Us history & Government Study Guide
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“Actions speak louder than words” the government could pass all the amendments to the Constitution that they wanted, but the whites in the South would find a way to take control.
Reconstruction officially ended when Rutherford B. Hayes ran against Samuel J. Tilden in the presidential election of 1876. Hayes received fewer popular and electoral votes than Tilden but became president after the Compromise of 1877. The Democrats agreed to let Hayes become president in exchange for a complete withdrawal of federal troops from the South. Republicans agreed, and shortly after Hayes was sworn in as president, he ordered the remaining federal troops to withdraw. What power gave Hayes the right to remove federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction? Commander and Chief of the armed services.
Robber Barons or Captains of Industry? Explain how the following led to the rise of Industry Social Darwinism –Darwin’s theory of natural selection, that society should do as little as possible to interfere with people’s pursuit of success. This allowed monopolies to grow. Increase in immigration – As more immigrants came into the country, business were able to pay lower salaries Laissez Faire – A government policy of not interfering in private business. The government did not regulate businesses and this led to the growth of monopolies Monopolies – Complete control of a product or service. Since governments did not regulate business, companies were able to gain complete control easily. Trusts – A group of separate companies placed under the control of a single managing board. Since governments did not regulate business, companies were able to gain complete control easily. What did Andrew Carnegie preach with his “Gospel of Wealth?” Carnegie proposed that the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to redistribute their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner Did this make him a Robber Baron or a Captain of Industry? The Beginning of the Labor Movement Complete the chart on the early labor unions.
Collective bargaining often did not work for labor unions. Therefore, they had to strike. But all strikes ended the same way: the Great Railway Strike (1877), the Haymarket Riot (1886), the Homestead Strike (1892), the Pullman Strike (1894) and the Lawrence Textile Strike (1912) What was the general outcome of these strikes? Strikes became very violent and usually troops had to be sent in to repress labor unrest. A new and violent era in labor relations had begun. Reactions to Immigration
Explain how this cartoon expressed the views of the Nativists. The wall is keeping the Chinese out of America. This shows that the nativists are limiting the number of Chinese into America because they don’t want them here. What was the main economic reason why Nativists wanted to restrict Asian immigration? Chinese emigrated, occupied jobs, and created competition on the job market. What role did the California Gold Rush of 1849 play in the attitude toward Asian immigrants? The Chinese flocked to America in search of opportunities fleeing from their collapsing empire for economic reasons. The Gold Rush happened during a period of poverty in China, which both pushed and pulled the Chinese to emigrate. In California, the Chinese newcomers soon became an exploited work force, especially since they were predominantly male, but the wages they received in the burgeoning 1850's economy were still "considerably higher than they could earn at home. During the financially unstable 1870's, the Chinese became an ideal scapegoat: they were strangers, wore queues, kept to their own kind, and were very productive Emergency Quota Act 1921 and National Origins Act 1924
These immigration acts attempted to restrict immigrants from? Southern and Eastern Europe Besides the threat to American jobs, these immigrants were targeted because… Many Americans believed that people from foreign countries could never be fully loyal to the U.S. They were often blamed for problems of cities, such as slums and corruption Closing the West In 1890, the US government announced that the West was CLOSED! The Closing of the west led to some interesting dilemmas. If we could no longer push the Native Americans to the West, what would we do with them? Indian Schools—it was believed that Native Americans needed to be “civilized”. Missionaries set up schools on the reservations where Indians were forced to learn the white man’s ways and forbid to practice their own religion. Dawes Act—to break Native American traditions, some thought that Native Americans should farm their own land. In a887 separate plots of land were given to each Native American family headed by a male. However, much of the land was not suitable for farming, and the Native Americans were not interested in and had no experience in agriculture, so they sold their land. List and explain the positive and negative aspects of railroad expansion. Building of the transcontinental railroad—the government gave loans and land grants to private companies to build the railroad.
