Types, typical objects and typologies
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   THE CITY AS A PROJECT
TYPES, TYPICAL OBJECTS AND TYPOLOGIES The discourse about typology in architecture highlights two function of architectural type in this text:
History of Typology 18thC notion of type was limited to its symbolic significance. It characterized form and particular physiognomy in terms of formal and functional context. In the 19thC it was fixed to academic architects when architecture was sought as a distinctive discipline. This continued on to designate type in the building process rather than distinguishing it as divine/natural origin. In the late 19th and 20thC there is a contingent idea about typology rather than limitation as abstract and flexible views opened up to specificity, cultural integrity and historical dimension. 
Aldo Rossi, Composition with Modena Cemetery, 1979 Modernist idea of Typology The modernist ‘category’ was about industrial manufacturing of type objects and hence a typical building. Standardization became a prerequisite for production and was incorporated into the new economy according to need. The ‘typical’ did not provide just a model for production of the singular artefact, but provided a framework for conceptualizing architecture. Modernist TYPE was a questioned a combination of architectural perfection in idea:
Potential of Type in Cities Defining an ‘existing city’ formed by Aldo Rossi considered:
Cities were read:
Ernesto Rogers argues that an artefact is a ‘part of a broader structure’ giving structure greater degree of clarity, hence architecture consists of:
TYPE Changes by the social context. City is a repository of history:
Therefore city becomes the relationship of the collective to its place hence TYPE: element of design articulating relationship Type, to be used in cities, has to be pertinent in terms of:
BBPR Architects, Villisca Tower, Milan, 1954, through the use of specific formal elements, the building becomes a historically constituted signifier establishing a discourse on the city Pertinence of Type in Architecture Questions of type and typology in architecture could be effective when:
Written by Marina Lathery Summarized by Sean Ki Beom Park
‘In all of these, the main topic of interest has been the type and its variation’ In conceptual thinking, typology is the most noticeable characteristics as it categorizes from the ‘flux of reality in order to make purified clusters of these similarities suitable for manipulation. 
Type, Stereotype and the market – The Bedroom Planner from IKEA; IKEA planner is a series which arranged people, things, settings, lifestyles The type ‘bedroom’ tends to solicit a medium-sized room with a bed, side table, window, closet, and access to a WC; whereas the typical situations of sleep, dreams sex, illness, death, open much more profound and rich possibilities of interpretation TYPOLOGY – [Architectural] object TYPICALITY – Human situations Typicality forms language which becomes the framework for understanding. This gives a capacity to use formal language analogically and hence converting into typological architecture. Dialogue is at the heart of anything called social or political…language… is a formulation intended to grasp the orienting (ontologically) requirement of ‘dwelling’ Language as a framework for understanding Language, when seen as an element of recognition, is carried by the typicalities. It is defined as something that is common-to-all. It gives human freedom and hence embeds itself in a ‘deep structure of claims or dependencies’. 
Typology as System: Kowloon, Hong Kong: The lower level of buildings, in the region of 10-12storys, was the average building height in Kowloon prior to the explosion in the housing market. No amount of formal variation could save the subsequent industrial multiplication of apartment types into towers often only one apartment deep. Typology is a leading concept within an architectural procedure comprising the orchestration of concepts striving to conflate formal coherence and moral perfection. The procedure inevitably supports the impression that history is not the basis for continuity, but rather for the familiar choice between death/decay and revolution/newness. 
Le Corbusier, Villa Shodhan, Outdoor bed Written by Peter Carl Summarized by Sean Ki Beom Park TYPE, WHAT TYPE? FURTHER REFLECTIONS ON THE EXTENDED THRESHOLD Despite a promising start this interest (in typology) slipped away and was supplanted by an obsession with topography and highly complex surfaces, leading to a primacy of the individual built form over the urban. This article talks about the missed opportunity for a ‘fundamental revision’ of architectural practice with typology. When Architectural Association was established, Kipnis, one of the directors of AA, pointed out two differing modes for his critique of Postmodern Practice, Folding in Architecture. 
DeFormation: emphasis on the articulation of built form based on entirely new things rather than established architectural typology. It was dissolution of architectural form into the tectonic landscape InFormation: emphasis on question of program while de-emphasizing form Hence built form no longer based on traditional process when poising into a tectonic landscape. Instead typologies and ‘extruded discrete volumes’ were allocated to derive spatial sense. 
Danecia Sibingo, Driftwood, winning competition for AA Summer Pavillion While Hensel was at AA he did two significant projects.
