U. S. History I the Shaping of North America
Download 0.97 Mb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- Explorers Amerigo Vespucci
- Ferdinand Magellan
- John Cabot
- Hernando de Soto
- Southern Colonies 1. Virginia
- New England Colonies 1. Massachusetts
- Massachusetts Bay Colony
- New Hampshire
- Delaware
- The Second Tidewater War
- The Southern Plantation Economy
- Colonial Social Structure
- Immigration in the Colonies
- Ruling over the Colonies
|
AP U.S. History I The Shaping of North America 225 million years ago-Pangaea “supercontinent” 10 million years ago- Rocky Mountains exist Appalachians exist Continents are separated 2 million years ago- an Ice Age envelopes the planet and the water level lowers 35 000 years ago- the Bering Land Bridge appears animals cross, followed by nomadic Asian hunters 10 000 years ago- the Ice Age ends nomadic people create civilization 10 000 years ago-1492 AD, the population grows to 72 million *only 7-10 million live in North America (South America has better conditions for farming)
Aztecs Incas Mayans Iroquois Over 2000 languages created Religion Culture Farming techniques People who came to America before 1492: -Scandinavians led by Leif Erickson (Newfoundland) -Nomadic Asian hunters -Irish
-Africans -Chinese
brought 20 people back-only two survive the ship ride was sent to get more for slavery in mines (creates slavery) Europeans bring smallpox into the Americas [1492] Haiti’s population totals 3 million [1512] Haiti’s population totals 12 000 Columbus’s “discovery” affects the futures of three groups: Europeans – migrate to the Americas Native Americans – dealt with harshly Africans – source of labor leads to mass enslaving
Writes vivid accounts of the East coast of North and South America Mapmakers base their maps on his accounts – hence “America”
First European to set eyes on the Pacific Ocean Says “All land that touches the Pacific is Spain’s” Basis for Spanish claims in America Ferdinand Magellan [sails for Spain from 1519-1522] First to circumnavigate the globe Hernando Cortez [sails for Spain in 1519] Crushes the Aztecs (attack and smallpox) Claims Mexico for Spain
Explores Florida – lays claim of Florida for Spain Looking for gold
Searches for the fabled “cities of gold” First European to see the Grand Canyon First European to see herds of buffalo John Cabot [sails for England in 1497] Italian – explores the East coast of New England Basis for English claims in the Americas
Hudson River and areas of NYC Henry Hudson [sails for the Dutch in 1608?] Hudson Bay and Hudson River Claims Manhattan for the Dutch
Explores parts of Canada and claims area for France Hernando de Soto [sails for Spain from 1539-1542] First European to see the Mississippi River Settling the New World Spain Reasons for exploration: Gold Glory
God Goods
Lay claim to: New Mexico West coast of South America Florida
All of Central America Texas
Arizona California [1565] settled the first permanently occupied settlement in the Americas -St. Augustine, FL [1588] Spanish Armada is defeated – marks the decline of the Spanish Empire
Lay claim to: Canada Areas around the Mississippi [1608] First French settlement – Quebec “New France” [1750] <60 000 people live in New France Why won’t people live in New France?
Poor farmland Isolated Subject to Native American attacks only French Catholics allowed keep the discontented in France England [1558] Elizabeth I comes to the throne of England wants to expand the navy
Spread Protestant Plunder and attack Spanish ships Gets “seadogs” to do the work (pirates) Sir Francis Drake is knighted for his success Settling Sir Walter Raleigh [1585] attempts to settle at Roanoke – people didn’t like it and came back [1587] tries again – Virginia Dare is the first child from Britain born [1590] supply ship is sent to Roanoke Island – no one is found “the Lost Colony of Roanoke” one word found – “Croatoan” Joint stock company Group of people invest money together [1606] Virginia Company of London receives charter for a colony [1607] Jamestown, VA is settled – 104 males looking for gold [1608] 40 are left – John Smith takes control of Jamestown “if you don’t work, you don’t eat” [1609] a terrible winter hits – resorts to cannibalism [1610] out of 400 settlers, 60 are left [1612] John Rolfe perfects the growing of tobacco and begins the tobacco craze one of the first cash crops grown [1619] House of Burgesses created -first legislative assembly in America First slave ship shows up in America with 19 African slaves Types of Colonies Royal Colony -king/queen has total control over the colony Proprietary Colony (most popular form) -king/queen picks a representative (friend/trusted) to run the colony -that representative picks a governor and sets