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Define: Sectionalism — Sectionalism is the devotion to a nation’s region rather than the nation. Differences between the North and South helped to create loyalty to their section of the country. They did not see themselves as Americans, but as Virginians, or southerners, etc. It made it easier to secede from the US.
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Explain how the South and the North differed in the early 1800’s
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South
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North
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Economy
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‘King Cotton’ and the cotton gin- many laborers were needed to pick cotton, and once the cotton gin was invented more laborers were needed.
Plantation System - Large farms in the South that used slave labor. Slavery became more widespread in the South than in the North because of geographic factors.
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Industry and factories in the cities in the north were important to their economy. Immigrants were needed to fill these positions.
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Slavery
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Slaves were needed to pick the cotton on plantations. Most of these slaves were from Africa.
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Abolition Movement — A movement in the north to free slaves
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Views on Federalism
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Believed that ultimate power should be in the hands of States’ Governments.
Nullification— a state’s refusal to recognize a federal law
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Believed in a strong central government.
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President James Madison came up with a plan to bring the economies of the US together. Henry Clay backed his plan and called it the American system.
Explain how the following helped to unite the economies of the North, South, and West.
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Erie Canal – A waterway connecting Lake Erie to the Hudson River that aided the economic development of the U.S. by lowering the cost of shipping goods from the Midwest to the Atlantic coast. The farmers in the Midwest could ship their goods to merchants in the east who would trade and sell the goods for a larger profit. It promoted growth of trade and manufacturing in the Northeast.
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National Bank –
Andrew Jackson
The Presidency of Andrew Jackson
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Fires over 2,000 government workers and replaces them with his own supporters
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Vetoes more acts of Congress than all six previous Presidents combined
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Closes Bank of the United States
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Threatens to send huge army to South Carolina to force the state to obey tariff laws
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Uses Indian Removal Act to force 100,000 Native Americans from their homelands
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Jackson’s forceful actions earned him both strong support and angry opposition throughout the country
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What is the Spoils System? Jackson used this to provide government jobs to his political supporters.
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Would you characterize Andrew Jackson as a Tyrant or a Man of the People? Give Examples
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Andrew Jackson was against the Native Americans when he signed the Indian Removal Act, which stated that Jackson could give Native Americans land in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for lands taken from them in the East.
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This started the Trail of Tears, which was in 1838 when the US Army rounded up more than 15,000 Cherokees in camps while settlers burned their homes and farms. Then they started a nightmare journey where men, women, and children, mostly on foot, began a 116-day forced march westward. One out of every four Cherokees died of cold or disease.
Manifest Destiny and the Slavery Issue
“…the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions…”
~ newspaperman John L. O’Sullivan
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Define:
Manifest Destiny: the idea that the U.S. should own the entire continent of U.S. from East to West.
Cession: the giving up of rights.
Annexation: the forcible acquisition of a state's territory by another state
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Explain how the fulfillment of Manifest Destiny increased tensions over slavery.
As Southerners settled out West they wanted to bring their slaves with them and make the area slave territories. However, the abolitionists and Northerners did not want slavery in the West.
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Explain how each of the following attempted to solve the conflict over slavery.
Missouri
Compromise
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Maine – Admitted as a free state
Missouri –Admitted as a slave state
New territories north of the Missouri – Any territory north of the 36 30 line was a free state
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Compromise of 1850
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California – Admitted as a free state
New territories of the SW “popular sovereignty” – the people would decide for themselves
Fugitive Slave Act –this ordered all citizens of the U.S. to assist in the return of enslaved people who had escaped from their owners.
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act
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Popular Sovereignty – the people will decide on the issue of slavery in their territory.
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Explain how the following led to the Civil War
Bleeding Kansas
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John Brown’s Raids
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Dred Scott Decision
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A group of Southerners with a proslavery federal marshal looted newspaper offices and homes in Kentucky, a center of anti-slavery.
This stirred up a swift response from John Brown
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Brown was a stern evangelical, who brought a group of people to a proslavery settlement. He roused 5 men from their beds, dragged them from their homes and killed them.
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Dred Scott v. Sandford was a ruling on the question of slavery. It said that no African Americans, slave or free, were citizens, and therefore, they were not entitled to protection from the Constitution. The ruling also held that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because Congress could not deprive the people their right to property. (In other words, it overturned the Missouri Compromise) Sectional conflict increased as a result of these decisions because it denied Congress the power to regulate slavery in the territories.
