European gas imports: ghg emissions from the supply chain
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ResultsThe average value of the chain emissions is around 13 kgCO2eq/mmbtu (mmbtu = million British thermal unit) of natural gas imported, but the overall emissions could be up to 19 kgCO2eq/mmbtu (+45%) in the pipeline chain A1 (Russia – Germany). Considering that the CO2 emissions from the combustion of the natural gas is around 54 kgCO2eq/mmbtu, the emissions of the supply chain increase the overall emissions near by 25%. Along the supply chain the steps that give the most important contribution to the emissions are the treatment and the transport (pipeline and liquefaction+shipping), while the emissions from the production and regasification activities are limited. From an analysis of the results, we highlight that several factors strongly affect the GHG emissions of the gas supply chain: The efficiency of the liquefaction and regasification process: different technologies show widespread values of thermal efficiencies. The efficiency of the midstream step of the chain: performance of the LNG tanker engine (older/newer technology, motor size, fuel used) and performance of pipelines (pressure, diameter, natural gas leakages). CO2 concentration in the raw gas (production fields can have a CO2 content up to 14%mol of the raw gas compared to a worldwide average of 2%mol) 
Figure 2 – GHG emissions comparison for the six supply chain cases. ConclusionsIn conclusion, this analysis gives an outlook of the economical and environmental impact of the different supply chains for gas import to Europe. Till now the decisions about the supply have been based on economical or political factors, neglecting the environmental impact. However, Europe, which aims to cut GHG emissions, should consider also the supply chain emissions, given that a remarkable reduction of overall emissions would be feasible (a decrease of 15% in the 2025 gas supply chain emissions would cut around 55 Mton CO2, 1% of the total European 2005 CO2 emissions). Download 76.67 Kb. Share with your friends:
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