up laws Self-governing Colony -the colonists control the colony -least popular form Southern Colonies 1. Virginia [1607] Jamestown – began as proprietary [1624] (King James disgusted by tobacco) becomes a royal colony tobacco-based economy plantation system develops -indentured servants pay back debts after 7-10 years of service, given own land -African slaves demand for land -push westward -angers the Native Americans this all creates an aristocratic society (wealthy) lack of cities in the South 2. Maryland [1634] founded by Lord Baltimore tobacco-based economy plantation system aristocratic society created because: -make profit -safe haven for Catholics as times goes on – Protestants outnumber the Catholics Act of Toleration [guarantees rights to all Christians] But Death Penalty if Jewish/atheist do not recognize Jesus as the Lord 3. South Carolina [1670] proprietary supposed to work in connection with the West Indies (sugar cane) ‘supply station’ for the West Indies principal crop is rice plantation system 4. North Carolina [1691, formally 1712] population – outcasts from South Carolina and Virginia pride themselves on being outlaws and outcasts (rich plantations owners pushing them off) hospitable to pirates resistant to authority [1691] break away informally [1712] officially becomes a colony 5. Georgia “the Buffer Colony” [1733] by James Olgethorpe (last colony founded) protects South Carolina against Spanish Florida population “the Charity Colony” -drunks
-criminals -outlaws
-very poor produce silk and wine prohibits alcohol granted some religious toleration try to get slavery outlawed – failed in 1750 – it was made legal
Separatist – Puritans [1609] move to Holland-don’t want children to be Dutchified 102 settlers on the Mayflower supposed to land in Virginia instead, land in Massachusetts Miles Standish and William Bradford Make the Mayflower Compact Pledge allegiance to the king Combine themselves into a “civil body politic” Obey laws of the new government 44 survive the first winter William Bradford becomes governor 30 times Massachusetts Bay Colony [1629] One of the most successful settlements in America Founded by non-Separatist Puritans John Winthrop is the governor Industries:
Fishing Ship-building Fur-trading Jon Winthrop Wants the Massachusetts Bay Colony to be an example “a city upon a hill” MBC- “The Bible Commonwealth” is extremely religious Dissenters in Massachusetts Anne Hutchinson Challenges the Puritan way Put on trial – claims to have spoken with God Kicked out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Goes to Rhode Island, then New York – killed by Natives Roger Williams Challenges to break away from the Church of England Escapes to Rhode Island – founds his own colony 2. Rhode Island [1636] by Roger Williams colony known for religious toleration strongly independent not well-liked by the other colonies other colonies call Rhode Island “the Lord’s Debris” made up of people that no one wants self-governing colony 3. Connecticut [1635] by Reverend Thomas Hooker self-governing created the Fundamental Orders a document that creates a democratically controlled government 4. New Hampshire [1623] good for fishing and trading the overgrowth of the Massachusetts Bay Colony becomes an official colony in 1679 The Middle Colonies 1. New York After Hudson’s explorations in 1608 – Dutch start settlement along the Hudson Called New Netherlands Manhattan was called New Amsterdam Problems for the Dutch
Poor leaders – only decent one was Peter Stuyvesant More concerned with profit No democracy No freedom of religion Poorly run Constantly attacked by Native Americans Surrounded by the English [1664] Charles II gives the land of NY to the Duke of York (James) after threatening the Dutch with an invasion, Dutch give up the land Dutch legacy
Sleighing Golf Waffles Easter eggs Santa Claus Skating Bowling Harlem Brooklyn Chief crop is wheat 2. Pennsylvania [1681] The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) Persecuted by England William Penn emerges as a leader William Penn Idea to create land for Quakers [1681] founds Pennsylvania – one of the best-advertised colonies Characteristics of Pennsylvania
Peaceful [Native Americans move in] Liberal Freedom of worship Disliked slavery Against military service Chief crop is wheat Well-planned cities Very successful colony 3. New Jersey [1702] [1664] Duke of York gives parts of NJ to Berkeley and Carteret (proprietors) sold land to the Quakers split land into East and West Jersey gave land back to crown becomes royal colony [1702] 4. Delaware [1638] by the Swedes taken over by the Dutch after the Dutch leave in 1664 – Delaware controlled by Pennsylvania
each colony creates their own unit able-bodied men ages 16-60 why?
