Weak Syllable Deletion
- Description: The omission of a weak (unstressed) syllable that either comes before or after a stressed syllable.
- Examples: "telephone" pronounced as "tefone"
"yellow" pronounced as "yell"
"above" pronounced as "bov"
" tomato" pronounced as "may-toe"
"probably" pronounced as "prob-lee"
"paper" pronounced as "pape"
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Final Consonant Deletion
- Description: This process occurs when a child reduces a syllable by omitting the final consonant of that syllable.
- Examples: "pot" pronounced as "paw"
"bake" pronounced as "bay"
"nice" pronounced as "nie"
"cat" pronounced as "ca"
"coat" pronounced as "koe"
"phone" pronounced as "foe"
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Reduplication
- Description: Reduplication is characterized by the repetition of a syllable. There are two types of reduplication, total reduplication and partial reduplication.
- Examples: "daddy" pronounced as "dada"
"baby" pronounced as "bay-bay"
"movie" pronounced as "moo-moo"
"water" pronounced as "wawa"
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Cluster Reduction
- Description: When a consonant is deleted from a consonant cluster the error is referred to as a cluster reduction. If there are three adjacent consonants in the same syllable, one or two of the consonants may be deleted.
- Examples: "snow" pronounced as "no"
" help" pronounced as "hep"
"play" pronounced as "pay"
"stripe" pronounced as "tripe" or "type" or "ripe"
"green" pronounced as "geen"
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Stopping
- Description: The substitution of a stop for a fricative or an affricate .
- Examples: "sake" pronounced as "take" (fricative replaces a stop)
"zoo" pronounced as "do" (fricative replaces stop)
"Jane" pronounced as "dane" (affricate replaces stop)
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Fronting
- Description: The substitution of a velar consonants and palatal consonants with an alveolar place of articulation .
- Examples: "cat" pronounced as "tat" (velar fronting)
"get" pronounced as "det" (palatal fronting)
"cookie" pronounced as "tootie" (velar fronting)
"match" pronounced as "mat" (palatal fronting)
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Deaffrication
- Description: The substitution of a fricative for an affricate.
- Examples: "chip" pronounced as "ship"
"matches" pronounced as "mashes"
"ledge" pronounced as "lez"
"chalk" pronounced as "shock"
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Gliding
- Description: Replacing the consonants /l/ and /r/ with the consonants /w/ and /j/.
- Examples: "rabbit" pronounced as "wabbit"
"hello" pronounced as "heyo"
"look" pronounced as "wook"
"carrot" pronounced as "cawet"
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Vocalization
- Description: This process is also referred to as "vowelization" because it is the substitution of a vowel for an /l/ or /r/ that follows a vowel. This process is commonly found in words that end in "r" and "el" sounds.
- Examples: "tiger" pronounced as "tie-goo"
"turn" pronounced as "ton"
"third" pronounced as "thud"
"water" pronounced as "wato"
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Labial Assimilation
- Description: The production of a nonlabial phoneme with a labial place of articulation. This happens because there is a labial phoneme elsewhere in the word.
- Examples: "book" pronounced as "buhp"
"mad" pronounced as "mab"
"cap" pronounced as "pap"
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Velar Assimilation
- Description: This process occurs when a phoneme is produced with a velar place of articulation due to the presence of a velar phoneme elsewhere in the word.
- Examples: "cup" pronounced as 'kuk"
"gone" pronounced as "gong"
"take" pronounced as "kake"
"doggy" pronounced as "goggy"
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Alveolar Assimilation
- Description: This process occurs when a phoneme is produced with an alveolar place of articulation due to the presence of an alveolar phoneme elsewhere in the word.
- Examples: "time" pronounced as "tine"
"bat" pronounced as "dat"
"neck" pronounced as "net"
"shut" pronounced as "sut"
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Prevocalic Voicing
- Description: When an unvoiced consonant preceding the vowel of a syllable is voiced, it is called prevocalic voicing.
- Examples: "pig" pronounced as "big"
"cup" pronounced as "gup"
"pear" pronounced as "bear"
"train" pronounced as "drain"
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Devoicing
- Description: When a syllable-final voiced phoneme that precedes a pause or silence between words is unvoiced, it is called devoicing.
- Examples: "bad" pronounced as "bat"
"led" pronounced as "let"
"card" pronounced as "cart"
"flag" pronounced as "flack"
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