center for Systems Imaging, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States; 2MR R&D Collaborations, Siemens healthcare, Atlanta, GA, United States; 3Department of Radiology, Jinlin Hospital and Nanjing University College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China

This study provided a quantitative evaluation of skull images obtained using UTE MRI and a direct comparison to those from CT. The skull thickness measured from UTE images showed good agreement with those obtained from CT images in different slices. There is also a good correlation between the thickness measurements obtained from CT and UTE images. Signal intensity based evaluation showed that there is no statistical difference between UTE and CT images in outer, inner layer and diploe of the skull. The comparison of bone UTE MRI and CT of skull suggests that UTE images match closely with CT images.



797. MR Imaging Detects Impaired Angiogenesis and Trabecular Bone Formation During Endochondral Bone Growth Mediated Through PKBalpha/Akt1 in Gene Dosage Dependent Manner

Katrien Vandoorne1, Jeremy Magland2, Vicki Plaks1, Inbal E. Biton3, Amnon Sharir4,5, Elazar Zelzer4, Felix Wehrli6, Brian A. Hemmings7, Alon Harmelin3, Michal Neeman1

1Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel; 2Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States; 3Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel; 4Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, Israel; 5The Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Biomechanics and Applied Anatomy, Koret School of Veterinary Medi, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel; 6Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, Israel; 7Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland

Since infiltration of the newly formed blood vessels is required for endochondral bone formation, and PKBalpha/Akt1 mediates intracellular signaling of angiogenesis, we postulated that a vascular deficiency at the site of the long bones could contribute indirectly to impaired bone development in PKBalpha/Akt1 deficient mice. Our study demonstrated using macromolecular DCE-MRI in vivo and ex vivo µCT and µMRI, vascular and bone developmental defects in PKBalpha/Akt1 null mice, and remarkably also in heterozygous mice, lacking a single copy of the gene.



798. Water and Fat Suppressed Proton Projection MRI (WASPI) Study on Bone Specimens After Proton-Deuteron Exchange

Haihui Cao1,2, Jerome L. Ackerman, 2,3, Guangping Dai, 2,3, Mirko Hrovat4, Melvin J. Glimcher, 2,5, Yaotang Wu, 2,5

1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Children's Hospital , Boston, MA, United States; 2Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; 3Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; 4Mirtech, Inc, Brockton, MA, United States; 5Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States

Questions have arisen as to the nature of the molecular species giving rise to the short-T2 proton signal in Water- and fat-suppressed proton projection MRI (WASPI), a noninvasive means to image bone. In this study we use deuterium exchange to identify the source of proton signal in WASPI.



799. Quantification of Bound and Mobile Water in Human Cortical Bone by 1H and 2H Magnetic Resonance

Henry H. Ong1, Alexander C. Wright1, Felix W. Wehrli1

1Laboratory for Structural NMR Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States

Magnetic resonance is a powerful tool for non-destructive study of bone water, which can provide insight into bone micro- and nanostructure. However, the MR signal of bone is comprised of several proton populations including collagen-associated water, and water within the pore space (Haversian and lacuno-canalicular system). We hypothesize that water in pores is predominantly free and water in the bone matrix is predominantly associated with collagen. Using 2H exchange and inversion recovery experiments, we estimated porosity in human cortical bone and found it to agree with micro-CT based volumetric measurements with a significant fraction being collagen-associated.



800. MR Spin Behavior During RF Pulses: T2 Vs. T2' Relaxation

Michael Carl1, Nikolaus Szeverenyi2, Mark Bydder2, Eric Han1, Graeme Bydder2

1GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, United States; 2University of California, San Diego

We investigated the behavior of the MR magnetization vector during RF pulses in the presence of rapid transverse relaxation caused by either amplitude loss or spin dephasing. We found that different tissues with the same T2* may generate different responses to RF pulses, dependent on whether the relaxation is dominated by a homogeneously or inhomogeneously broadened linewidth and RF optimization may hence require explicit knowledge of the intrinsic T2 and T2* of the tissue.



801. Multi-Modality Imaging of Bone Marrow Edema-Like Lesions and Associated Cartilage in Osteoarthritic Patients

Daniel Kuo1, Joseph Schooler1, Janet Goldenstein1, Sarmad Siddiqui1, Swetha Shanbhag1, Jean-Baptiste Pialat1, Andrew Burghardt1, Sharmila Majumdar1, Michael Ries2, Galateia Kazakia1, Xiaojuan Li1

1Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research (MQIR), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; 2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disease that affects both cartilage and bone. Bone marrow edema-like lesions (BMEL) are important in studying OA, but knowledge about them is limited. In this study, we take a multi-modality imaging approach, examining MR T1ñ and T2 values of BMEL-associated cartilage plus structure and composition of BMEL tissue using high resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) imaging and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Our results indicate that regions of BMEL are associated with more advanced cartilage degeneration and that there is a localized imbalance in bone formation and mineralization specific to BMEL regions.