English provide no money for colonial defense (exception of Georgia) Militia meet every few weeks for training “Militia Day” turns into a party and meets annually
Anglo-Powhattan War [1610-1614] Jamestown New governor – Lord de la Warr Declares war against the Native Americans [1614] Pocahontas marries John Rolfe – better relations The First Tidewater War [1622] Native Americans attack white settlers – kill ¼ of Jamestown’s population John Rolfe is also killed The Second Tidewater War [1644] Opechanough takes over Powhattans – renews attack against white settlements Opechanough is killed and Native American Confederacy dissolves Native Americans are pushed further west
Pequot War [1636-1637] New England Colonies Results in the killing of 500 Pequot Indians in Connecticut – end of the Pequots King Philip’s War [1675] New England Colonies Metacom (King Philip) After being forced to pledge allegiance to the English crown Vows revenge – starts the Native American Confederacy After killing many settlers – captured, quartered, and killed Halts the western boundary at New England Colonies for 40 years First large-scale military action by the colonial militia
Bacon’s Rebellion Displays colonial anger and hatred to Native Americans Displays colonial hatred toward the Southern Aristocracy Nathaniel Bacon Gathered 1 000 men Vows to kill all Native Americans Gets called an outlaw Gets so angry Burns down the settlement of Jamestown Dies as Jamestown burns Reveals the growing social gap between small farmers and plantation owners Colonial unity [1643] New England Colonies – the New England Confederation first time to have colonies working together for a better cause created by the Massachusetts Bay Colony Rhode Island is not included
Near the end of the 1600s, price of tobacco falls dramatically So the plantation owners continue to grow more tobacco/cash crops *more land needs more labor Indentured servants Contract usually ran for seven years Voyage would be paid for At the end of the contract, receive “freedom dues” Small piece of land Tools
Animals Clothes
Eventually the plantation owners stopped giving freedom dues Headright System [Virginia and Maryland] Gives to each plantation owner 50 acres of land for every indentured servant brought into the colony Hit the Appalachian Mountains – pause and indentured servitude dies Need another source of labor – end of the 1600s, indentured servitude dies out
Market for jobs gets better in England Royal African Company [1698] loses its monopoly on the sale of slaves Bacon’s Rebellion leads plantation owners to fear the small farmer Slavery [1670] 2 000 slaves in Virginia [1750] slaves represent 50% of the population in Virginia
-the forced voyage of slaves from Africa to the Americas -7.5 million from Africa to Americas, 400 000 to the 13 colonies -slaves were sold into slavery by the kings and princes of tribes Conditions
Dark Dirty Overcrowded – put 600 in a ship built for 300 Disease Smelly Death Suicide Humiliated – not seen as people but as property 20%-50% would die during the voyage upon arrival, slaves were unloaded and sold at slave auctions -Charleston, SC -Newport, RI -New York City, NY -Philadelphia, PA Once sold, slaves were subject to slave codes -slaves were not allowed to marry -illegal to teach a slave to read or write -slaves had no legal rights -punished severely for any wrongdoing -slave owners took ownership of the children Worst place to be sold into slavery was SC-life expectancy the lowest Lonely Rice fields brought diseases Virginia and Maryland -expect a longer life span -slave population grows much “best” place to be sold as a slave were the Northern Colonies -work in the cities -learn a skill -earn money -possible to be able to buy their freedom Slavery in the Colonies Resistance Everyday resistance Worked slowly Break tools Leave gates open Try to run away (not easy) Occasional revolts [1712] NYC – Nine white deaths, 21 executed [1739] the Stono Rebellion – 20 slaves uprising deaths of 80 whites GA militia captures the 20 slaves Sets the heads of the executed on mileposts for warning
Aristocrats, Merchants, Planters, Lawyers, Officials, Clergymen, Professional men Small farmers (largest group) Manual workers – hired hands, lesser tradesmen Indentured servants, jailbirds Slaves Life in the Colonies Family Life Mother (Woman) Most important person in the family Has children - average of 10-11 children (about 3-4 die before adulthood) Raises children Cook Clean
Sew, make clothes Help on the farm Father Work on the farm Work in shop Children
Help out on the farm Male
Learning trade from the father Help on the farm Female Help around the house Learn how to be a mother [1700] population 250 000 [1775] population 2.5 million – average age of a colonist is 16 *if live in the North, live about 10 years longer than South (average lifespan is 70) Education Only males were given formal education New England has a well set-up of formal education For every town with 50+ families, a school is required Southern Colonies – taught at home by a tutor Education in the colonies was not reserved for only the elite Goal of School Learn to read (especially the Bible, be a better Christian) Learn to write Colonial Colleges (only taught religion and languages – eventually replaced with more modern classes) Harvard [1636] William and Mary [1693] Yale Princeton University of Pennsylvania Brown Columbia Rutgers [1766] Dartmouth Journalism [1704] first successful colonial newspaper [1733] John Peter Zengor Case -writes criticisms of governor of NY -Governor of NY sues him for libel for writing about him in the news -court agrees to have Zengor not guilty for writing the truth -becomes the basis for freedom of press Art
