Beautification

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Appendix K. Mean total number of changes made across each level of formality – according to a combination of between-subjects factors (design experience, major/specialization and study level)
Design experience Major/ specialization Study level
Appendix L. Mean number of quality changes made across each level of formality

High formality

Stem-and-Leaf Plot
Frequency Stem & Leaf
.00 0 .

3.00 0 . 222

5.00 0 . 44555

5.00 0 . 66677

6.00 0 . 899999

8.00 1 . 00000011

2.00 1 . 22

1.00 1 . 4

Stem width: 10.0

Each leaf: 1 case(s)

Appendix K. Mean total number of changes made across each level of formality – according to a combination of between-subjects factors (design experience, major/specialization and study level)

Design experience	Major/ specialization	Study level	Formality level	Mean	Std. Error
None to non-CS/SE design experience	Non-CS/SE related majors	Undergraduate	1	13.17	2.28
			2	12.33	1.52
			3	14.17	1.77
			4	11.17	1.37
			5	10.50	1.34
		Graduate/ postgraduate	1	17.00	3.96
			2	13.50	2.63
			3	12.50	3.07
			4	12.00	2.37
			5	11.00	2.32
	CS/SE major	Undergraduate	1	16.00	2.11
			2	13.86	1.41
			3	12.71	1.65
			4	11.57	1.27
			5	10.29	1.24
		Graduate/ postgraduate	1	.(a)	.
			2	.(a)	.
			3	.(a)	.
			4	.(a)	.
			5	.(a)	.
CS/SE design experience	non CS/SE related majors	Undergraduate	1	20.00	5.59
			2	19.00	3.72
			3	16.00	4.34
			4	14.00	3.36
			5	6.00	3.28
		Graduate/ postgraduate	1	19.00	5.59
			2	15.00	3.72
			3	17.00	4.34
			4	16.00	3.36
			5	16.00	3.28
	CS/SE	Undergraduate	1	21.25	1.98
			2	15.63	1.31
			3	13.63	1.54
			4	12.75	1.19
			5	10.88	1.16
		Graduate/ postgraduate	1	25.60	2.50
			2	19.60	1.66
			3	15.80	1.94
			4	18.00	1.50
			5	14.40	1.47

a. This level combination of factors is not observed, thus the corresponding population marginal mean is not estimable.
Note: Formality Level: 1 = Low formality (on paper); 2 = Low formality (on Tablet PC); 3 = Medium-low formality; 4 = Medium-high formality; 5 = High formality.
Appendix L. Mean number of quality changes made across each level of formality – according to a combination of between-subjects factors (design experience, major/specialization and study level)

Design experience	Major/ specialization	Study level	Formality level	Mean	Std. Error
None to non-CS/SE design experience	Non-CS/SE related majors	Undergraduate	1	11.42	2.01
			2	10.67	1.52
			3	12.92	1.66
			4	8.92	1.28
			5	7.50	1.35
		Graduate/ postgraduate	1	13.50	3.47
			2	10.50	2.64
			3	12.25	2.88
			4	10.50	2.22
			5	9.25	2.34
	CS/SE major	Undergraduate	1	13.71	1.86
			2	11.86	1.41
			3	12.00	1.54
			4	9.43	1.18
			5	8.07	1.25
		Graduate/ postgraduate	1	.(a)	.
			2	.(a)	.
			3	.(a)	.
			4	.(a)	.
			5	.(a)	.
CS/SE design experience	non CS/SE related majors	Undergraduate	1	17.50	4.92
			2	16.00	3.73
			3	14.00	4.08
			4	13.00	3.13
			5	5.00	3.31
		Graduate/ postgraduate	1	18.00	4.92
			2	13.00	3.73
			3	17.00	4.08
			4	15.00	3.13
			5	14.50	3.31
	CS/SE	Undergraduate	1	17.50	1.74
			2	13.69	1.32
			3	12.25	1.44
			4	9.31	1.12
			5	8.88	1.17
		Graduate/ postgraduate	1	21.00	2.20
			2	17.00	1.67
			3	14.40	1.82
			4	16.20	1.40
			5	12.00	1.48

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