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Impacts- Econ Good- A2: Environment – A2: Carrying Capacity
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Impacts- Econ Good- A2: Environment – A2: Carrying CapacityCarrying capacity is arbitrary Green 5 (C. Brooks, U of Central Ark, http://www.brooksgreen.net/capacity.pdf.) Some scholars have recognized carrying capacity as problematic. Muir (2003) argues, “Logistic growth is very idealized, of course. K [carrying capacity] is not likely to be constant (for example, year-to-year changes in weather effect food production; the richer a life we desire, the lower K for humans is likely to be, etc.). However, the model is useful conceptually.” Muir (2003) concludes by noting, “It is unlikely, however, that we can define a specific K (that is, an actual number) for humans. (People seem to enjoy trying though!).” Hardin (2003) expresses similar concerns. He maintains, “There is no hope of ever making carrying capacity figures as precise as, say, the figures for chemical valence or the value of the gravitational constant.” “As a result,” he writes, “… any particular figure for carrying capacity has a substantial element of the arbitrary in it.” Carrying capacity is variable – Adaptation solves Green 5 (C. Brooks, U of Central Ark, http://www.brooksgreen.net/capacity.pdf.) Second, Cohen (1995) likewise understood that “The future of the human population, like the future of its economies, environment, and cultures, is highly unpredictable” (341). While he noted “… a probabilistic measure of human carrying capacity has been developed for local populations in the Amazon, no probabilistic approach to global human population carrying capacity has been developed” (343). He further maintains, “In basic and applied ecology, the carrying capacity of nonhuman species has been defined in at least nine different ways, none of which is adequate for humans” (343). The problem with calculating human carrying capacity is that “Human carrying capacity depends both on natural constraints, which are not fully understood, and on individual and collective choices concerning the average level and distribution of material well-being, technology, political institutions, economic arrangement, family structure, migration and other demographic arrangements, physical, chemical, and biological environment, variability and risk, the time horizon, and values, tastes, and fashions” (343) Impacts- Econ Good- Climate ChangeCapitalism as sustained by economic growth is key to containing climate change Intelligence 7 (Intelligence^2, global forum reports on debates, oct. 30-7, http://www.intelligencesquared.com/events/capitalism-can-save-the-planet ) ET The panel debate whether capitalism offers a viable solution for the challenge of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and whether carbon trading can solve the climate change crisis without damaging economic growth. Arguing in favour of the motion are Tim Harford, John Redwood, and Eric Bettelheim. Tim Harford starts by supporting the motion. He emphasises the necessity to change the decisions made by individuals rather than introducing bureaucratic controls, which he regards as counterproductive. As a solution to effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions he suggests the implementation of a carbon price set by the government, which will subsequently influence decisions made by individuals through market mechanisms. John Redwood stresses the power of the free enterprise system linked with capitalism. He emphasises the idea that capitalism works in parallel with the grain of human nature, and that capitalistic societies will subsequently produce a green planet as they call for it. Finally, Eric Bettelheim speaks in favour for the motion. He reminds the audience of the failure of the predictions presented by the Club of Rome, which failed as it did not take into account the role of markets in the allocation of resources. Referring to the success of the sulfur dioxide trading program in the US, he speaks in favour of an emission trading scheme for carbon dioxide Global warming leads to extinction- highest probability Roach 4 (John, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/01/0107_040107_extinction.html , National Geographic, July 12.4) ET As global warming interacts with other factors such as habitat-destruction, invasive species, and the build up of carbon dioxide in the landscape, the risk of extinction increases even further, they say. In agreement with the study authors, Pounds and Puschendorf say taking immediate steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is imperative to constrain global warming to the minimum predicted levels and thus prevent many of the extinctions from occurring. "The threat to life on Earth is not just a problem for the future. It is part of the here and now," they write. Impacts- Econ Good –OverpopulationGrowth results in lower population – Bangladesh study proves Hasan 6 (Mohammad, Department of Finance and Economics, AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION TO DETERMINE THE LONG-RUN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION GROWTH AND PER CAPITA INCOME IN BANGLADESH, http://www.bdiusa.org/Publications/JBS/Volumes/Volume7/JBS7.2-2-Part-1.pdf, 2/20/06, AD: 7/6/09) JC This paper empirically examines the nature of the time-series relationship between population growth and per capita income growth using the annual data of Bangladesh within the framework of cointegration methodology. This study finds evidence of a long-run stationary relationship between population and per capita income. Our results also indicate a bi-directional or feedback relationship between population and per capita income. The results of a negative causality flowing from per capita income to population growth appear to indicate that per capita income tends to lower the population growth. Likewise, population growth positively contributes to the growth of per capita income. Inverse relationship between fertility rates and economic growth Schultz 5 (T Paul, Yale University - Economic Growth Center; Institute for the Study of Labor, Fertility and Income, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=838227, October 2005, AD: 7/6/09) There is an inverse association between income per adult and fertility among countries, and across households this inverse association is also often observed. Many studies find fertility is lower among better educated women and is often higher among women whose families own more land and assets. What do we know about the social consequences of events and policies that change fertility, if they are independent of parent preferences for children or the economic conditions which account for much of the variation in parent lifetime fertility? These effects of exogenous fertility change on the health and welfare of children are assessed from Kenyan household survey data by analysis of the consequences of twins, and the effect of avoiding unanticipated fertility appears to have a larger beneficial effect on the body mass index or health status of children in the family than would be expected due to variation in fertility which is accounted for by parent education and household land. Download 0.75 Mb. Share with your friends:
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