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GEC No. 9: Design and Analysis of Laterally Loaded Deep Foundations Literature Review 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of the GEC is to present guidelines for design procedures that can be applied to laterally loaded deep foundation elements based on best available state of the practice information relative to highway facility applications. These applications include single and groups of deep
foundations for bridge loads, excavation support, landslide repairs,
retaining structures, noise walls, sign and signal foundations,
vessel impact mitigation, and seismic event resistance in both vertical and mixed alignment configurations vertical and battered. Deep foundations include such elements as concrete, steel, and timber piles, micropiles,
drilled shafts, and auger-cast piles.
2. SCOPE OF RESEARCH This document presents the results of a literature review, prepared as part of the initial research for drafting GEC 009. The literature review is not intended to present an exhaustive summarization of all
available information sources, but rather to provide a representative gauge for the existing state of the practice. As such, the research discussed herein concentrates on published manuals from various state departments of transportation in the US, some foreign countries, and other public or private organizations.
These resources, taken together, provide a reasonable overview of the existing state of the practice. Other sources of information that were sought included case histories,
test program documentation, and research experience that would tend to validate one or more of the published design procedures. Individual test results were found to be available on websites and in published case histories, but generally without adequate documentation on a comparison of prediction methods to the actual field test results. As such, the literature review focused on published critiques comparing the accuracy and applicability of select design methodologies. The literature review contained herein is divided into four main sections based on the following sources State transportation departments, herein referred to as DOTs for simplicity Other US-based sources International standards Case history summary Due to language
and accessibility limitations, international practices were given less emphasis. Nevertheless, we have contacted engineers within our international organization in an attempt to assess worldwide practices as compared to the US.
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