802. Perfusion Abnormalities of Bone Marrow Edema-Like Lesions in Knees with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Using Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI

Jin Zuo1, Sharmila Majumdar1, Xiaojuan Li1

1Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Univ. of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a common knee injury, and is a risk factor of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (OA). The disease is frequently associated with bone marrow edema-like (BMEL) lesions which exhibit as an area of high signal intensity in T2-weighted, fat-saturated fast spin echo MR images. BMEL is also commonly seen in OA and has been associated with disease progression and pain in OA. However, the knowledge on the pathophyisiology and significance of BMEL in ACL-injured knees is very limited. Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) can probe bone marrow and subchondral bone perfusion as well as fluid dynamics. Impaired perfusion in bone may lead to cartilage degeneration. A recent study showed bone marrow abnormalities were associated with BME in OA. The aim of this study is to apply DCE MRI to evaluate bone marrow perfusion in patients with ACL tears, and to compare the perfusion patterns between BMEL region and normal appearing bone marrow region.



803. The Influence of Running on Patellar Water Content and Bone Marrow Edema in Females with and Without Patellofemoral Pain

Kai-Yu Ho1, Houchun H. Hu2, Krishna S. Nayak2, Patrick M. Colletti3, Christopher M. Powers1

1Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; 2Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; 3Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of running on patellar water content and bone marrow edema (BME) in individuals with and without patellofemoral pain (PFP). Using the IDEAL protocol, two subjects with PFP and 2 pain-free controls were evaluated. Each subject underwent a pre-running MR scan, a 40-min moderate effort running, and a post-running MR scan. Our data showed that in persons with PFP, content and volume of local BME increases post-running. Additionally, the PFP subjects demonstrated increased water content of the bone marrow region post-running while the controls showed no changes in water content.



804. Using 18F NaF PET/CT to Image Increased Bone Activity in Patellofemoral Pain: Correlation with MRI

Christine Elizabeth Draper1, Michael Fredericson1, Thor F. Besier1, Gary S. Beaupre2, Scott L. Delp1, Andrew Quon1, Garry E. Gold1

1Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States; 2VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States

Articular cartilage deterioration is associated with the development of osteoarthritis. Cartilage health depends upon the integrity of the underlying subchondral bone and there may be abnormalities in bone metabolic activity that accompany structural defects in bone and cartilage. 18F NaF PET/CT enables bone metabolic activity to be visualized. We compared metabolic abnormalities detected using PET/CT with structural defects seen using MRI. We found that regions of increased bone metabolic activity do not always correlate with cartilage damage or bone marrow edema, indicating that 18F NaF PET/CT may image bone abnormalities prior to the development of structural damage seen using MRI.



805. Improved Fat-Suppression for Unspoiled GRASS Imaging of the Knee Using Multi-Peak IDEAL Chemical Shift Fat-Water Separation

Richard Kijowski1, Catherine Debra Hines2, Huanzhou Yu3, Scott Brian Reeder1,2

1Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; 2Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States; 3GE Healthcare, Applied Science Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, United States

This study was performed to demonstrate improvements in the quality of fat-suppression for unspoiled GRASS imaging of the knee using multi-peak fat spectral modeling and IDEAL fat-water separation. An IDEAL-GRASS sequence was performed at 3.0T on the knees of 10 asymptomatic volunteers. The IDEAL-GRASS images were reconstructed using a single-peak method and a multi-peak method that more accurately models the NMR spectrum of fat. Multi-peak IDEAL-GRASS had significantly greater (p<0.001) suppression of bone marrow signal and significantly higher (p<0.001) CNR between cartilage and bone marrow than single-peak IDEAL-GRASS.



806. Tissue Repair Differentiation Using T2 Multicomponents: Investigation in Tissue-Engineered Bone Regeneration

Marine Beaumont1, Marc G. DuVal2, Yasir Loai3, Walid A. Farhat3, George K. Sándor2, Hai-Ling Margaret Cheng1,4

1The Research Institute and Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 2Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 3Division of Urology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 4Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Tissue repair plays a key role in successful tissue regeneration and involves various simultaneous processes. In bone regeneration, bone growth in a defect occurs only in the absence of early fibrous scar formation or collapse of surrounding tissues into the defect. In this study, a tissue-engineered construct is inserted into a defect in the rabbit calvarium to provide a 3-dimensional resorbable scaffold that maintains a space for bone growth. Multicomponent T2 measurements are performed to characterize and differentiate tissue repair from normal construct resorption.




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