1. After four westward voyages to the New World, Christopher Columbus believed that he had
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71. The economic hard times which followed the conclusion of the War of 1812 were largely the
A. unreasonable demands by factory workers B. an influx of immigrant labor C. widespread speculation and easy credit D. excessive government regulation E. European wars 72. Which of the following accurately reflects the population of the United States between 1790 and 1830? A. the population per square mile more than doubled B. the percentage of urban dwellers more than doubled C. the percentage of the nonwhite population grew twice as fast as the white population D. the percentage of females grew much faster than the percentage of males E. the population increased by almost one-third each decade 73. The American system of manufacturing was unique in the worldwide Industrial Revolution
A. whole families working together in the mills B. water power to run the machines C. precision machinery and interchangeable parts D. original textile machine designs E. the putting-our system 74. America's first popular fictional hero, Natty Bumpo, emerged during the 1820s in the works of A. Laura Ingalls Wilder B. Louisa May Alcott C. Nathaniel Hawthorne D. James Fenimore Cooper E. Edgar Allen Poe 75. Between 1800 and 1820, the land policy of the United States government A. made in increasingly easy for ordinary people to buy western land B. made it increasingly difficult for ordinary people to buy western land C. halted the sale of western land to ordinary people D. distributed western land without cost to ordinary people E. returned most of the western land to Native American tribes 76. During the first decade of the 19th Century, two Shawnee leaders, Tecumseh and the Prophet,
A. were acting as agents of the British government B. were eager to avenge the Shawnee loss at Fallen Timbers C. tried to establish an Indian confederacy as a barrier against white expansion into the area south of the Great Lakes D. engaged in a reign of terror on the frontier E. were unwilling to meet American political leaders 77. Which of the following men became a national hero as a result of the Battle of New Orleans in 1814? A. William Henry Harrison B. Abraham Lincoln C. Andrew Johnson D. Stonewall Jackson E. Andrew Jackson 78. In 1808, the status of slavery was changed significantly when A. slavery was abolished B. the importation of slaves was ended C. the American Colonization Society was founded D. the Virginia legislature debated whether to end slavery in the state E. William Lloyd Garrison founded The Liberator 79. For his part in developing an educated and enlightened citizenry, Noah Webster created A. the nation's first geography text B. a simplified and Americanized system of spelling C. the nation's first fictional hero in Natty Bumpo D. nationalistic poetry E. the first academy 80. One index of the nation's economy during the period from 1800-1860 was that per capita income A. doubled and the price of goods fell B. remained constant and the price of goods remained constant C. fell and the price of goods fell D. fell and the price of good increased E. doubled and the price of goods rose sharply 81. In Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1837), the Supreme Court influenced the direction of the economy by ruling that A. mercantilism was the right economic philosophy for the nation B. the implied privileges of old charters were valid C. one bridge was sufficient for traffic over the Charles River D. the charter of the Boston Associates was valid E. new enterprises could not be restrained by old charters 82. Between 1815 and 1860, almost three-quarters of the money invested in canals was supplied by A. private investors B. state governments C. the federal government D. foreign investors E. corporations 83. The most important industry in the nation during the two decades before the Civil War was A. railroad construction B. textile manufacturing C. steel manufacturing D. shoe manufacturing E. ship building 84. During the antebellum period, settlers used all of the following trails to the West EXCEPT the A. Goodnight-Loving Trail B. Oregon Trail C. Mormon Trail D. Santa Fe Trail E. Spanish Trail 85. By 1850, free African-Americans generally A. had higher status than white yeoman farmers B. were descendants of slaves emancipated in the 1780s and 1790s C. owned their own land D. had the right to vote E. lived in the Lower South states of Louisiana and Arkansas 86. The status of slavery was influenced profoundly in 1832 when the state of Virginia A. put down the Gabriel Prosser slave rebellion B. debated the abolition of slavery C. instituted a program of gradual emancipation D. abolished property qualifications for office E. established the death penalty for owners who murdered slaves 87. In an attempt to make the governments of southern states more responsive to the interests of yeoman farmers, reformers instituted all of the following EXCEPT A. the adoption of white manhood suffrage B. the popular election of governors C. gradual emancipation of all slaves D. legislative apportionment based on the white population only E. locally chosen county officials 88. From 1830 to 1860, the percentage of white southern families owning slaves A. rose sharply B. declined steadily C. remained the same D. declined sharply then rose slowly E. rose slowly then dropped sharply 89. Between 1800 and 1860, the region with the fastest growing urban population was A. New England B. the Middle Atlantic states C. the Southwest D. the Southeast E. the West Coast 90. One of the major reasons for the persistent mass violence in the 1830s and 1840s was A. competition among rival football clubs B. electoral contests between Republicans and Democrats C. social and economic tensions in society D. pursuit by the government of a pro-British foreign policy E. the agitation of foreign governments 91. In Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville described the growth of an aristocracy in the United States based on A. slave ownership B. industrial wealth C. morality D. family inheritance E. government contracts 92. During the first thirty years of the 19th Century, which of the following occupations employed
A. government clerk B. secretary C. coal miner D. textile mill worker E. foreign language interpreter 93. Between 1820 and 1860, the largest number of immigrants to the United States migrated from A. England B. the German states C. Ireland D. the West Indies E. Mexico 94. One reason why German immigrants in the early 19th Century were accepted more readily than
A. many Germans were middle class B. they settled largely in major cities C. their customs were similar to those of most Americans D. most Germans were English speakers E. most were Protestants 95. Of the "Five Civilized Tribes" forced to move west in the 1830s, the tribe which resisted
A. Choctaws B. Chickasaws C. Cherokees D. Creeks E. Seminoles 96. In 1837, Mary Lyon established the first college for women called A. Oberlin College B. The Troy (New York) Female Seminary C. Mt. Holyoke Seminary E. Bryn Mawr College 97. The American Female Moral Reform Society led an important crusade in the 1830s to A. imprison female prostitutes B. lobby for actions against men who led women into prostitution C. advocate temperance among women D. promote the use of birth control devices E. build penitentiaries for women only 98. The American Renaissance is a phenomenon best described as A. political B. musical C. literary D. psychological E. economic 99. "I am in earnest I will not equivocate I will not excuse I will not retreat a single inch and I will be heard." The above quotation expresses the sentiment of which group interested in the subject of slavery? A. gradual abolitionists B. immediate abolitionists C. "back to Africa" advocates D. segregationists E. pro-slavery advocates 100. The journalist, John O'Sullivan is most closely associated with which early 19th Century movement? A. the Second Great Awakening B. environmentalism C. nativism D. Manifest Destiny E. democracy 101. In the disputed election of 1824, all of the following were candidates for the presidency EXCEPT A. Andrew Jackson B. John Quincy Adams C. Henry Clay D. William H. Crawford E. Daniel Webster 102. One reason that the annexation of Texas became a complicated political issue was that A. American presidents were generally opposed to annexing Texas B. Texans generally did not want to merge with the United States C. abolitionists opposed adding another slave state D. abolitionists urged that Alaska enter the union as a free state is Texas entered as a slave state E. Texas was entirely south of the Missouri Compromise line 103. Which of the following arguments were used by opponents against the Second Bank of the