Here his group produced a several stages of the process
Containing information and data about the system which organized the site and its potential use over time
Explaining the spatial transitions between interior space and in conjunction with the milieu
Colour-coding for the various surface systems This led to spatial schemes based on extended spatial transition and material threshold. Hence showing potential with new ‘institutional form and social architectural forms.’ Shift in interest away from typology towards both topography and topology…swiftly back towards the articulation of exotic yet discrete built form Masterplan for a new city in China This shift from typology to topology influenced the group when they were working for a master plan for a new city in China. 
ZHA, Urban master plan for Kartal, 2006 He also says the following about the discourse on this shift. ‘On a larger scale it is interesting to observe that the school of fish actually prevailed in the form of current discourses of so-called parametric urbanism. If one examines, for instance, Zaha Hadid’s prize winning masterplan for Kartal in Istanbul it is clear that a specific block typology was computationally varied and so as to constitute a group of discrete buildings that are similar yet individually different’ The question of ‘spatial transition’ and ‘extended threshold’ shifted from material to environmental or energetic gradients. Written by Michael Hensel Summarized by Sean Ki Beom Park
“Type in architecture ‘exist to direct, to connect or to be instrumental’ rather than to prescribe” UNSTUDIO Type/Typology has instrumental potential in architecture and urbanism, especially when two or more disciplines ‘intersect and merge’. Although architectural typology often emerges from scientific approaches, the focus is on how symbiotic relationship between ‘professional observation and invention’ develops types. In architecture, type directs, connects and is used as an instrumental tool. Typological thinking may help designing architecture. Types and categories can simplify order and frame without giving one correct solution. Typology gives a possibility to achieve some control on complex contexts. CITY = (C)ITY = COMPLEX.ITY The exploring of how typology will help solving complex issues seem to be counterintuitive but UNStudio’s urban projects show attempts to ‘reconcile’ these tendencies and regain architectural control in complex contents. 
Arnhem Central, Arnhem, Netherlands, 2008-2013, UNStudio Arnhem Central This 100,000 square meter project shows an ‘urban densification exercise.’ Arnhem Central, a multi-transport centre, integrates public transportation area with other sources. UNStudio investigated the following type models:
Arnhem Central Car Park, Arnhem, Netherlands V Frames The V frame is a type that developed over a number of years, with a constant change over several operations. The V shaped structure provides a backbone for different programmes, adapted to the context and changed by the specificity of the restriction. Types still acquire the following even if they were refined and developed throughout the operations:
Type and typology was considered as a symbolic emblem of structure and ideas in the past. It is now considered more than that, to the extent where new types and its development can function as an instrument to specify and inform the specificity that sits under complex contexts. “The age of icon may come to an end; control exercised in a thought knowledge0building manner replaces style” FROM PRODUCT TO PROCESS INFORMAL CITY URBAN THINK TANKS (U-TT) “Connect informal settlements with the formal city, enabling inhabitants to access services and infrastructure.” 
Connect the formal and informal city The main objective of U-TT’s projects is to provide local communities in the barrios with accessibility and services. Their project target ‘big metropolises’ what they call ‘conflict zones’. They seek to connect the ‘formal and informal city’ by bringing some of the infrastructure of the formal city into the informal city. However, informal city is not entirely separated from the formal. It is a process that changes and gets modified, rather than a product that discourses itself from the norm of a city. They projects raised challenges to work with city councils and social groups rather than targeting fundable commissioners. This resembles the idea of “Architecture for Humanity”, a network of architects led by Cameron Sinclair, aiming to restore and develop communities with architectural practice. “Architecture is much more interesting if you attack it from the grass-roots community perspective because sustainability really means focusing on the user and his or her connection to a building.” Brillembourg, the co-director of U-TT, emphasizes the ‘importance of being on the ground’ where he means for architects to be at the site and engage with contextual qualities of the local community. For these projects to proceed, they have to deal with obstacles in terms of dealing with the informal context and a failure to integrate the policies of government agencies. “Working globally and acting locally” Successful and unsuccessful attempts 
Guayaquil Malecon 2000 This urban regeneration project in the capital of Ecuador was a successful intervention where there have been consistent manifestations of integral policies and private sector supports.
Barrios Program in Venezuela Unstable political climates and centralized government systems make the task much more difficult. U-TT’s home country, Venezuela, is an example of a culminated project
Written by Adriana Navarro-Sertich Sean Ki Beom Park (DOGMA) A SIMPLE HEART: ARCHITECTURE ON THE RUINS OF POST-FORDIST CITY “…developed archetype for the contemporary European city…Edufactory.” 