Colonies are very behind the rest of the world John Goddard – designs desks John Smibert – paints family portraits Science
Benjamin Franklin The colonies’ greatest inventor, scientist, thinker, writer and ‘good guy’ Some inventions
Lightning rod Electrical battery Bifocals Odometer Stove Library Volunteer fire department Wrote Poor Richard’s Almanac (second most popular in colonies, behind the Bible) Comes up with arithmetic puzzles (ex. Magic Square) Immigration in the Colonies Scots-Irish From Scotland Make up 7% of the colonies’ population by 1775 Spoke English Known as “frontier people” Settle from Pennsylvania to the Carolinas Germans
Make up 6% of the colonies’ population by 1775 Tended to settle in Pennsylvania Kept to themselves and kept their own culture and language Inventions Conestoga Wagon -cloth tops -big wheels Replace the musket with the more accurate rifle Improved the iron stove French Huguenots [1685] Edict of Nantes is repealed – persecution of the Huguenots famous descendant is Paul Revere, the silversmith Africans Forced to immigrate to the colonies 400 000 by 1775 – 90% of 400 000 in the Southern Colonies
As population rises, importance of religion goes down Late 1600s, people begin to question accepted Christian ideas (ex. Calvinism)
Church creates the Half-Way Covenant Allows people to join church even if they have not officially converted Results in increased church membership …but taints the purity of the church
Salem Witch Trials – Salem, MA [1692] A group of girls begin to experience fits of rages The girls blame the rages on women who “bewitched” them Start a massive witch hunt 174 people are put on trial 19 women are executed (hung) 1 man is executed (pressed to death) 2 dogs are executed Governor Phips puts an end to the witch hunt after his wife is accused The Great Awakening – [1730s to the 1740s] A religious revival that sweeps across the nation Preach about: The emptiness of material goods Fury of divine wrath The need for repentance Preachers give very dramatic performances George Whitefield “The Great Awakener” Jonathan Edwards – writes Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Gatherings of 20 000+ people By the mid-1740s the Great Awakening dies out Effects: -Stimulated the founding of more colonial colleges (Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth) -Revival that encompasses all of colonial society – becomes the first shared colonial experience -Undermines the power of the older clergy -Makes religion more accessible to people
Congregationalists 575 000 people out of Puritanism Anglicans 500 000 people Church of England Presbyterians 410 000 people similar to the Congregationalists German churches 200 000 people Found in Pennsylvania Dutch-reformed 75 000 people Quakers 40 000 people Baptists Roman Catholics 25 000 people Maryland
Methodists Jewish 2 000 people Ruling over the Colonies
James I [1603-1625] Does not like the colonies Hates tobacco Charles I [1625-1649] Beheaded in 1649 Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate [1649-1660] Very strict Charles II is restored [1660-1685] Decides to take a more hands-on approach to the colonies Tries to harness colonial trade [1675] Lords of Trade supposed to control colonial trade [1685] Charles II dies
Continues to place restrictions on colonial trade -especially the North, who are growing very independent creates the Dominion of New England to combat the New England Confederation to enforce the Navigation Acts Navigation Acts [1650-1733] Rooted in mercantilism – a nation’s power depends on its wealth Acquire gold and silver Favorable balance of trade (exports up, imports low) Acquire colonies All ships trading in Europe must be built in England or the colonies 75% of crew had to be English or colonial All European nations wishing to trade with the colonies must first stop at England (taxed twice) England creates a list of enumerated articles (what colonies supposed to trade with England) Colonists, instead of heeding these laws – smuggling (esp. NYC), bribes Dominion of England Led by Sir Edmund Andros Ends town meetings in MA, NJ, NY, RI, and CT Restrictions on schools, newspapers, courts Taxes without authority of colonial representative William and Mary/Glorious Revolution [1688-1707] Relaxes the rules of the colonies Known as the period of “salutary neglect” Results: Control over the colonies is relaxed, but the English officials stay Colonists begin to resent the English officials
England – east coast, parts of Canada Spain – Florida, Central America, Southwest North America France – Canada, along the Mississippi River (pop. 60 000 only) (Russia) Native Americans are everywhere Thirteen Colonies – east coast
King William’s War [1689-1697] French soldiers and Native American Allies attack frontier settlements in NY Colonial militia invades Canada and fails Queen Anne’s War [1702-1713] Deerfield Massacre French and Native American allies attack Deerfield, MA Killed 50, captured 111 colonists
Directory: cms -> lib lib -> Security Survey lib -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> 1. naclo 2017 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> Chem I honors Unit 2 Notes: Numbers in Chemistry Measurement lib -> Sanderson High School ap human Geography Summer Assignment 2016 lib -> Find fantastic ousd elementary music programs lib -> American Studies Pacing Calendar 2014-2015 lib -> The ap history Timeline 8000bce-the Present lib -> Absolutism in Europe Download 0.97 Mb. Share with your friends:
|