I. it did not distribute tax money throughout the nation II. it checked the growth of local banks III. it had too much power IV. it was unresponsive to financial crises V. it was undemocratic A. I and II only B. I and IV only C. I, II, and III only D. I, II, III, and IV only E. I, II, III, IV, and V 104. When abolitionists warned the nation about the "Slave Power," they referred to a group of A. wealthy plantation owners who dominated the southern branch of the Republican Party B. British and American cotton traders who dominated American foreign policy C. international slave merchants who controlled the flow of slaves to the United States D. southern slave holders intent on controlling the nation E. entrepreneurs interested only in expanding slavery into Latin America 105. Members of the Free Soil party were devoted to A. popular sovereignty B. the Missouri Compromise C. secrecy D. the principle of giving western lands to freed slaves E. keeping slavery out of the territories 106. In the Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo which ended the war with Mexico, the United States agreed to which of the following? A. land would be acquired through the Gadsden Purchase B. the Nueces River would be recognized as the southern boundary of Texas C. an international commission would settle the claims of Americans against Mexico D. the United States would pay Mexico $15 million E. slavery would be abolished in the new territories 107. The idea of popular sovereignty was based on the assumption that A. the Constitution clearly explained how new territories would be organized B. the residents of a territory should determine the status of slavery C. Congress should determine who could vote in a territory D. the Supreme Court should organize elections in the territories E. the president should decide how new territories would be organized 108. Which of the following was a feature of the Compromise of 1850? A. the status of slavery in California would be determined by popular sovereignty B. Utah Territory would be a slave state C. slavery would be permitted north of the 36o 30' line D. a new fugitive slave act was passed by Congress E. slavery was prohibited in Washington, D. C. 109. The Kansas-Nebraska Act profoundly influenced the national discussion of slavery by A. prohibiting slavery in the territories B. formally repealing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 C. declaring slavery legal in all territories D. insisting that all questions regarding slavery be resolved in Congress E. challenging the Northwest Ordinance 110. In 1860, the Republican Party attracted large numbers of voters from all of the following
A. Whigs
B. Free-Soilers C. members of the Liberty Party D. Southern Democrats E. Know-Nothings 111. John Brown first came to the attention of the American public when he A. tried to organize an army to free slaves in western Virginia B. assisted runaway slaves in Boston C. murdered pro-slavery settlers in Kansas D. was featured in a popular song E. published a radical abolitionist tract 112. All of the following are accurate statements about the Dred Scott Supreme court decision of 1857 EXCEPT A. Dred Scott could not sue his owner B. Dred Scott was not considered a citizen of the United States C. residence in a free territory did not make Dred Scott a free man D. Congress lacked the power to bar slavery from a territory E. no precedent existed which allowed the federal government to regulate slavery in a territory 113. When Stephen Douglas proposed the Freeport Doctrine during the debates with Abraham
A. win the Democratic nomination for the U. S. Senate B. revive the idea of popular sovereignty C. win the support of his Kansas constituents D. support John Brown's position on slavery E. demonstrate that he was a Free-Soiler 114. The Financial Crash of 1857 was particularly damaging to A. southern cotton growers B. western gold miners C. northern grain producers D. the railroad industry E. the New England fishing business 115. All of the following are accurate statements about the era of the California Gold Rush EXCEPT A. gold mining required little capital investment for most miners B. San Francisco became a major city within two years after the Gold Rush C. the Gold Rush encouraged investment in agricultural production D. many ex-miners remained in California as general laborers E. the environment was unaffected by mining 116. The migration of Americans to the west coast between 1848 and 1850 affected the pattern of
A. reinforcing the place of Oregon as a final point of destination for most westward migrants B. changing the final point of destination for most migrants from Oregon to California C. reinforcing the centrality of the Oregon Trail in East-West communications D. emphasizing the importance of Oregon's congressional delegation E. attracting thousands of Russian immigrants 117. "Rise, sisters of temperance! we must not delay
In the above quotation for 1855, the "Maine Law" refers to a law affecting A. the abolition of slavery B. legal protection of women's property C. sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages D. religious revivalism E. immigration restriction 118. Which statement accurately reflects the status of manufacturing by 1860? A. the volume of manufactured goods was equal in the Northeast and the Southeast B. manufacturing accounted for one-third of the nation's total production C. steel was the most important industry in the nation D. oil and coal had replaced water as the dominant source of power E. American factories out produced British factories 119. In 1850, Henry Clay and other senators negotiated a compromise which balanced sectional views on all of the following EXCEPT A. the statehood of California B. the importation of slaves into the U. S. C. Texas boundary claims D. fugitive slaves E. the slave trade in Washington, D. C. 120. During the year 1860, all of the following occurred EXCEPT A. the Democratic Party splintered along sectional lines B. Abraham Lincoln was elected president C. the Crittenden Compromise failed D. South Carolina seceded from the Union E. the Supreme Court issued its decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford 121. In 1853, Congress expanded the size of the United States by purchasing land in which area? A. the Northeast B. the Midwest C. the Southwest D. the Southeast E. the Northwest 122. Which of the following women was both a leading abolitionist and an organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in the late 1840s? A. Lucretia Mott B. Sarah Grimke C. Harriet Tubman D. Catherine Beecher E. Louisa May Alcott 123. In 1855, New York established Castle Garden as a point of entry for immigrants primarily in order to A. enforce strict laws against immigrants B. protect immigrants from swindlers and con artists C. promote Protestant values D. enroll immigrant children in public schools E. collect fees from industrial agents 124. Which of the following reasons were cited by advocates of slavery as evidence that slavery was a positive good in American society? I. citizens of ancient Greece and Rome owned slaves II. slavery is mentioned in the Old Testament of the Bible III. black slavery elevated the status of poor whites IV. slaves in the South were better off than immigrant workers in the North V. slavery was supported in the Declaration of Independence A. I and II only B. I and III only C. I, II, and III only D. I, II, III, and IV only E. I, II, III, IV, and V 125. By 1860, which of the following aspects of African culture had survived in the South? I. plaiting hair into rows II. wearing kerchiefs as head covering III. belief in spirits IV. use of roots for medicine V. drumming and dancing patterns A. I and II only B. I and III only C. I, II, and III only D. I, II, III, and IV only E. I, II, III, IV, and V 126. Which statement accurately reflects the conditions of antebellum white women in the South? A. they gave birth to proportionately fewer children than Northern women B. the rate at which they gave birth was one-third greater than the national average C. the rate at which they gave birth was more than double the national average D. children of Southern women survived birth at a rate higher than the national average E. Southern women survived births at a rate higher than the national average 127. At the time of the Gold Rush, the richest land in California was owned by A. Russians B. Mexicans C. Texans D. the Catholic Church E. Californios 128. Large scale lumbering during the 1850s denuded millions of acres of forest in A. New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania B. Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut C. Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota D. California, Oregon, and Washington E. Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana 129. The earliest successful blockade of the South by the Union navy during the Civil War was off the
A. Virginia B. Georgia C. the Carolinas D. Florida E. Louisiana 130. During the Civil War, one aspect of the Southern economy was that A. industrialization decreased markedly B. the Confederate government implemented a laissez faire policy toward business C. poverty affected only black families D. inflation was not significant E. many women became heads of households 131. During the Civil War, the United States Congress adopted a policy toward banks designed to A. maintain a laissez faire policy B. support the use of local currencies C. establish a national banking system D. invest federal tax receipts in state banks E. establish gold as the single national currency 132. When President Lincoln first advocated an end to slavery, he recommended all of the following
A. Congressional aid to states which emancipated slaves B. gradual emancipation C. compensation for slave owners D. United States citizenship for the freed slaves E. colonization of freed slaves outside the United States 133. In the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln announced that as of January 1, 1863, he