Fordism A System formulated in Henry Ford’s automotive factories; working on production line where individuals perform specialised tasks repetitively
Post-Fordism (Flexibilism) Dominant system of economic production consumption and associated socio-economic phenomena characterized by:
“In Post-Fordism, production of material goods remains in general a silent part of production, but ‘immaterial’ production (ideas, images, affects, social exchange) is decisive and in leading the trends in production” 
An example of A Simple Heart enclosing a tertiary district A Simple Heart A Simple Heart proposes an inhabitable wall encloses an area of 800x800 meters in 22 West European cities. These 25 meter thick and 20 story high walls towers over an existing tertiary district. The interior space becomes a ‘living room’ where ‘living, social exchange and work take place within the same space. The walls, which are filled with hotel rooms and apartment units, act as a space of rest and seclusion. Each of these units is conceived as ‘learning centres’ and are intentionally established near railway circuits which makes the productive side of ‘knowledge and social exchange’ explicit. 
Elevation view of an example of A Simple Heart Edufactory In ‘Edufatory’, immaterial work and its manifestation as the possibility of exchange are treated as the production core that replaces the Fordist machines. “Architectural form is reduced to its essential nature in order to stage and make visible not itself, but the life that happens within its limits” Liberation of Architecture The liberation of architecture from programmatic definition is not just a plea for ‘free space’ but where space has been completely subsumed by production. “…articulate knowledge, flexibility and territory into one system…as a new urban model, as an ARCHETYPE for the city.” Written by Per Vittorio Aureli and Martino Tattara Sean Ki Beom Park TRANSCENDING TYPE: DESIGNING FOR URBAN COMPLEXITY Insistent that type should only be applied if deformed to respond to the informal patchwork of hybrid urban conditions Advantage of Typology: speedy response in terms of design and a reproduction of standardised product Disadvantage of Typology: inflexibility, lack of control by the user, the elimination of variety and choice; often misused by authoritarian regimes as a reductive instrument to try to quickly create cities Rapid urbanisation is taking place in non-industrialised, poor and middle-income countries around the world; designers should, facing this problem, use typology in a generative and open systemic methodology. Evolving City Types 
Typical imagery of a feudal city surrounded by city walls Feudal urban typology Feudal urban typologies were incredibly successful and stable until the industrial revolution. Beijing is an exemplary of this case with a population of two million, being the largest city in the world for centuries. This urban typology is as simple as its hierarchical order of type and its protective embodiment within the city walls The Priest’s temple The Warlord’s fort Merchant’s market Public Square Ex-serf families Residential City walls 
Beijing, China, used to be the most populated cities for centuries 
Nowa Huta New Town, Poland, 1956 Post-industrialism urban typology With the 19thC European industrial revolution, city walls disappeared and new types of jobs and opportunities formed. Modern instruments and the new flow redesigned the urban typology, most signified by the change of hierarchical focus from the imperial centre to citizenry benefits. Improving Public Hygiene Public education facility Security Cultural facility Office blocks Railway/Expressway leading out to other suburbs Docks 
Levittown, New York Post-WW2 urban typology Europe was trapped between the emerging ‘superpowers’ of the Soviet Union and the US who brought out new morphologies for urban typology across their vast landmass. Soviet’s microdistricts involved small suburbs orienting around factories and the American megapolis system allowed private builders to build single-family housing units through loans; best example by Levittown, New York. 92% of the global urban population predicted for 2020 will be housed in smaller cities of one to two million, with many building their own housing, as in favelas of Rio, where the term ‘megacity’ originated in the 1970s 
Favelas of Rio Megacity Typology 
Shenzhen’s hyper dense urban villages
Cure for this city was by proposing top down approach of public facilities to stretch over the roof tops of these hyper dense urban villages. Generative Urban Typology The problem is to link sophisticated design systems with urban village systems than exist already. A further complication is that much of this self-built urban growth will be adversely affected by climate change. Water rise, for instance, will be a vital factor considering the environmental factors for these urban plans. The ASRO’s typology over a river’s edge in Vietnam is an example on this issue Types emerge from a flow of energy and pressure, engineered by particular urban actors at specific times to deal with particular situations. Types lie inside a population that can be scanned for patterns and identified in families. 