With all this land for “Americans,” people headed west to take advantage of the Homestead Act which encouraged settlement by offering 160 acres of land in exchange for the people had to build a house and live on it for at least 6 months of the year, and they had to farm the land actively for five years before they could claim ownership. In response to unfair treatment of the railroads and other economic problems, farmers began to organize themselves. These groups became known as The Grange and soon became politically influential. It was important for farmers to unit because by themselves they were paying high prices for supplies and to move their products to market. Under The Grange they formed cooperatives that helped save money by buying goods in large quantities, and it pressured state legislators to regulate the businesses on which farmers depend. The farmers jointed with laborers and organized the Populist Party. The party supported the public ownership of the railroads and telegraph systems. It also supported the free and unlimited coinage of silver, the abolition of national banks, secret ballot, the 8-hour work day, restrictions on immigration, and the direct election of United States Senators. The candidate won more than 1 million votes. Why do Third parties form? Third parties form because some groups are not represented by the two party system. In starting their own party, they can make others aware of their needs and demands.
A Muckraker is: Journalists who alerted the public to wrongdoing in politics and business.
Political reforms:
Explain how, as a group, the above reforms affected voters. It allowed voters to have more say in their government and remove anyone they felt was not doing what they were supposed to be doing. Muckrakers were part of a larger PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT. The goal of the movement was to Demand change and reforms that would promote legislature to address the issues of poverty, housing and working conditions. The first Progressive President was Teddy Roosevelt. Legislation continued to be passed by the following two presidents Taft and Wilson
Why was Teddy Roosevelt known as a ‘Trust Buster’? By the end of his second term Roosevelt had filed 42 antitrust actions. He forced companies to be broken up or reorganized. He did not wish to destroy trusts that he deemed good, or not harmful to the public, but he believed they should be supervised or controlled. The 19th Amendment
Explain how the Federal Reserve is able to control the economy.
Roots of the Civil Rights Movement
In the late 1800s and 1900s, American expansion was in many ways, a resumption of the expansionist drive that had been halted by the Civil War. Factors that Contributed to advancement were: Explain how each of the following allowed for American expansion and imperialism.
Explain the ultimatum the Commodore Perry and the US gave to Japan in 1853. He sailed into Tokyo Bay and convinced Japan to open trade relations with the U.S. What was the US hoping to achieve with the Open Door Policy in China? They were hoping for economic and political control. They would have access to China’s millions of consumers. In 1893, the U.S. supported a revolution in Hawaii to overthrow Queen Lili’uokalani. This revolution was led by a small group of mostly white American businessmen. Why should the U.S. support the acquisition of Hawaii? United States supported the acquisition because it had business interests in Hawaii. But most importantly, Pearl Harbor was an important fueling and repair station for naval vessels. Explain how each of the following led to the Spanish-American War in 1899. Spanish treatment of the Cuban people—Cuban rebels were tired of the treatment. They tried to rebel. Spain sent 150,000 troops to put down the rebellion. Hundreds of thousands of Cubans were put into guarded camps. The prisoners, including women, children, and elderly, lived in miserable conditions with little food or sanitation. Over two years, disease and starvation killed an estimated 200,000 Cubans. Yellow Journalism—publishers sensationalized news coverage to sell more paper. Hearst used this tactic to take advantage of horrifying stories coming out o Cuba. This strengthened American sympathy for the Cuban Rebels Sinking of the Maine—The U.S.S. Maine was moved into the harbor of Havana, Cuba during a rebellion to protect American citizens and property. On February 15, 1898 an explosion sank the USS Maine killing more than 250 American sailors. Even though the blast was probably caused by a fire that set off ammunition, enraged Americans blamed the Spanish. Teddy Roosevelt and Latin America Explain the “Big Stick” Policy. His philosophy was to "speak softly, and carry a big stick." It was the idea of negotiating peacefully, simultaneously threatening with the "big stick", or the military. Explain the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The U.S. would act as international police to promote stability in Latin America. It aimed to prevent European interference in the weak and unstable governments