A. states in rebellion against the United States B. border states between the North and South C. the District of Columbia D. Confederate counties under Union military control E. slave-holding states within the Union 134. At the Hampton Roads Conference of February 1865, President Lincoln A. offered generous terms to the South for a post-war settlement B. threatened to punish the South if it continued to resist C. met secretly with Confederate President Davis D. freed slaves within the states of the Confederacy E. negotiated with the British over the Laird rams 135. The two critical battles of July 1863 which signaled defeat for the Confederacy were A. Vicksburg and Atlanta B. Shiloh and Antietam C. Vicksburg and Gettysburg D. Petersburg and Gettysburg E. Chancellorsville and Gettysburg 136. The central part of President Lincoln's plan for post-war Reconstruction was that A. 10% of those who voted in 1860 must take a loyalty oath B. Confederate leaders should be punished C. Confederate states be given the right to decide the status of slavery D. all Southerners must swear an oath of loyalty E. all Confederate states must accept the 14th Amendment 137. Radical Republicans opposed President Johnson's approach to Reconstruction for all of the
A. he pardoned many rebel leaders B. many Confederate leaders were returned to the U. S. Congress C. Southern states were slow to repudiate secession D. black codes were enacted in place of slave codes E. the president moved too quickly to guarantee black rights 138. The Radical branch of the Republican Party was able to influence decisions of Congress during
A. it constituted a majority in both houses of Congress B. President Johnson was a Republican C. the actions of President Johnson and the Democrats encouraged Radical Republicans and moderate Republicans to work together D. they represented the views of a majority of Americans E. their leaders were effective compromisers 139. President Johnson was impeached by Congress following his attempt to A. limit the power of the military governors in the South B. discipline officials who enforced Civil Rights laws C. remove Secretary of War Stanton D. undermine the 15th Amendment E. eliminate the Freedman's Bureau 140. During Reconstruction in the South, the political impact of what conservatives called "Negro rule" was that African-Americans A. participated in politics but they did not dominate events B. constituted a majority of most state legislatures in the South C. were elected governors in several southern states D. dominated the Congressional delegation of the South E. were elected to public office in numbers proportionate to their population 141. Beginning in the late 1860s, the influence of African-American voters and black officials
A. disinterest on the part of black voters B. white violence against black political activists C. intervention by the federal government against black activists D. official corruption E. a belief that blacks had achieved their political goals 142. The symbolic end to Reconstruction occurred in 1877 when A. President Grant formally declared the end of Reconstruction B. federal troops were withdrawn from the South C. a pro-South Democrat became president D. Congress enacted a sweeping Civil Rights Act E. the Centennial Exposition heralded a new century 143. The four slave states which remained in the Union during the Civil War were A. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas B. Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware C. Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, and Maryland D. Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Maryland E. Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and Missouri 144. In the election of 1860, all of the following were candidates for president EXCEPT A. Stephen A. Douglas B. John C. Breckinridge C. Abraham Lincoln D. John Bell E. George B. McClellan 145. In its Declaration of the Causes of Secession of December 1860, South Carolina charged that
The part of the Constitution to which the South Carolina Declaration referred was the A. three-fifths clause B. fugitive slave clause C. process for amending the Constitution D. process for organizing new territories E. process for apportioning new representatives to Congress 146. All of the following occurred in 1876 EXCEPT the A. Battle of Little Big Horn B. invention of the telephone C. Centennial Exposition D. disputed election of Rutherford B. Hayes E. completion of the first transcontinental railroad line 147. The "Crime of '73" refers to the A. Battle of Little Big Horn B. establishment of the Mafia in New Orleans C. decision by Congress to stop coining silver dollars D. Chinese Exclusion Act E. end of Reconstruction 148. Boss Tweed dominated the voting process in which city? A. Philadelphia B. Kansas City C. Houston D. New York E. Boston 149. The Sioux leaders at the Battle of the Little Big Horn included Sitting Bull and A. Chief Joseph B. Crazy Horse C. Tecumseh D. Geronimo E. The Prophet 150. The first mass political movement of American women was the A. Liberty Party B. National American Woman's Suffrage Association C. Woman's Christian Temperance Union D. League of Women Voters E. National Woman's Party 151. Which of the following accurately describes the Chinese population in the United States in 1860? A. there were almost twenty times as many Chinese men compared to the number of Chinese
B. the Chinese migrated to the United States in families C. most Chinese migrants came from Asian cities D. Chinese labor was not utilized in the gold fields E. most Chinese owned their own businesses 152. As Secretary of State for President Lincoln, William H. Seward pursued a foreign policy that promoted A. the purchase of Alaska only B. a worldwide American empire C. an empire in the Western Hemisphere only D. war as a means of diplomacy E. a new steel-hulled navy 153. In what ways did the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 affect the status of American Indians? A. attendance at boarding schools was discouraged B. attendance at religious schools was mandatory C. the amount of tribe-held land was increased D. Indian nations were encouraged to pool their land holdings E. tribal land was transferred to individual Indian families 154. Within twenty-five years after its enactment, the effect of the Timber and Stone Act of 1878 was
A. distribute land in the West to small farmers B. irrigate the deserts of the southwest C. concentrate land in the hands of large capitalists D. reserve hundreds of thousands of acres for public works E. attract Chinese and Mexican settlers to the West 155. Hardships endured by farm families who settled on the Great Plains during the 1870s and 1880s
A. scarce supplies of water B. unpredictable weather cycles C. grasshopper plagues D. social isolation E. interference by the federal government 156. During the late 19th Century, "open range" ranching existed in areas where ranchers A. allowed their cattle to graze on public lands B. drove their herds from Texas north to midwestern cities C. allowed their herds to breed on the range with Mexican cattle D. adopted scientific methods of breeding E. allowed their herds to graze only on lands which they owned 157. The crop lien system which influenced southern agriculture within twenty years after the Civil
A. were self-sufficient B. would establish cooperatives to increase the volume of good produced C. would purchase supplies using a portion of a future crop as collateral D. lived entirely off the food which they grew E. would work together peacefully 158. In the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, the Supreme Court A. struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875 B. established the principle of "separate but equal" institutions C. upheld a state's right to assess poll taxes D. validated the 15th Amendment E. supported the crop lien system in the South 159. During the late 19th century, the technique of distributing free samples of products was
A. The Singer Sewing Machine Company B. Gustavus Swift's meat packing company C. Sears, Roebuck and Company D. J. P. Morgan's General Electric Company E. James B. Duke's American Tobacco Company 160. During the late 19th Century, vertical integration specifically allowed businesses to A. divest themselves of ownership in other companies B. expand their control over production and distribution as well as manufacturing C. avoid tariffs D. control the market by determining production and prices in common with other
E. control the market through oligopolies 161. Between 1880 and 1900, the number of women who worked as A. homemakers remained the same B. cooks and maids increased substantially C. secretaries and typists decreased D. textile mill operatives decreased substantially E. clerks increased substantially 162. In 1894, President Cleveland sent United States troops to Chicago to end a strike at the Pullman
A. protect the mail B. maintain law and order C. confront anarchists D. prepare the troops for the Spanish-American War E. keep workers employed 163. Which of the following 19th Century labor organizations had a firm policy accepting black
A. International Ladies Garment Workers Union B. International Workers of the World C. American Federation of Labor D. Congress of Industrial Organizations E. Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers 164. During the late 19th Century, the nation's major cities demonstrated all of the following
A. cities were physically divided by class and race B. mass transit lines allowed workers to commute to work C. many middle class families moved beyond the inner city D. the expansion of most cities was carefully planned E. industrial cities attracted large numbers of immigrants 165. During the last quarter of the 19th Century, the most significant source of population growth in
A. annexation of neighboring suburbs B. an increase in the birth rate C. migration from rural areas D. immigration from abroad E. reduction in the death rate 166. During the late 19th Century, significant reforms improved living conditions in major cities in all
A. public health B. water purification C. street lighting D. tenement construction E. relief for the poor 167. Queen Liliuokalani, the reigning monarch of Hawaii, was dethroned in the revolution of 1893
