Centre for Internet and Society, Bangalore, India 9 April 2011 (Draft) Table of Contents
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Chapter 7: RecommendationsI We recommend that all publicly funded research in India should be made open access. This could be achieved by: 1. Each research performing institution setting up an interoperable institutional repository, where all authors will be required to deposit the full text of each one of their papers in its final accepted form immediately on acceptance; if there is a publisher embargo, one could still deposit the post-print immediately using the Immediate Deposit/Optional Access (ID/OA) model. 2. The heads (or the board of management) of each research performing institution (such as individual universities and laboratories) mandating open access to all research publications originating in the institution [these mandates can come from the faculty, e.g. Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Science, Stanford University School of Education, or from the office of the Vice Chancellor or Dean, Research]. The reality is only a few Indian institutions have an open access mandate in place so far. 3. Heads of Research Councils/ Apex bodies (such as CSIR, ISAR, ICMR, DRDO, UGC) mandating open access in all institutions coming under their purview. There was an effort of this kind at CSIR in 2009, but not many laboratories complied with the
3. The funding agencies [such as DST, DBT, DAE] mandating open access to all research papers resulting from projects funded by them, e.g. NIH and Howard Hughes Medical Institute in the USA, the Wellcome Trust and the Research Councils UK in the United Kingdom and the European Research Council 4. Science Academies (including Academies of Agriculture, Engineering and Medicine) should play an active role in bringing about a culture of open access. After all they are the custodians of standards. It is not enough if they make their journals open access. They should advise the government to mandate open access. So far they have not, whereas the National Knowledge Commission, which had a very short lifespan, did make a clear recommendation to the Prime Minister. 5. The Ministers in charge of Ministry of Human Resources Development and the Ministry of Science and Technology may together pilot an Open Access to Publicly Funded Research bill in the Parliament (similar to the FRPAA bill in the USA) and give open access legal status. Most research in the country is performed by institutions under these two Ministries. The current Minister in charge of Higher Education agreed to mandate open access for publications by all Wellcome Trust - DBT Alliance Fellows when he was the Minister for Science & Technology. II It is not enough if open access mandates are in place. People should be trained to set up and maintain open access repositories. And researchers should be trained to self-archive and do so willingly. Indeed, research scholars and young faculty will benefit a great deal if they attend carefully designed workshops on scholarly communication and open access. Similarly library and information professionals will benefit from training programmes in access to knowledge. We need to have a strong element of advocacy. We suggest the formation of Taxpayers Alliance (or Citizens) for Open Access and Students for Open Access. Concerned citizens can achieve what many formal organizations cannot. III Both top-down and bottom-up approaches are needed in India to achieve anything. Bottom-up approaches will give a sense of participation. But often one finds top-down approaches are necessary, as India still remains a hierarchical and feudal society. TablesTable 1 – Indian research papers in SCI and SSCI during 2000 – 2009 [SCI Science Citation Index - Expanded; SSCI Social Science Citation Index]
Table 2 – India's share of world publications on Thomson Reuters databases in two periods [Reproduced from Adams et al.]
Table 3 – Science in India, 2004-2008: Number of papers and relative impact compared to the world in different fields.140
Between 2004 and 2008, Thomson Reuters indexed about 143,186 papers listing at least one author address in India. Of those papers, the highest percentage appeared in the field of chemistry, followed by agricultural sciences and materials science. As the right-hand column shows, the impact of India-based chemistry authors was 35 per cent below the world impact average in the field for the five-year period (3.32 cites per paper for India versus the world mark of 5.06). On the other hand, India’s performance was comparatively strong in physics (at 84 per cent of the world mark, or just 16 per cent below) and engineering (19 per cent below). Source: National Science Indicators, 1981-2008 (containing listings of output and citation statistics for more than 170 countries; available in standard and deluxe versions from the Research Services Group). Table 4 – Impact factors of Indian journals (Source: Journal Citation Reports 2009)
Table 5 – Average 2009 price of journals in scientific disciplines.141
Table 6 – Growth of periodicals during 1788-1900
Table 7 – Mandates worldwide distributed by type
Source: http://roarmap.eprints.org (as on 31st March 2010) Table 8 – Mandates worldwide distributed by country Source: http://roarmap.eprints.org (as on 31st March 2010)
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