of the region. Why did America Feel that it was necessary to control the Panama Canal? American businesses wanted to ship goods quickly and cheaply between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Completed in 1914, the Panama Canal symbolized U.S. technological prowess and economic power. Based on the map to the left, what is one statement you can make about America’s policy toward Latin America? America had many troops located throughout Latin America. It was imperialistic towards Latin America and wanted European countries to stay out of Latin America. Define: Dollar Diplomacy— a foreign policy that encourages and protects capital investment and commercial and financial involvement abroad. World War I Under President Woodrow Wilson, the United States originally followed George Washington’s advice and followed a policy of Neutrality toward World War I. This would soon change, however… Explain how the following lead to American declaring war against Germany in 1917. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare—1917 Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare, where they begin to sink any ship on sight—even American ships because they were sending supplies to Europe. Freedom of the Seas— can sail whenever you want in the world—Germany violated this. Sinking of the Lusitania—On May 7, 1915 Germany sank the Lusitania, a British passenger liner. One hundred twenty eight Americans were on board, and this caused the press to go wild. President Wilson tried to get Germany to stop, but they wouldn’t. This is one of the reasons the U.S. entered the war Zimmerman Telegram—Germany’s foreign secretary made as secret offer to Mexico to be allies with them. Although President Woodrow Wilson did not take this seriously, it edged the U.S. closer to war. Wartime Constitutional Issues: Espionage & Sedition Acts –These laws made it illegal to interfere with the draft and illegal to obstruct the sale of Liberty Bonds or to discuss anything “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive” about the American form of government. Schenck v. U.S.—‘Clear and Present Danger’—yelling fire in a crowded theater The Red Scare—an intense fear of communism and other extreme ideas. Americans called for known Communists to be jailed or driven out of the country. Woodrow Wilson and the League of Nations President Wilson presented a plan for peace known as the Fourteen Points with the League of Nations as the key to this plan. Congress however was reluctant to support Wilson’s plan, especially the League of Nations. Some Saw the League of Nations as dangerous because being allies with other countries would draw us into further conflicts. As a result, the U.S. Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations and once again returned to my original foreign policy of Neutrality.
Following the shock and brutality of the war, Americans looked to isolate themselves from the problems in Europe and Asia and to focus on their own prosperity. President Warren G. Harding – “A Return to Normalcy”
Return to laissez-faire government Isolation: the less we are involved in foreign affairs the better Strict limits on immigration By 1930, 2/3 of all American households had electricity and ½ had telephones. As more and more of America’s homes received electricity, new appliances such as refrigerators, Washington machines, vacuum cleaners, and toasters. Henry Ford Invents the America’s first affordable car Being one of the most significant inventions of the 1920s, the automobile drastically changed the lives of Americans for the better.
Explain the impact the automobile had on the United States
African Americans Due to the restrictions placed on African Americans in the early 1900’s, economic opportunities opened up in Northern cities for African Americans living in the rural south. A mass migration of African Americans to the northern cities began. Harlem Renaissance
What are common themes in his poems? Justice, freedom Prohibition The 18th Amendment to the constitution outlawed alcohol. It went into effect in January 1920. Enforcement of the Prohibition amendment was difficult because drinking was a custom ingrained in the fabric of social life. Bootlegging—suppliers of illegal alcohol Organized Crime—efficient criminal organizations that controlled the distribution of alcohol. After years of failed attempts to enforce the Prohibition Laws, the Eighteenth Amendment was repealed by the adaption of the 21st Amendment. The new amendment went into effect in December 1933. Scopes Trial—Tennessee, 1925 Evolution vs. Creation A 24-year-old science teacher named John Scopes decided to teach the theory of evolution. However, the Butler Law made it illegal to teach evolution in Tennessee. The issue went to trial. William Jennings Bryan acted as special prosecutor. The judge did not allow any scientists to testify and public sentiment in the Bible Belt was against Scopes. The famous lawyer Clarence Darrow eloquently defended Scopes. In the end, Scopes was found guilty, but Scopes’ conviction was overturned on a technicality.