A. a native revolt against the monarchy B. increased American tariffs on sugar C. a movement for democracy in Hawaii D. British interference E. anti-American sentiment 168. The Social Gospel movement of the late 19th Century emphasized A. a fundamentalist approach to religion B. social responsibility as a means to salvation C. German socialism D. interfaith ties between Judaism and Christianity E. a commitment to urban pluralism 169. During the last quarter of the 19th Century, all of the following sports were popular EXCEPT A. football B. baseball C. swimming D. bicycling E. soccer 170. During the last quarter of the 19th Century, American show business flourished in all of the
A. vaudeville B. musical comedy C. minstrel shows D. radio E. circuses 171. All of the following examples of popular literature were products of the second half of the 19th
A. Zane Grey's adventure stories B. Horatio Alger's storied of self-reliance and hard work C. Edgar Rice Burrough's Tarzan of the Apes D. General Lew Wallace's Ben Hur E. Louisa May Alcott's Little Women 172. The Civil Service movement of the 1880s was designed specifically to challenge A. the waving of the bloody flag B. Tammany Hall C. the spoils system D. high tariffs E. women's suffrage 173. One of the most prominent ideas associated with the Grange movement of the 1870s was A. economic cooperatives B. women's suffrage C. the single tax D. bimetallism E. racial solidarity 174. In the presidential election of 1884, candidate James G. Blaine tried to woo which group of
A. Silverites B. farmers C. New Immigrants D. Mugwumps E. Stalwarts 175. All of the following contributed to American expansionism during the 1890s EXCEPT A. Social Darwinism B. A. T. Mahan's, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History C. Josiah Strong's, Our Country D. the new navy E. the Platt Amendment 176. During the late 19th Century, the increase in population due to the New Immigration spurred the growth of A. private secular academies B. scientific schools C. Latin schools D. progressive schools E. Catholic parochial schools 177. During the Progressive Era, women reformers championed all of the following EXCEPT A. birth control B. women's suffrage C. occupational health and safety D. affirmative action E. urban housing 178. Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise" stressed the importance to African-Americans of A. a liberal arts education B. manual training C. legal action to gain full civil rights D. constant political struggle E. full voting rights 179. Between 1910 and 1920, about one-half million African-Americans moved from the South to the
A. racism had begun to decline in the North B. the cost of transportation had decreased markedly C. opportunities for farming were greater in the North D. wartime jobs were available in northern cities E. Black judges were more numerous in the North 180. The decision of the San Francisco School Board in 1906 to segregate Asian students in special
A. Root-Takahira Agreement B. Taft-Katsua Agreement C. Gentlemen's Agreement D. Jones Act E. Portsmouth Treaty 181. "Everybody is talkin' these days about Tammany men growin' rich on graft, but nobody thinks of
Which prominent observer and participant in urban politics gave this interview in 1905? A. Theodore Roosevelt B. George W. Plunkitt C. Peter Finley Dunne D. Richard M. Daley E. John F. Fitzgerald 182. Americans who believed in "progressivism" during the early 20th Century promoted all of the following EXCEPT A. scientific management in government B. involvement of the federal government in the economy C. moral reform in politics D. sustaining the traditional influence of political parties E. empowerment of the voters 183. According to John Dewey and G. Stanley Hall, progressive education should be A. directly related to the experience of the child B. based on memorization and recall of detail C. founded on classical study, especially Greek and Latin D. centered on the role of the teacher E. oriented toward business and vocational training 184. Although the actual reforms that they championed were diverse, women reformers of the Progressive Era generally agreed that the A. end to prostitution was the key to all other reforms B. involvement of women was essential to successful reforms C. virtues of piety and domesticity were out of fashion D. reform organizations must be run by men E. federal government must enforce all reforms 185. Between 1900 and 1920, there was a significant decline in the death rate from all of the
A. typhoid B. diphtheria C. tuberculosis D. intestinal ailments E. heart disease 186. The writing of the muckrakers exposed corruption in all of the following areas EXCEPT A. municipal governments B. patent medicine C. child labor D. meat packing E. cigarette manufacturing and advertising 187. The future New York City police commissioner, Theodore Roosevelt, was deeply influenced by
A. The Financier B. The Bitter Cry of the Children C. How the Other Half Lives D. The Jungle E. Following the Color Line 188. The Triangle Shirtwaist Company of New York City was the site of an important event in 1911,
A. the American Federation of Labor signed an industry-wide contract B. a fire killed over one hundred women garment workers C. Jacob Riis exposed unsafe working conditions D. Boss Tweed was implicated in a bribery scandal E. a new design for tenement reform was unveiled 189. In 1910, Theodore Roosevelt articulated the "New Nationalism," a philosophy whose central
A. federal government should regulate large corporations B. United States should build a world class naval fleet C. United States government should support banking initiatives throughout South America and Asia D. federal government should initiate public works projects to stimulate the economy E. government should fully fund Social Security 190. President Wilson, an advocate of government programs which benefited farmers and laborers, supported Congressional action on all of the following laws EXCEPT the A. Clayton Anti-Trust Act B. Adamson Act C. LaFollette Seamen's Act D. Federal Farm Loan Act E. Taft-Hartley Act 191. The concept of Dollar Diplomacy as employed by President Taft implied that A. the United States government should use foreign policy to protect American private investments abroad B. the United States government should purchase land for overseas private investment C. American private bankers should be employed directly by the State Department D. American tax dollars should be used to bribe foreign leaders E. American tax dollars should be invested in foreign banks within the United States 192. In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt applied the "big stick" to diplomacy in the Caribbean when he helped organize a revolution in A. Argentina B. Mexico C. Venezuela D. Panama E. Nicaragua 193. "The working class and the employing class have nothing in common." This statement reflects
A. the International Ladies Garment Workers Union B. the National Labor Union C. the American Federation of Labor D. the Industrial Workers of the World E. the Knights of labor 194. Which of the following might indicate that the sport of baseball was well on its way to becoming a "national pastime" around 1900? A. baseball evolved from a British game B. baseball's rules were established in the 1840s C. baseball's fans were mostly working class men D. rival leagues played the first World Series in 1903 E. baseball was a less violent sport than football 195. The "Ludlow Massacre" refers to A. an attack by the state militia on striking miners B. racial violence in New York C. urban terrorism D. a battle in World War 1 E. a site in the Spanish-American War 196. Margaret Sanger, a reformer in the early 20th Century, is best known for her work on behalf of A. women's suffrage B. state orphanages C. children's hospitals D. birth control E. settlement houses 197. In an 1895 address, Booker T. Washington commented that "in all things that are purely social we can be separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress." His comments implied that A. the right to vote was essential B. the United States government must integrate society C. blacks and whites could live separately and still work together D. blacks should return to Africa E. a college education was not necessary for black Americans 198. All of the following are accurate statements about the Great Migration of African-Americans in the period 1910-1929 EXCEPT A. hundreds of thousands of black Americans moved to northern cities B. one of the incentives was higher wages in the North C. the black migration north stopped with the end of World War 1 D. the majority of African-Americans lived in the South E. New York City became an important part of black culture 199. Which of the following arguments was broadly articulated by women reformers to support the
A. women voters would soon be corrupted B. women would oppose the temperance movement C. women would oppose immigration restriction D. women's clubs would no longer be needed E. women has special experiences to bring to public life 200. For many well-educated black women in the early 20th century, the only professional
A. nursing B. teaching C. medicine D. business E. social work 201. The New Immigrants who migrated to the United States during the first decade of the 20th
