Best Practices-Access to Justice (Agenda for Public Interest Law Reform)
Download 202.84 Kb.
|
, Section 74–Liability for costs (Act 586/1996; amendments up to 435/2003 included; none after that). Unofficial translation by Finland Ministry of Justice, available at http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1996/en19960586
123 E-mail communication to the author from Ruth Ester Solano Vasquez (on file with author). 124 Arts. 199 - 202 of the Administrative Courts Procedure Act of 30 August 2002 (Official Journal of Laws of 2002 No 153 item 1270 as amended), according to e-mail communication to the author from Prof. Jerzy Jendroska (on file with author). 125 Article 139, Administrative-Court Procedure Act/Ley 29/1998, de 13 de julio, de la Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa. 126 Translation provided by Peter Wilfling. The original in Slovak provides: (1) Ak mal žalobca úspech celkom alebo sčasti, súd mu proti žalovanému prizná právo na úplnú alebo čiastočnú náhradu trov konania. Môže tiež rozhodnúť, že sa náhrada trov celkom alebo sčasti neprizná, ak sú na to dôvody hodné osobitného zreteľa. Civil Procedure Code § 250k /1, available at http://jaspi.justice.gov.sk/jaspiw1.
127 Emails to author from Peter Wilfling, Citizen and Democracy Association (Bratislava), September 17 and 22, 2008 (on file with author). 128 Emphasis added. In the original: Náhradu trov odvolacieho konania účastníkom nepriznal podľa § 224 ods. 1 O.s.p. a § 250k ods. 1 O.s.p., keďže žalobcovia v konaní neboli úspešní a žalovanýpodľa zákona nemá nárok na náhradu trov konania. Judgment of the Supreme Court No. 8 Szo 81/2008 (11th September 2008). 129 A more accurate name would be the “USA rule” or “USA policy,” but it is embedded in U.S. legal terminology as the “American rule.” 130 John F. Vargo, The American Rule on Attorney Fee Allocation: The Injured Person's Access to Justice, 42 American University Law Review 1567 (Summer 1993) (hereinafter Vargo). 131 Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. v. Wilderness Society, 421 U.S. 240, 247 (1975) (hereafter Alyeska). 132 Id. at 259. 133 Id. at 258-262. 134 Gotanda, supra note 91 (citations omitted). 135 Alyeska, supra note 131 at 270-271. 136 See William A. Bradford, Public Enforcement of Public Rights: The Role of Fee-Shifting Statutes in Pro Bono Lawyering, in The Law Firm and the Public Good 125, 129-30 (Robert A. Katzmann ed., 1995). 137 A useful explanation of how the modified American Rule works in practice under federal legislation is provided in Alan Hirsch and Diane Sheehey, Awarding Attorneys’ Fees and Managing Fee Litigation (Monograph, Federal Judicial Center, 1994), available at http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/attyfees.pdf/$File/attyfees.pdf. More recent guidance from the U.S. Supreme Court is found in Buckhannon Board and Care Home, Inc. v. West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources, 532 U.S. 598 (2001) (where, during the litigation, the government agency gives the litigants a victory without a court order, the courts are sometimes not allowed to award attorney fees to the successful litigant). 138 See 1 Mary F. Derfner & Arthur D. Wolf, Court Awarded Attorney Fees, Table of Statutes, TS1-TS36 (1992). Many of these laws at the federal level were enacted after Alyeska, supra note 131. In Alyeska, the Supreme Court had listed only 25 federal statutes “granting or protecting various federal rights” that provided for the loser to pay the winner’s costs. Most applied only to cases where it was the federal government that lost and had to pay. Id. 260-261 at n. 33. It appears “[m]ost of the statutes authorizing fee shifting were enacted after” Alyeska. Robert V. Percival & Geoffrey P. Miller, The Role of Attorney Fee Shifting in Public Interest Litigation, 47 Law & Contemp. Problems 233 n.2 (1984). 139 Note, State Attorney Fee Shifting Statutes: Are We Quietly Repealing the American Rule?, Law & Contemp. Probs., Winter 1984, at pp. 321, 336 (discussing state fee-shifting statutes, which are mostly one-way). 140 Alyeska, supra note 131 at 270-271. 141 Clean Air Act, § 304(d), as added, Pub. L. No. 91-604, 84 Stat. 1706, currently codified as 42 U.S.C. § 7604(d). See also id., § 307(f), 42 U.S.C. § 7607(f). 142 Amendments to Freedom of Information Act, Pub.L. No. 93-502, § 1(b)(2), 88 Stat. 1561 (amending 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)) 143 Construction and Application of Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act of 1976 § 2[a], 43 A.L.R. Fed. 243 (citations omitted). 144 Equal Access to Justice Act, Public Law 96-481; 94 Stat. 2325 et seq., 28 U.S.C. 2412 (d). Cf. also Civil Rights Attorney's Fees Awards Act of 1976, Pub. L. 94-559, 90 Stat. 2641, 42 U.S.C. 1988. 145 Id. 146 In the United States, such cases are called “public interest” cases. A famous jurist long ago coined the term “private Attorneys General” for the legislative authorization of persons to file lawsuits on behalf of the public interest. Associated Indus. Of New York v. Ickes, 134 F.2d 694, 704 (2d Cir. 1943). In Latin America such lawsuits are often called “acciones difusas” (diffuse actions). 147 Aarhus Convention, supra note 9. 148 Id. 149 Id. 150 European Court of Human Rights, Steel and Morris v. United Kingdom, App No 6841601, Judgment of 15 February 2005 151 Joint Committee on Human Rights, Implementation of Strasbourg Judgments: First Progress Report (2005), available at www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200506/jtselect/jtrights/133/133.pdf. 152 Exceptions to the Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies (Art. 46(1), 46(2)(A) And 46(2)(B) American Convention on Human Rights, Advisory Opinion OC-11/90 of August 10, 1990, available at http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_11_ing.pdf (English) and http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_11_esp.pdf (Spanish). Directory: sites -> default -> files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations files -> Nstructions for Acquiring Excess Equipment online, through the 1033 Program files -> Occupational health and safety files -> The Black Panther Party’s Ten Point Program files -> International programs roel profile files -> Fermi Questions a guide for Teachers, Students, and Event Supervisors Lloyd Abrams, Ph. D. DuPont Company, cr&D/ccas experimental Station Wilmington, de 19880 files -> Personal Information Name: Maha Al-Ammari Nationality: Saudi Relationship Status Download 202.84 Kb. Share with your friends:
|