Conservative vs. Progressive Rural vs. Urban Religion vs. Science
Explain how each of the following helped to lead to the Great Depression.
The Fuel was there but the spark that set off the Great Depression was the Stock Market Crash of 1929! President Herbert Hoover proposed countering the economic collapse with Trickle Down economics (also known as Supply Side Economics and later as Reaganomics under Ronald Reagan.) The idea of Trickle Down Economics is to Give tax breaks to business and upper class ↓ They Then produce more, spend more and create jobs ↓ People are hired and have $$$ to spend A major criticism of Trickle Down Economics and Herbert Hoover at the start of the Great Depression was that it did nothing to help the poor people. Hoover did not do anything to help the people, because he felt that the market would recover on its own and that the businesses would help the economy recover. The inaction of President Herbert Hoover resulted in Hoovervilles and the Bonus Army. Explain what each was.
Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal Under the New Deal Program, FDR vowed to turn around the economy by:
A major change was in the relationship between Labor and Government. Congress passed pro-labor legislation that gave more power and protection to unions. This law was known as the Wagoner Act. FDR ran into opposition when the Supreme Court began to declare some New Deal programs unconstitutional. FDR’s plan to overcome this obstacle was to add more Supreme Court Justices to the Supreme Court, and then he would be able to control the Supreme Court. Even though FDR was popular, most people felt he overextended his powers and this idea was shot down. World War II Explain US foreign policy regarding the following: Neutrality Acts (1930’s) – These laws declared that the U.S. would withhold weapons and loans from all nations at war. Cash and Carry – nonmilitary goods sold to nations at war needed to be paid for in cash and transported by the purchaser. Lend Lease - Congress allowed Roosevelt to supply Britain with military goods on credit. Explain what FDR meant by referring to the US as ‘The Arsenal of Democracy’? He meant that the U.S. was supplying military goods to people in Europe because he believed it was necessary to help any nation whose defense was vital to America’s security and democracy. America’s policy moved from neutrality to eventually war with the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii “December 7, 1941. A date which will live in infamy!” ~FDR Explain the sacrifices that Americans on the Home front were asked to make during World War II.
Explain how Japanese Americans were affected by World War II. During WWII people were afraid that Japanese Americans would engage in war against the US. FDR signed executive order 9066, this law required that Japanese American to go to internment camps. What Supreme Court case arose from this situation? Korematsu v. United States (1944) Fred Korematsu sued saying his 14th amendment rights had been violated. The Supreme Court said during times of war the president and Congress had the right to deny certain groups their constitutional rights to help protect national security The secret Manhattan Project worked on developing an atomic bomb during the war. With Japan reluctant to surrender, President Harry S. Truman made the decision to bomb Japan. On August 6 and 9, 1945 an atomic bomb was dropped on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
How did the Nuremberg Trials set a precedent for world leaders? The trial placed 24 leading Nazis on trial for crimes against humanity. Twelve of them received a death sentence. Most significantly is that the trials established an important principle—the idea that individuals were responsible for their own actions. Define: Containment This policy recognized the possibility that Eastern Europe was already lost to communism. It called for the United States to resist Soviet attempts to form Communist governments elsewhere in the world. Explain how the following attempted to contain Communism:
In addition, the United States helped to establish NATO (North American Treaty Organization) which was an alliance of Democratic nations. (This was collective self-defense, for an attack on one of these nations would be perceived as an attack on all NATO member nations) Anyone who attacked a NATO country would The Soviet Union responded by forming the Warsaw Pact. Senator Joe McCarthy: Many Americans feared the spread of communism (Red Scare). McCarthy was on a committee to investigate communism. He was feared because he had a list of people he claimed were known communists. The accusations became like a witch hunt and he had to be stopped. Explain how the following impacted the lives of Americans during the Red Scare of the 1950’s.