A. Germany and England B. Germany, England, Ireland, and Scandinavia C. Canada and Mexico D. China, Korea, and Japan E. Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia 202. Alexander Hamilton's economic program was designed primarily to A. prepare the United States for war in the event Britain failed to vacate its posts in the Northwest B. provide a platform for the fledgling Federalist Party's 1792 campaign C. establish the financial stability and credit of the new government D. ensure northern dominance over the southern states in order to abolish slavery E. win broad political support for his own candidacy for the presidency in 1792 203. The development of the early nineteenth-century concept of "separate spheres" for the sexes encouraged all of the following EXCEPT A. acceptance of a woman as the intellectual equal of a man B. idealization of the "lady" C. designation of the home as the appropriate place for a woman D. emphasis on child care as a prime duty of a woman E. establishment of a moral climate in the home 204. The presidential election of 1840 is often considered the first "modern" election because A. the slavery issue was first raised in this campaign B. there was a very low turnout of eligible voters C. voting patterns were similar to those later established in the 1890s D. both parties for the first time widely campaigned among all the eligible voters E. a second era of good feeling had just come to a close, marking a new departure in politics 205. At the end of the Civil War, the vast majority of freed slaves found work as A. factory workers B. railroad employees C. independent artisans D. tenant farmers E. domestic servants 206. In his interpretation of the historical development of the United States, Frederick Jackson Turner
A. the traditions of Western European culture B. the absence of a feudal aristocracy C. Black people and Black slavery D. the conflict between capitalists and workers E. the existence of cheap unsettled land 207. During the closing decades of the nineteenth century, farmers complained about all of the
A. rising commodity prices B. high interest charges C. high freight rates D. high storage costs E. large middleman profits 208. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine did which of the following? A. Prohibited United States intervention in the Caribbean. B. Warned against European seizure of the Panama Canal. C. Sought to end the wave of nationalization of American-owned property in the Caribbean. D. Declared the United States to be the "policeman" of the western hemisphere. E. Provided United States military support for democratic revolutions in Latin America. 209. By the end of the seventeenth century, which of the following was true of women in New
A. They had begun to challenge their subordinate role in society. B. They were a majority in many church congregations. C. They voted in local elections. D. They frequently divorced their husbands. E. They could lead town meetings. 210. The First Great Awakening led to all of the following EXCEPT A. separatism and secession from established churches B. the renewed persecution of witches C. the growth of institutions of higher learning D. a flourishing of the missionary spirit E. a greater appreciation for the emotional experiences of faith 211. The Embargo Act of 1807 had which of the following effects on the United States? A. It severely damaged American manufacturing. B. It enriched many cotton plantation owners. C. It ruined American shipping. D. It was ruinous to subsistence farmers. E. It had little economic impact. 212. The National Road was constructed primarily for the purpose of A. demarcating the southwestern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase B. promoting trade and communication with the Old Northwest C. opening the Southwest to ranchers D. assisting the movement of settlers to the Oregon Country E. relieving overpopulation and crowding in the Northeast 213. The idea of Manifest Destiny included all of the following beliefs EXCEPT that A. commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its agricultural base B. the use of land for settled agriculture was preferable to its use for nomadic hunting C. westward expansion was both inevitable and beneficial D. God selected America as a chosen land and people E. the ultimate extent of the American domain was to be from the tropics to the Arctic 214. Apologists for slavery in the South in the 1850s claimed all of the following EXCEPT A. Slaves lived and worked under better conditions than most northern wage earners. B. Slaves were usually regarded as family members. C. Slavery brought Christianity to the slaves. D. Slavery was supported by the authority of both the Bible and the Constitution. E. Slavery would die out naturally. 215. The American Federation of Labor under the leadership of Samuel Gompers organized A. skilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains B. all industrial and agricultural workers in "one big union" C. unskilled workers along industrial lines D. workers and intellectuals into a labor party for political action E. workers into a fraternal organization to provide unemployment and old-age benefits 216. In the period 1890-1915, all of the following were generally true about African Americans
A. Voting rights previously gained were denied through changes in state laws and constitutions. B. Back-to-Africa movements were widely popular among African Americans in urban areas. C. African American leaders disagreed on the principal strategy for attaining equal rights. D. Numerous African Americans were lynched, and mob attacks on African American individuals occurred in both the North and South. E. African Americans from the rural South migrated to both southern and northern cities. 217. The Louisiana Purchase was significant because it A. eliminated Spain from the North American continent B. gave the United States control of the Mississippi River C. eased tensions between western settlers and American Indians D. forced the British to evacuate their posts in the Northwest E. reduced sectional conflict over the slavery issue 218. In the first few years of their existence, the textile mills at Lowell, Massachusetts, were best
A. humanitarian refusal to hire women and children as factory operatives B. brutal treatment of their work forces C. idealistic efforts to avoid the worst evils of English industrialization D. profit-motivated efforts to replicate the factory system of the English Industrial Revolution E. pioneering efforts to establish labor unions 219. At the beginning of the Civil War, Southerners expressed all of the following expectations
A. the materialism of the North would prevent Northerners from fighting an idealistic war B. Great Britain would intervene on the side of the South in order to preserve its source of
C. Northern unity in the struggle against the Southern states would eventually break D. the economic and military resources of the South would outlast those of the North E. the justice of the South's cause would prevail 220. Which of the following constitutes a significant change in the treatment of American Indians
A. the beginnings of negotiations with individual tribes B. the start of a removal policy C. the abandonment of the reservation system D. the admission of all American Indians to the full rights of United States citizenship E. the division of the tribal lands among individual members 221. "This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth: to consider all surplus revenues which
These sentiments are most characteristic of A. transcendentalism B. pragmatism C. the Gospel of Wealth D. the Social Gospel E. Reform Darwinism 222. Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points included all of the following EXCEPT A. abolition of secret treaties B. elimination of trade barriers C. provision for self-determination D. establishment of the League of Nations E. overthrow of the Bolshevik government in Russia 223. Some prominent opponents of the Treaty of Versailles which ended World War 1 argued that the treaty A. did not open Chinese markets to American business B. was too harsh toward Britain C. did not recognize Japan's importance D. gave Germany undue influence in the postwar world E. would require U. S. compliance with League decisions 224. During World War 1, one example of the collaboration between business and the government was the creation of the A. Food and Drug Administration B. National Labor Relations Board C. Civilian Conservation Corps D. War Industries Board E. Federal Reserve System 225. In 1919, all of the following unfortunate events occurred EXCEPT A. a debilitating stroke to President Wilson B. a race riot in Chicago C. an epidemic of influenza D. unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany E. the death of Theodore Roosevelt 226. In 1920, U. S. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer organized a new federal agency to investigate radicals, headed by A. Calvin Coolidge B. J. Edgar Hoover C. William Z. Foster D. Oliver Wendell Holmes E. Charles Beard 227. Which individual convicted under the Espionage Act of 1917 ran as a presidential candidate in
A. William Z. Foster B. Eugene Debs C. James M. Cox D. J. F. Hanley E. Norman Thomas 228. One of the sparks which ignited the Red Scare of 1919-1920 was the A. Bonus March B. presidential candidacy of Al Smith C. trial of Sacco and Vanzetti D. stroke which paralyzed President Wilson E. fear of Communism arising from the Bolshevik Revolution 229. Although president Wilson publicly rejected the "big stick" foreign policy of Theodore Roosevelt
A. the Philippines B. Japan C. Panama D. China E. Haiti
230. George Creel and the Committee on Public Information (CPI) used all of the following devices to "sell" American entry into World War 1 EXCEPT A. radio messages B. public speakers known as "four minute-men" C. billboards D. movies E. songs