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What was the immediate response by the Southern States to Abraham Lincoln winning the Election of 1860?
The immediate response by the South was to secede from the Union.
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Why did the Southern states respond this way?
They responded this way because Lincoln was a northerner and they believed he would outlaw slavery.
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Define: Secession – to withdraw from the Union
Abolition Movement
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Explain how the following abolitionists attempted to end slavery.
William Lloyd Garrison
“The Liberator”
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Frederick Douglass
“What to the American slave is your 4th of July
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Harriet Tubman
“The Underground Railroad”
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Sojourner Truth
“Ain’t I a Woman?”
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Wrote an anti-slavery newspaper. He spoke out against slavery and for the rights of America's black inhabitants. He had a reputation for being one of the most radical abolitionists and advocated the immediate emancipation of all slaves
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A former slave who learned to read and write. He escaped slavery and spoke at abolitionist meetings. He went to Ireland & Britain to avoid capture and continued to speak there. His followers there paid for his freedom. He was the most famous black man who used his status to influence the role of African Americans in the country. He also supported women’s suffrage.
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She was an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and during the American Civil War, a Union spy. She is one of the most well-known conductors of the Underground Railroad. She helped slaves escape through a network of abolitionists.
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She was an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist, who was born into slavery, but escaped.
Sojourner is best known for her speech on racial inequalities, "Ain't I a Woman?" delivered at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in 1851.
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Explain the importance of the book ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’.
Uncle Tom's Cabin is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War." It show the harsh realities that slaves had to endure.
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How did the abolition movement inspire the women’s suffrage movement?
Many male abolitionists did not like that women would take part in the public and believed they should use their influence only within their families. This caused women to fight for abolitionist rights as well as their own.
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Explain the purpose of The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, which was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.
This was the first women’s rights convention in U.S. history. Stanton presented her Declaration of Sentiments which echoed the language of the Declaration of Independence, at this meeting.
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The Major way that the Declaration of Sentiments differed from the Declaration of Independence was that the word woman was added.
The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
“A House divided against itself cannot stand.”
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Lincoln’s main goal of the Civil War was to unite the Union.
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Explain how Lincoln exercised his power as Commander-in-Chief by suspending Habeas Corpus during the Civil War.
To silence opponents of the war, Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus. This is a legal protection requiring that a court determine if a person is lawfully imprisoned. Without it, people can be held in jail for indefinite periods without even being charged for a crime. The Constitution allows suspension of the writ during a rebellion.
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How did Lincoln use the Emancipation Proclamation as a strategic advantage during the Civil War?
Northerners began to question whether it was enough to simply restore the nation. They wanted the Confederacy punished by freeing the slaves. Originally, he did not feel he had the right to end slavery, but gradually, he came to regard ending slavery as one more strategy for winning the war.
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What advantages did the South have in the Civil War?
The South was fighting a defensive war, and only had to do enough damage to the invading army that that its troops lost morale. With many mountains and rivers running east-west in the South, the Rebels often were able to set up in defensible positions. The South was defending its home against invaders; therefore, Southern whites felt a greater sense of unity than the Northern population. The best military minds belonged to Southerners. In addition, between fighting the Mexican-American War and knowing how to live off the land, many Southern soldiers were just better equipped with the skills necessary to survive a war of attrition.
Casualties of the Civil War
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Union Troops
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Confederate Troops
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Total Troops
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1,566,678
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1,802,119
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Wounded
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275,175
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194,000
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Died of Wounds
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110,070
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94,000
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Died of Disease
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249,458
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164,000
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List the reasons for such high casualty rates.
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Some call the Civil War the first “modern war” because so many new technologies. Old standbys such as knives, swords, bayonets, older muskets and cannons played a role.
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However, the first widespread use of the Gatling gun, faster-loading rifles with rifling in the barrels, and the new, deadlier ammunition called the min-ball were important advancements. This bullet revolutionized warfare because of its increased range and the havoc it wrecked on the human body.
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Another relatively new technology played an important role in the war: the modern railway. The railroad made it easier and quicker to get supplies and food to the troops as well as transporting the troops to locations quickly.