“Eisenhower Prosperity” Explain how the following affected American Society GI Bill – Low-interest mortgages given to returning World War II Servicemen to purchase their new homes. Baby Boom – Births rates soared during World War II and continued because many people were working and making a better living than ever before. Levittown – New communities built in the suburbs, pioneering mass-production techniques to cater to the demand for housing. Interstate Highway Act – Provided $26 billion to build an interstate highway system more than 40,000 miles long. (1956).
Explain how each of the following was a step toward achieving civil rights. They were all peaceful protests that got the international attention. Explain how the Civil Right Act attempted to outlaw discrimination. By making it illegal, anyone discriminating would have to pay the consequences themselves.
This successful civil rights reform movement inspired other groups to follow similar tactics in order to achieve similar results.
For Each modern President, write a brief summary of their programs, or event John Kennedy’s Presidency (1961-1963) Kennedy and the New Frontier: Space Program: In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, a satellite into orbit around the earth. Soon after, the United States Congress created the National Aeronautical and Space Administration, or NASA to develop American space technology. This created the Space Race during the Cold War. Peace Corps: Program that would send volunteers abroad as educators, health workers, and technicians to help developing nations around the world (community service abroad). Kennedy and the Cold War: Bay of Pigs: Fidel Castro (communist) had come to power. On April 1961 the U.S. started an air strike and sent people in to overthrow the government (Castro). It was unsuccessful and a complete failure. Cuban Missile Crisis: The Soviet Union was building missile bases on Cuban soil. Kennedy put a naval quarantine on Cuba. The Soviets agreed to pull back and stop building missiles if America ended the quarantine and stayed out of Cuba. “And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” ~ Kennedy How does the quote reflect Kennedy’s goals as President? Kennedy wanted people to be supportive of the government and help one another. Lyndon Johnson’s Presidency (1963-1968): Johnson hoped to carry on all of JFK’s plans for the nation Johnson and the Great Society Under President Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s, the welfare programs of FDR were greatly expanded. It was during this expansion that created the modern American welfare state. Goal of the Great Society Programs: Economic Opportunity Act: works to ensure fair treatment and hiring for minorities and women. The act proved to be one of the single greatest steps forward in the struggle for civil rights and equality in the 20th century. Head start: Provided poor, disabled, and minority kids with extra academic assistance through pre-school in order to ensure educational success. Job Corps: Provided training for poor, minority inner-city youth in order to cultivate job skills. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): Established to oversee the nation’s housing needs and to develop and rehabilitate urban communities. HUD also provided money for rent supplements and low-income housing. Johnson and Vietnam
Richard Nixon’s Presidency (1969 – 1974) Explain why each of the following was either a success or failure for Richard Nixon.
The Legacy of Vietnam How did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution lead to the passage of the War Powers Act? Johnson had too much power in involving the U.S. in the Vietnam war. Jimmy Carter’s Presidency (1977 – 1981) Triumph and Failure in the Middle East
Ronald Reagan’s Presidency (1981 – 1989) Economic Policy—Supply Side Economics: Focused on the supply of goods instead of the demand for goods. It predicted that cutting taxes would put more money into the hands of businesses and investors. The theory assumed that businesses would then hire more people and produce more goods and services, making the economy grow faster. Encouraging business leaders to invest would create and promote greater national economic abundance and prosperity would “trickle down” to the lower levels of the economy. Iran-Contra Affair: Reagan sold weapons to Iran and gave the profits to the Contras. Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI): “Star Wars” – A satellite shield in space to intercept and destroy incoming Soviet Missiles. What was the purpose of Reagan’s SDI? He wanted to strengthen both the conventional military forces and nuclear arsenal to be strong than the “evil empire,” Soviet Union. How did it help to bring an end to the Cold War? Since the Americans developed a system to eliminate the missiles, the Soviets weren’t a threat. In addition, the amount of money Regan spent made it impossible for the Soviet’s to keep up with the Americans. George H.W. Bush (1989 – 1993) Operation Desert Storm – Persian Gulf War Causes – Iraq lead by Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. He justified it by citing centuries-old territorial claims. He really wanted Kuwait’s oil wealth. It would yield riches and stir up patriotic support. Results—UN forces with the help of the U.S. forces liberated Kuwait. George Bush – “READ MY LIPS! NO NEEW TAXES!” This was the real undoing of his serving a second term. There was a recession that started in the Reagan years. Unemployment climbed again. The job rate reached 7 percent. Bush countered by slowing spending for social programs and finally agreeing to include new taxes. This broke his campaign promise and led to public fury. Bill Clinton (1993 – 2000) Economic Success: Clinton took over during an economic slump, but soon managed to climb out due to increased free trade through NAFTA and the bull markets of the 1990's caused in part by the startup of hundreds of .com businesses. The economy took an upturn due in part to many companies starting a business on the internet. NAFTA: North American Free Trade Association - Free trade expanded with the passage of NAFTA. It was created by the United States, Mexico, and Canada in 1993. Its purpose was to provide free trade between the three nations, by eliminating trade barriers like tariffs. Many feared a loss of America jobs as companies moved to Mexico where it is less expensive to do business. Instead, Mexico has faced problems due to the influx of inexpensive American products. Action in Kosovo: Impeachment: Clinton, to a grand jury under oath, denied having sexual relationships with an intern. Afterward, he admitted to having an inappropriate relationship with her and misleading his family and the country. On December 19, 1998, the House voted to impeach Clinton on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice. On February 12, 1999 the Senate voted to acquit Clinton on both charges. What do President Andrew Johnson and President Bill Clinton have in common? They were both impeached. George W. Bush (2001 – 2009) Attack on World Trade Center: On September 11, 2001, 19 militants associated with the Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners and carried out suicide attacks against targets in the United States. Two of the planes were flown into the towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, a third plane hit the Pentagon just outside Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane crashed in a field in Pennsylvania. Often referred to as 9/11, the attacks resulted in extensive death and destruction, triggering major U.S. initiatives to combat terrorism and defining the presidency of George W. Bush. Over 3,000 people were killed during the attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., including more than 400 police officers and firefighters. U.S. Patriot Act: (United and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act). An act signed into law on October 26, 2001 due to the terroristic actions on the World Trade Center. It violates the search and seizure amendment because it allows the government to monitor persons suspected of endangering national security. War in Iraq: We invaded Iraq in 2003 because we thought there were Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs). This was a result of 9/11 and the war on terrorism. Barack Obama (2010 – 2018) Used the government positively/reactively to stabilize the economy. Started Obamacare: affordable health care for families Modern Issues Domestic Issues Health Care Obama care was created to give families without insurance a low cost health care program, since many could not afford it. The fee for insurance is based on income levels. Immigration The first ten years of the 20th century (1901-1910) and the last ten years of the 20th century (1991-2000) have the most influx of immigrants. In the beginning of the century most immigrants came from Europe. Use of Technology The internet has been an integral part of advancements, cultural diffusion, and communication. The advancement in technology has helped the U.S. hone in on terroristic activities. Satellites and drones are useful in locating areas of concern in the Middle East. Alternative Sources of Energy/Protecting the Environment Solar energy, wind power, and nuclear energy are alternate sources of energy. Longer Life Spans/Social Security Due to medical advancements, people are living longer. Because of this the baby boomers are placing a big strain on social security. Foreign Policy 
Terrorism After 9/11, Bush created Homeland Security to try and make sure there are no other acts of terrorism on American soil. Americans have fought in the middle east to try and control terrorism. Works Cited "9/11 Attacks." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 06 June 2015. Cayton, Andrew R. L., Elisabeth Israels. Perry, Linda Reed, and Allan M. Winkler. America: Pathways to the Present. Needham, MA: Prentice Hall, 2000. Print Directory: dmcloughlin -> files -> 2012 2012 -> Us history & Government Study Guide I. Influence of Geography Download 0.49 Mb. Share with your friends:
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