231. During World War 1, most American soldiers who saw active duty fought in A. Austria B. Italy C. France D. Belgium E. Russia 232. Which statement is correct about United States military forces during World War 1? A. most soldiers had attended high school B. military units were integrated by race C. American forces exceeded four million soldiers D. fewer than 10,000 Americans died in combat during the war E. American forces fought in Europe as of 1914 233. Which statement accurately characterizes the first generation of American women voters in the
A. hundreds of women sought election to state and national office B. the number of female voters equaled the number of male voters C. women's groups such as the League of Women Voters tried to educate women to their new civic responsibility D. women voted overwhelmingly for the Equal Rights Amendment of 1923 E. women voted predominately for Democratic candidates 234. The power of Protestant Christian Fundamentalism was best displayed during the 1920s in A. the Sacco and Vanzetti trial B. the Scopes trial C. Birth of a Nation D. the Red Scare E. The Great Gatsby 235. The "flapper" as depicted in movies and novels of the 1920s embodied which of the following traits? A. she spoke only when spoken to B. she wore modest clothes C. she stayed at home with the children D. she read books about the lost generation E. she drank bootleg liquor 236. Which generalization is an accurate statement about journalism during the 1920s? A. newspaper circulation peaked in the early 1920s B. photographs were still uncommon C. tabloid style newspapers appealed to traditional, well-educated newspaper readers D. mergers led to consolidation of most newspapers into a few chains E. the federal government began to regulate journalism 237. At the heart of Hollywood's early success was the "star system," which produced all of the
A. Charlie Chaplin B. Mary Pickford C. Rudolph Valentino D. Shirley Temple E. Greta Garbo 238. In terms of total value by the end of the 1920s, which was the most productive industry in the
A. plastics B. movies C. automobiles D. steel E. electrical appliances 239. For more than a week during the summer of 1919, Chicago was virtually at war because of
A. the Democratic National Convention B. a prolonged race riot C. a draft riot D. the Bonus Army E. a series of anarchist bombing 240. Which statement accurately describes the condition of African-Americans at the end of World War 1? A. the number of lynchings decreased B. northern factories hired black workers even when white workers returned from the war C. black veterans were welcomed as heroes in the South D. racial incidents led to urban riots E. no organization worked to promote African-American pride 241. "Nordic Americans for the last generation have found themselves increasingly uncomfortable and finally deeply distressed One by one all our traditional moral standards went by the boards, or were so disregarded that they ceased to be binding." The author of this 1926 statement would be most likely to support the A. National American Women's Suffrage Association B. Ku Klux Klan C. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People D. American Federation of Labor E. Progressive Education Association 242. Which of the following describes the experience of American soldiers in World War 1? A. few soldiers died of wounds B. recruits were generally well educated C. drinking was allowed on military bases D. African-American soldiers were assigned to segregated units E. women were not allowed to enlist 243. Of all the ideas that President Wilson championed at the Paris Peace Conference following World War 1, his critics in the Senate were particularly opposed to the A. American mandate in the Middle East B. concept of self-determination C. principle of free trade D. idea of collective security contained in the League of Nations E. removal of troops from Russia 244. One important discovery of the Federal Census taken in 1920 was that A. the frontier was closed B. more Americans lived in suburbs than in cities C. more Americans lived in rural communities than in cities D. more Americans lived in cities than in rural communities E. more men than women lived in the United States 245. In their attempt to focus on the needs of the consumer, advertising agencies of the 1920s began to rely on A. newspaper advertisements B. government studies C. scientific evidence D. radio "personalities" E. psychology 246. In light of the Stock Market crash of October 1929, President Hoover shared the popular assumption that A. the economy was strong enough to rebound by itself B. immediate government intervention was needed to end the depression C. American bankers were to blame for the depression D. international speculators had manipulated the stock market crash E. the heavy U. S. debt during World War 1 had to be repaid to European bankers immediately 247. Eleanor Roosevelt was an outspoken advocate primarily for groups that supported A. women and African-Americans B. the environment C. Mexican Americans D. recent immigrants E. tenement dwellers 248. In 1932, thousands of World War 1 veterans demanded immediate payment of promised
A. Farmers Holiday Association B. American Legion C. Bonus Expeditionary Force D. Communist Party E. Federal Emergency Relief Association 249. The purpose of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was to A. loan federal money to banks and insurance companies B. channel loans directly to individuals C. provide direct relief payments to the poor D. exempt businesses from antitrust laws E. balance the federal budget 250. President Hoover supported the Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 because it A. lowered tariffs generally B. raised duties on foreign goods C. ended payments of World War 1 debts D. lent money to cooperatives to buy products E. guaranteed a balanced budget 251. the Great Depression affected marriage patterns and family life in all of the following ways
A. people postponed marriages B. married couples postponed having children C. the number of divorces increased D. desertion of families by husbands increased E. family members spent more time together 252. The Tennessee Valley Authority accomplished all of these objectives EXCEPT it A. built dams on the Tennessee River to control floods B. generated hydroelectric power C. granted pensions to the elderly D. stimulated economic activity in a depressed area E. hired the unemployed 253. Father Charles Coughlin, a Roman Catholic priest, criticized the New Deal because it A. did not provide equity for black sharecroppers B. created too many jobs for the unemployed C. did not provide projects for the elderly D. failed to redistribute wealth in a meaningful way E. did not promote collective ownership 254. All of the following were critics of the New Deal EXCEPT A. Charles Coughlin B. Francis Townsend C. Huey Long D. Frances Perkins E. Upton Sinclair 255. The Supreme Court's 1935 decision in the Schechter case which struck down the National
A. the commerce clause of the constitution B. the elastic clause of the constitution C. the rule of reason D. scientific evidence E. psychological theory 256. A series of neutrality acts passed by Congress in the 1930s accomplished all of the following
A. prohibition of arms shipments to belligerents B. elimination of loans to belligerents C. establishment of the principle of cash and carry for warring nations D. establishment of a military draft E. prevention of Americans from traveling on the ships of belligerent nations 257. The America First Committee was organized in 1940 by people who articulated which
A. isolationism B. interventionism C. one worldism D. communism E. fascism 258. In December 1940, as President Roosevelt announced that the United States would become "the great arsenal of democracy," he also A. established the Lend-Lease program B. sold battleships directly to Great Britain C. created detention camps for Japanese-Americans D. instructed the Central Intelligence Agency to monitor subversives E. instructed the American navy to sink German submarines in the North Atlantic 259. In 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt and Britain's Winston Churchill issued the Atlantic
A. a post-war world based on collective security B. an assault on Germany C. the Lend-Lease program D. the use of atomic bombs E. the sale of World War 1 military equipment to Britain 260. In September 1940, the United States placed an embargo on the shipment of aviation fuel and
A. Japan attacked Pearl Harbor B. Germany, Italy, and Japan signed the Tripartite Pact C. Japan occupied French Indochina D. Japan withdrew its diplomats from the United States E. American cryptographers broke the Japanese secret military code 261. The Manhattan Project led directly to A. a coordinated war plan against Germany by the U. S. and the Soviet Union B. a city plan for metropolitan New York City C. the successful development of atomic weapons D. the creation of the United Nations E. a "Europe first" plan for World War 2 262. The decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japanese cities incorporated all of the following ideas EXCEPT A. shortening the war B. saving American lives C. intimidating the Soviet Union D. ending the war in the Pacific before the Soviet Union entered this phase of the war E. implementing the terms of the Yalta Conference 263. The role that the National War Labor Board (NWLB) played during World War 2 was to A. enforce the military draft B. minimize labor-management conflict C. implement the terms of the Wagner Act D. retard the growth of labor unions E. help African-American workers find jobs 264. Which statement accurately reflects the role of women in the economy during World War 2? A. the typical new female worker was under thirty-five years of age B. women worked only in shipyards C. women were paid higher wages than men in still mills D. the number of women working outside the home increased by over 50% E. black women were not hired in defense plants 265. In 1933, even though president Roosevelt said that this nation was not yet "housebroken," the