Business Bay, Dubai Designing for Hybridity The contemporary computational innovations allow type to become a dynamic set of relationships. ‘Designers should apply their sophisticated frameworks to type and city assembly, recognising the power of individual builders to create a vast collective form’ It is important to understand the nature of patchwork in cities and with the new computer-aided scripts there are new opportunities to value complex urban systems and react against the diverse, unstable situations. The key to this new opportunity is that the type is unstable, mutating and changing. It is precisely this instability that makes morphogenesis and hybridised typologies so valuable in the current age of massive urbanisation on an unprecedented global scale 
RIBA: 1st Prize: “HURBS - Hybrid Human Urban Re-adaptive Bidirectionally-Relational System” by Sergio Castillo Tello and María Hernández Enríquez, Spain David Grahame Shane Summarized by Sean Ki Beom Park BUILDING AS INTERFACE WHAT ARCHITECTS CAN LEARN FROM INTERACTION DESIGNERS INTERACTION-IVREA Experiments they have undertaken at the intersection of interactive technology and architecture, analyses their own working systems and the means by which they have chosen to pursue interdisciplinary dialogue Interaction-Ivrea Design research and practical based group in Northern Italy offers a two-year masters programme in interaction design. They stress on learning by doing and are more interested in tools and processes rather than aesthetics and iconic statements. They mention about how architects and designers should not be at the top of a pyramidal system but be in a circular system with technologists to result appropriate aesthetics and forms. The interdisciplinary dialogue is the most element of the whole process 
Line Ulrika Christianssen, Re-Lounge, thesis project at Interaction Ivrea. The traveller in transit at international airports can enjoy private time in a personalised environment that conforms to his or her desires with customised music and lighting. A gentle vibration warns travellers that it is almost time for boarding. Rapidly changing technologies call for a prototype based approach 
Technology 
Grace Under Pressure, darkened space with six information touch screens. Activities of the visitor influences the blinking of the suspended slides There are three reasons that Interaction Ivrea proposes for an effective use of technology in design 1) Historical ‘Mechanical aesthetics was already slightly ridiculous 50 years ago’ they refer that successful use of technology is when it becomes timeless, exampled by Le Corbusier’s work in India 2) Practical Ostentation of technology has called attention to its unsightly rapid aging. ‘If the computer is cutting edge, and it can generate blobby shapes on high-end plasma screens, I will design a building that is blobby and covered with plasma screens, and therefore I will be cutting edge.’ 3) Technology is for use, not for show ‘Technology cannot be a carrier of aesthetic vales because its values are based on internal consistency and physical constraints.’ From the outside, the point where interactive design and architecture meet looks very glamorous. From the inside, it reveals itself to be a set of galleries in a mine. There is no master plan, no master builder 
Projection on Inflatables Written by Walter Aprile and Stefano Mirti Sean Ki Beom Park GETTING SPECIFIC …initial questions for an evolutionary design process that the practice has begun to explore and will execute as a series of interventions on the landscape 
Specific from Generic ‘An abstract generic model digitally encoding a collection of architectural attributes defines our genetic material - an architectural seed.’ Overtime these seeds grow and the best are selected for synthesis. Change, or difference, is obviously a key to processes that transform the generic into the specific  
http://www.adobe.com/designcenter/thinktank/peterhall_05.html “Natalie Jeremijenko’s OneTrees project is a powerful demonstration of how the same genetic starting point will result in unique and specific expressions determined through each instance’s particular engagement with an environment.” OneTrees Project This project is where one thousand trees cloned with identical genetic determinism; this project looks at the environmental influence and the formal expression of the adaptation to the milieu. 
Blusher, Sisteen*(makers) It will simultaneously exist locally and remotely - geographically and in substance. It will be an architecture that continually transforms in an effort to become specific to purpose and to location Written by Phil Ayres Sean Ki Beom Park Directory: 2011 2011 -> Enterprise Network Management iPost: Implementing Continuous Risk Monitoring at the Department of State 2011 -> Voices of the Old Sea Norman Lewis 2011 -> Malevil Robert Merle 2011 -> The Elephant Keeper’s Children Peter Hoeg 2011 -> January 1: Ecstasy zZz January 2: King of Anything Sara Bareillis 2011 -> Tracks, Mixes, Masters, and More!: Analyzing Preservation Priorities for Multitrack Recordings 2011 -> Department of Electrical Engineering 2011 Annual Report 2011 -> Jv packet •Mars Colonization Affirmative •Mars Colonization Negative 2011 -> Asian Pacific Mathematical Olympiad(apmo) 2011 -> Registration Form (Rev. 8-86) omb no. 1024-0018 Download 92.58 Kb. Share with your friends:
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