Transport economics Why is transport important?
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Sub-Criteria Environmental Impact Noise
Local Air Quality Landscape Biodiversity Heritage Water
Journey times and Vehicle Operating Costs Journey Time Reliability Regeneration
Access to Public Transport Pedestrians and Others Integration * None
For each of these, the impacts of a road scheme are expressed in the following ways: qualitatively - using words to describe the main impacts; quantitatively - using numbers to measure the scale of the impacts; and as a summary assessment - using either a monetary value, a quantitative indicator or a textual ranking.
moderate negative; neutral; slight positive; moderate positive; large positive. An additional ranking, very large negative, has been used where environmental impacts were deemed to be exceptionally severe. A scale in words rather than numbers has been used to avoid implying a direct comparison between types of impact which are not directly comparable. Eddington and beyond The Eddington Report shows that more work is going on to improve on AST. Ultimately all social costs and benefits should be monetized and included. Presently there is not enough data to do this. (To get monetary values there must be clear evidence from schemes actually enacted to judge these monetary values. Especially when valuing environmental effects this evidence simply does not exists.) The section below gives the various measures used by the Eddington Report. Some extend beyond AST. 
Government policy There has been a major change of emphasis in government roads policy. This can be broadly split in to three. Up to 1994, 1994 to 2000 and 2000 onwards. Directory: files -> quia -> users users -> L y aura un quiz sur le vocabulaire users -> 007. Explain and demonstrate basic cad commands and techniques users -> Vocabulary review users -> Three Approaches to Defining Jazz Mark Gridley, Robert Maxham and Robert Hoff Copyright 1989 by Oxford University Press users -> Inventions and Inventors Web Quest Introduction users -> How do we handle these contacts? users -> A brief History of the Personal Computer users -> Lecture #13 the civil war from The Election of Lincoln to the Surrender at Appomattox Election of 1860 users -> Hours: 05 Term: Winter/Spring 2005 Days users -> Ch. 1 Thinking Geographically Download 4.92 Mb. Share with your friends:
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