A. Italy
B. Japan C. China
D. the Soviet Union E. Taiwan 266. during World War 2, some Americans who rallied behind the slogan "Double V" sought victory over Germany abroad and over A. ill-treatment of Mexican-Americans at home B. homelessness at home C. economic advancement for women at home D. racism at home E. Communism at home 267. Although thousands of Americans died in World War 2, the proportion killed by disease and
A. creative military tactics B. the use of helicopters to evacuate the wounded C. humane treatment by the enemy D. the use of miracle drugs, such as penicillin E. the use of flak jackets 268. Frances Perkins, the first female cabinet member in American history, served in President
A. Agriculture B. Labor C. War
D. Health, Education, and Welfare E. Interior 269. In his attempt to influence the Supreme Court, President Franklin Roosevelt A. removed justices from the Court B. rejected the Court's decisions C. interfered in the Court's deliberations D. tried to appoint additional justices to the Court E. prohibited the Court from hearing certain cases 270. In the famous 1947 article in Foreign Affairs, George Kennan argued that the United States
A. neutrality B. one worldism C. isolationism D. containment E. multilateralism 271. The commitment of the American government to the state of Israel was determined in 1948 when
A. Lebanese Civil War began B. state of Israel was founded C. CIA overthrew the government of Iran D. Palestine Liberation Organization was founded E. Eisenhower Doctrine was announced 272. The Marshall Plan was successful because it A. lasted for twenty years B. created the National Security Agency C. prohibited loans to the Soviet Union D. sparked western Europe's industrial recovery E. required European nations to solve their balance of payments problems 273. Immediately after World War 2, the United States government's policy regarding atomic energy called for A. destruction of all nuclear weapons B. a nuclear arms proliferation agreement C. control of all fissionable materials by an international agency D. the abandonment by the Soviet Union of its nuclear program E. an end to Third World programs of nuclear research 274. In 1934, the actor and opera singer, Paul Robeson, said that "I feel like a human being for the first time . Here I am not a Negro but a human being." In this quotation, Robeson referred to his life in which country? A. France B. Ghana C. Liberia D. the Soviet Union E. Cuba
275. One reason that the United States supported the French colonial regime in Vietnam after World War 2 was that A. Mao Zedong was victorious in the Chinese Civil War B. Bao Dai was known for his democratic tendencies C. Vietnam was an important trade partner for the United States D. the United States agreed at Yalta to protect the French empire E. the United States was rewarding the French government for its support during World War 2 276. Despite high unemployment immediately after World War 2, the United States economy thrived,
A. continued government subsidies B. personal savings and the availability of easy credit C. the absence of strikes D. stable prices E. a rise in real income 277. President Truman labeled the Eightieth Congress as the "do nothing Congress" because it A. enacted very little legislation B. was overwhelmingly liberal C. was solidly Republican D. rejected most of his legislative agenda E. met for only three months 278. Segregationists had the choice of anti-integrationist candidates for president in both the 1948 and 1968 elections. Their choices in these two campaigns were, respectively, A. Thomas Dewey and George McGovern B. Henry Wallace and John Anderson C. Henry Wallace and Richard Nixon D. J. Strom Thurmond and George Wallace E. J. Strom Thurmond and Henry Wallace 279. All of the following demonstrate the importance of the 1940s to the advancement of rights for
A. entry of Jackie Robinson into major league baseball B. publication of Gunnar Myrdal's An American Dilemma C. establishment of the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division D. creation of the NAACP's Legal Defense Fund E. founding of "freedom schools" in Mississippi 280. During the 1940s, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
A. insisting on its literal interpretation by the courts B. promoting affirmative action legislation C. lobbying for special interest legislation D. urging the Supreme Court to legislate an end to segregation E. persuading the president to interfere with the courts 281. President Truman removed General Douglas MacArthur from command of the American forces in Korea for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. insubordination to the Commander-in-Chief B. the risk of drawing China further into the war C. the risk of drawing the Soviet Union into more active support of North Korea D. MacArthur's suggestion that Truman was guilty of appeasement E. MacArthur's lack of bold military initiatives 282. In the presidential campaign of 1952, General Dwight Eisenhower promised that if elected
A. bomb China B. withdraw American forces from Korea C. give the American generals greater authority to wage the war D. conduct total war against North Korea E. visit Korea personally 283. In terms of the number of dollars spent, the largest public works program in American history
A. Works Project Administration B. Public Works Administration C. Civilian Conservation Corps D. Interstate Highway Program E. Volunteers in Service to America 284. The loyalty of J. Robert Oppenheimer, the physicist who directed the atomic bomb project
A. opposed the hydrogen bomb project B. was a member of the Communist Party of the United States C. did not meet the standards of the Communist Control Act D. conflicted with the Smith Act E. was convicted of perjury 285. In response to Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus' decision in 1957 to resist desegregation in Little
A. publicly supported the governor B. fired Governor Faubus C. federalized the Arkansas National Guard D. arrested the governor E. argued that "separate but equal" should be declared constitutional 286. The creation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in 1960 was directly inspired by A. antiwar protests B. the sit-in movement C. the speeches of Malcolm X D. the Freedom Riders E. President Kennedy's commitment to Civil Rights 287. In response to the Soviet Union's launch of the first satellite into outer space in 1957, the United
A. passed the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) to upgrade the study of mathematics, science, and foreign languages B. ended the joint American-Soviet occupation of Austria C. agreed with the Soviet Union to pursue peaceful coexistence D. detonated the world's largest hydrogen bomb on the island of Bikini E. reinforced the defense of two islands near the People's Republic of China 288. The Eisenhower Doctrine, a policy which stated that the United States would intervene if a government was threatened by communism, was first implemented in A. Iran
B. Israel C. Lebanon D. Turkey E. Saudi Arabia 289. Just prior to leaving office in 1961, President Eisenhower warned the nation to guard against the "potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power" in the hands of the A. American communist party B. Soviet Union C. labor unions D. Military-industrial complex E. Central Intelligence Agency 290. The cornerstones of post-World War 2 economic growth included all of the following EXCEPT A. the baby boom B. the construction industry C. the automobile D. military spending E. family farms 291. Levittown, a phenomenon of the 1940s, is an example of a A. standardized suburban housing development B. fast growing university town C. rural community annexed by a major city D. small town linked to a major city by interstate highways E. government supported public housing project 292. Popular culture in the 1950s was increasingly dominated by television. All of the following were widely viewed TV programs of the 1950s EXCEPT A. The Jackie Gleason show B. Leave It To Beaver C. The Mickey Mouse Club D. I Love Lucy E. Rebel Without A Cause 293. Which branch of the government did Senator Joseph McCarthy attack in the first Congressional hearings ever broadcast on television? A. State Department B. Justice Department C. Agriculture Department D. United States Army E. Central Intelligence Agency 294. In place of President Eisenhower's policy of massive retaliation against the Soviet Union,
A. detente B. flexible response C. national liberation D. bipolarism E. multilateralism 295. President Kennedy responded to the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 by employing A. a surgical air strike B. a full-scale naval invasion C. public negotiations with the Soviet Union D. a naval quarantine E. direct negotiations with Fidel Castro 296. Although the United States was involved in the Vietnam conflict during five presidential
A. Eisenhower B. Kennedy C. Johnson D. Nixon E. Ford
297. The North Vietnamese Tet Offensive of 1968 was a significant turning point in the Vietnam War because A. the armies of the South were destroyed B. the armies of North Vietnam captured the American embassy compound in Saigon C. the French were finally driven out of Vietnam D. North Vietnam was able to mount a nationwide offensive even though one-half million