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Finally, camps were unsanitary and water was polluted. Epidemics of contagious diseases, such as mumps and measles swept through camps. Prison camps in the South were overcrowded and prisoners died from starvation and exposure.
VII The Reconstructed Nation
Key People:
Andrew Johnson
Rutherford B. Hayes
Ulysses S. Grant
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This is your life_______________________!
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The effort to rebuild the southern states and restore the Union was known as Reconstruction, a period that lasted from 1865 to 1877. It required the building of the economy as well as it’s government.
“With Malice Toward None, With Charity For All…” ~Abraham Lincoln
However…Lincoln’s plans for Reconstruction are cut short by the assassin’s bullet of John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.
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List the details for each plan for Reconstruction.
Presidential Plan (Lincoln and Johnson)
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Congressional Plan led by Radical Republicans
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Amendments – 13th Amendment – ended slavery
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Amendments – 14th & 15th Amendments – Rights of Citizens, Right to Voted
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Amnesty- He wanted to pardon any Confederate who would take an oath of allegiance to the Union and accept federal policy on slavery
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Amnesty – They felt there should be a total restructuring of society to guarantee black people true equality.
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10% Plan – If 10% of the people in a state swore their allegiance to the Union, they could rejoin.
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Military Districts – wanted to put the South under military rule, dividing it into five districts, each governed by a Northern general.
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Treatment of freed slaves – did not give voting rights to black Americans
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Freedman’s Bureau – Congress created this to help black southerners adjust to freedom. It gave out clothing, medical supplies, meals, and a formal education in bureau schools.
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The competing plans of Andrew Johnson and Congress eventually led to the impeachment of the president. Even the House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson, the Senate and Radical Republicans who supported Johnson’s conviction failed to convict him by only one vote!
Carpetbagger – Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South
Scalawags – Southern whites who supported Reconstruction
Some Major changes were made to the Constitution too and Northerners found another way to get revenge on the South…
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Explain the purpose of each of the following Amendments.
13th Amendment
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14th Amendment
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15th Amendment
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To ban all slavery or involuntary servitude.
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All citizens of the U.S. can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process
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The right to vote no matter your Race, color, Servitude
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“Actions speak louder than words” the government could pass all the amendments to the Constitution that they wanted, but the whites in the South would find a way to take control.
White Control of the South
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↓
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↓
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↓
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↓
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↓
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Black Codes
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Secret Societies
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Poll Taxes
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Literacy Tests
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Grandfather Clauses
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Jim Crow Laws
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Laws that restricted Freedman’s rights
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Groups that excluded people. Ex: Ku Klux Klan
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Special fee that must be paid before a person can vote
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Voters had to demonstrate minimum standards of knowledge by passing tests specifically designed to keep African Americans out
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Exempts a group of people from obeying a law provided they met a certain condition before the law was passed.
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Laws that segregated public services by race beginning in the 1890s
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Reconstruction officially ended when Rutherford B. Hayes ran against Samuel J. Tilden in the presidential election of 1876. Hayes received fewer popular and electoral votes than Tilden but became president after the Compromise of 1877. The Democrats agreed to let Hayes become president in exchange for a complete withdrawal of federal troops from the South. Republicans agreed, and shortly after Hayes was sworn in as president, he ordered the remaining federal troops to withdraw.
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What power gave Hayes the right to remove federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction? Commander and Chief of the armed services.
VII The Rise of American Business and Industry
Key People:
Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller
Charles Darwin Terrance Powderly
Horatio Alger Adam Smith
J.P. Morgan
Samuel Gompers
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This is Your Life_________________________________!
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Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?
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Explain how the following led to the rise of Industry
Social Darwinism –Darwin’s theory of natural selection, that society should do as little as possible to interfere with people’s pursuit of success. This allowed monopolies to grow.
Increase in immigration – As more immigrants came into the country, business were able to pay lower salaries
Laissez Faire – A government policy of not interfering in private business. The government did not regulate businesses and this led to the growth of monopolies
Monopolies – Complete control of a product or service. Since governments did not regulate business, companies were able to gain complete control easily.
Trusts – A group of separate companies placed under the control of a single managing board. Since governments did not regulate business, companies were able to gain complete control easily.
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What did Andrew Carnegie preach with his “Gospel of Wealth?”
Carnegie proposed that the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to redistribute their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner
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Did this make him a Robber Baron or a Captain of Industry?
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