E. China had intervened on the side of North Vietnam 298. All of the following were results of the Nixon policy of detente with the Soviet Union EXCEPT
A. $1 billion grain deal with the Soviet Union B. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty C. limit on antiballistic missile systems D. trip to the Peoples Republic of China E. end to the Vietnam War 299. The 1968 Kerner Commission Report, which stated that "the nation is rapidly moving toward
A. assassination of President Kennedy B. rise of urban racial violence C. plague of teenage gang violence D. assassination of the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. E. inequities of rich and poor Americans 300. The organization made famous by the leadership of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the A. Southern Christian Leadership Conference B. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People C. Congress of Racial Equality D. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee E. Black Panthers 301. Malcolm X, the charismatic leader of the Nation of Islam, was assassinated in 1965 by Black
A. Detroit B. Chicago C. Mecca
D. Jerusalem E. Moscow 302. The Free Speech movement of the 1960s originated in 1964 on the campus of A. Harvard University B. the University of Chicago C. Columbia University D. the University of California E. the University of Wisconsin 303. A riot that erupted in 1969 at the Stonewall Inn in New York City marks an important milestone
A. the antiwar movement B. feminists C. Students for a Democratic Society D. homosexuals and lesbians E. Puerto Rican nationalists 304. All of the following were presidential candidates during the campaign of 1968 EXCEPT A. George McGovern B. Eugene McCarthy C. George Wallace D. Richard Nixon E. Hubert Humphrey 305. "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the U. S. or by any state on account of sex." The above statement is contained in the A. Supreme Court case, Roe v. Wade B. Thirteen Amendment of the United States Constitution C. proposed Equal Rights amendment D. Civil Rights Act of 1964 E. manifesto of the Nation of Islam 306. On may 4, 1970, Ohio National Guardsmen killed four students at Kent State University who were protesting the A. unfair treatment of student activists at Cornell University B. Federal Bureau of Investigation's wiretaps on Martin Luther King's telephones C. police killings of two students at Jackson State University in Mississippi D. military incursion into Cambodia under President Nixon E. police riot at Stonewall Inn in New York City 307. In 1971, in an attempt to counteract the economic effects of both recession and inflation,
A. took a reduction in salary B. strengthened the dollar C. reduced government spending in general D. cut military spending E. froze wages, prices, and rents 308. The Watergate scandal began in 1971 when President Nixon's administration created the
A. harassing U. S. District Judge John Sirica B. discrediting Attorney General Elliot Richardson C. publicly criticizing the press D. installing wiretaps in the Democratic National Committee headquarters E. defending Vice President Spiro T. Agnew 309. Although Americans generally liked Gerald Ford, many doubted his integrity because his first
A. resume the bombing of North Vietnam B. empower the Federal Bureau of Investigation to wiretap alleged radicals C. raise taxes as a way to reduce the deficit D. grant Nixon a presidential pardon E. oppose limits on presidential campaign contributions 310. During the 1970s, as the dream of educational equality was being realized by many black high
A. Esther Peterson B. Jane Roe C. Allan Bakke D. Andrew Young E. Phyllis Schlafly 311. In 1973, the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized a site where the United States arm had
A. Little Big Horn, Montana B. Wounded Knee, South Dakota C. Sand Creek, Colorado D. Camp Grant, Arizona E. Red River, Oklahoma 312. In 1987, Lt. Colonel Oliver L. North facilitated an international weapons deal which channeled
A. Panama B. Honduras C. El Salvador D. Nicaragua E. Colombia 313. "Reagonomics" was a set of ideas designed to A. reduce domestic oil consumption B. increase spending for welfare programs C. cut spending for the military D. increase taxes on the rich E. stimulate the economy through "supply-side" economics 314. In 1982, the Reagan administration sent marines to Beirut to help stabilize conditions in
A. they succeeded in stabilizing Lebanon B. terrorist bombs demolished a marine barracks C. the marines were re-deployed to neighboring Syria D. peace was arranged between Israel and Syria E. the Iran-Iraq war ended 315. During the 1980s, American society changed as the number of A. working poor decreased B. adult women who stayed at home increased C. illegal immigrants decreased D. poor children decreased E. impoverished women increased 316. The famous "smoking gun" in the investigation of the Watergate affair was A. the Nixon confession B. The Pentagon Papers C. direct testimony by G. Gordon Liddy D. statements by Martha Mitchell E. the White House tapes 317. National Guardsmen were called out during the 1968 Democratic National Convention in
A. Chicago had experienced a rash of bombings B. Illinois militia members threatened violence C. Chicago's Mayor Daley feared violence arising from antiwar protests D. the Democratic party nominee, Hubert Humphrey, spoke out strenuously against the war in
E. National Guardsmen are traditionally called out for national nominating conventions 318. One of the principal reasons the "noble experiment" of Prohibition failed was that it led to an enormous increase in A. drinking among minors B. absenteeism among factory workers C. the divorce rate D. child abuse E. law enforcement costs 319. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a Supreme Court decision that A. was a forerunner of the Kansas-Nebraska Act B. established free public colleges in the United States C. declared racially segregated public schools inherently unequal D. established free public elementary and secondary schools in the United States E. provided for federal support of parochial schools 320. Joseph McCarthy's investigative tactics found support among many Americans because A. evidence substantiated McCarthy's charges against the army B. there was widespread fear of communist infiltration of the United States C. both Truman and Eisenhower supported McCarthy D. McCarthy worked closely with the FBI E. McCarthy correctly identified numerous communists working in the State Department 321. The Tet offensive of 1968 during the Vietnam War demonstrated that A. bombing North Vietnam had severely curtailed Vietcong supplies B. the army of South Vietnam was in control of the South C. American strategy was working D. a negotiated settlement was in the near future E. the Vietcong could attack major cities throughout South Vietnam 322. Conservative Republican opponents of the Treaty of Versailles argued that the League of Nations
A. isolate the United States from postwar world affairs B. prevent the United States from seeking reparations from Germany C. violate President Wilson's own Fourteen Points D. limit United States sovereignty E. give England and France a greater role than the United States in maintaining world peace 323. The Scopes trial represented all of the following EXCEPT A. a conflict between rural and urban culture B. a battle between Protestant fundamentalism and modern science C. a debate about Biblical interpretation D. the tensions created by the new role of the United States as a world leader in the 1920s E. the lack of academic freedom in some parts of the country 324. Which of the following is true of the forced relocation of Japanese Americans from the West
A. President Roosevelt claimed that military necessity justified the action. B. The Supreme Court immediately declared the action unconstitutional. C. The relocation was implemented according to congressional provisions for the internment of dissidents. D. The Japanese Americans received the same treatment as that accorded German Americans and Italian Americans. E. Few of those relocated were actually United States citizens. 325. Which of the following was an immediate consequence of the Bay of Pigs incident? A. Congress demanded the United States withdrawal from the Panama Canal Zone. B. The Soviet Union sent missiles to Cuba. C. Americans began to view nuclear power plants as dangerous. D. The united States ended its military occupation of Japan. E. China entered the Korean War. 326. Many Mexicans migrated to the United States during the First World War because A. revolution in Mexico had caused social upheaval and dislocation B. immigration quotas for Europeans went unfilled as a result of the war C. the war in Europe had disrupted the Mexican economy D. American Progressives generally held liberal views on the issue of racial assimilation E. the United States government offered Mexicans land in exchange for military service 327. Which of the following has been viewed by some historians as an indication of strong anti-Catholic sentiment in the presidential election of 1928? A. the increased political activity of the Ku Klux Klan B. the failure of the farm bloc to go to the polls C. Alfred E. Smith's choice of Arkansas Senator Joseph T. Robinson as his running mate D. Alfred E. Smiths' failure to carry a solidly Democratic South E. Herbert Hoover's use of "rugged individualism" as his campaign slogan 328. During his presidency, Harry S. Truman did all of the following EXCEPT A. abolish the Tennessee Valley Authority B. establish a new loyalty program for federal employees C. extend Social Security benefits D. order the desegregation of the armed forces E. veto the Taft-Hartley Act |