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Identify the best answer. Answers are on the last page. The classical planets in order from the Sun are
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Date | 07.08.2017 | Size | 82.32 Kb. | | #28902 |
| Identify the best answer. Answers are on the last page.
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The classical planets in order from the Sun are:
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Mercury, Venus, Mars, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus
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Jupiter, Venus, Mars, Earth, Mercury, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus
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Mars, Venus, , Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Mercury Neptune, Uranus
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Venus, Mars, Mercury, Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus
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None of the above
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Nuclear fusion
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Is the source of Sun’s energy
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Occurs when the nucleus of an atom fissions and releases energy
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Radiates throughout the universe
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Is the reason that Jupiter has no solid surface
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All the above
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Mercury, Venus, and Mars are different than Earth because:
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They are closer to the Sun.
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Earth has volcanoes and they don’t.
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Earth currently has liquid water and they don’t.
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Earth is the only planet with ice this close to the Sun.
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None of the above.
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The largest storm in the Solar System is found on which planet?
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Uranus
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Earth
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Mars
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Jupiter
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Pluto
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The basic structure of the Solar System is described as
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the ecliptic.
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the Oort Cloud.
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inner terrestrial and outer gaseous planets.
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the asteroid filter.
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rotating nuclear fission.
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Why do the outer planets and their moons consist mostly of ice and gas while the inner planets are made up mostly of rock and metal?
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The solar wind stripped the inner planets of volatile compounds.
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The outer gas giants had greater volcanism, which produced large quantities of gases.
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Gravity sucked the gases from the inner planets into the Sun.
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Solar heat is so limited in the outer portion of the Solar System that solids turn into gas.
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All of the above.
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The dwarf planets are:
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Mercury, Earth, and Mars
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Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, and Mercury
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Eris, Ceres, Pluto, Haumea, and Makemake
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There are no “dwarf” planets, only moons
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None of the above
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What is planetesimal accretion?
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The collapse of the Kuiper Belt into the core region.
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Collisions of bits of ice, gas, and dust grew into planetesimals, and planetary embryos, and eventually planets.
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Jupiter, with its huge mass, broke into pieces that eventually became the major planets.
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The solar wind tore the young planets into smaller pieces called planetesimals, and these later grew together to form the present planets.
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All of the above.
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Which of the following is the name of a hypothesis explaining the origin of the Solar System?
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planetesimal collision
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nebular expansion
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solar nebula
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nuclear fusion
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solar objects
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The major gases in the Solar System include
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Ice, argon, methane, and carbon.
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Water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, helium, hydrogen, carbon monoxide
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Lithium, carbon dioxide, carbon, hydrogen, carbon monoxide
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Ammonia, oxygen, helium, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and water
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Water, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, helium, lithium, carbon monoxide
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Comets are made of:
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Molten rock
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Ice and mineral grains
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Gas and ice
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Rock and a thin atmosphere of water
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None of the above
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Extraterrestrial impacts
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Probably occurred in two waves
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May have delivered water to Earth and an early atmosphere
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May have originated at the Oort cloud and Kuiper belt regions
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Produced the scars on the Moons surface
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All the above
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The primary source of Earths heat is a combination of
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Extraterrestrial impacts, gravitational energy, radioactivity
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Nuclear fusion, volcanism, compression
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Compression, volcanism, solar wind
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Solar wind, radioactivity, gravitational energy
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None of the above
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During the Hadean Era, which of the following is thought to have occurred?
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Growth of the modern seas
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Formation of modern continents
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The “iron catastrophe”
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Origin of life on Earth
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All the above
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How does the chemical differentiation of Earth today reflect the influence of the “iron catastrophe”?
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There is more iron in the core than in the crust.
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The lower lithosphere stores most of Earth’s iron.
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Much of Earth’s iron has escaped as a result of extraterrestrial impacts.
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Iron is largely rare on Earth
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None of the above
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What are the principal differences between the average chemistry of the crust and the average chemistry of Earth as a whole?
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The crust is relatively enriched in less dense compounds and relatively depleted in iron.
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The crust is relatively enriched in magnesium and relatively depleted in oxygen.
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Earth as a whole has a greater abundance of silicon than does the crust.
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The crust contains a greater abundance of heavier elements than does Earth as a whole.
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None of the above
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How is Earth organized?
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Earth has an inner and outer core, a mantle, and a crust.
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Earth has an inner mantle and an outer lithosphere, with a liquid inner core.
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Earth’s crust rests atop the liquid mantle and the solid outer core.
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The inner core is solid, the mantle is solid, and the crust is solid under the continents and they are all liquid under the oceans.
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None of the above
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Subduction occurs:
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When one plate crashes into another
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When a lithospheric plate is recycled into Earth’s interior
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When a plate enters the inner core
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When a continent is recycled beneath an overriding plate
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During orogenesis
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Oceanic crust
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Is formed by asteroid impact.
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Is enriched in iron and magnesium compared to continental crust.
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Forms from sea salt.
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Is made of metamorphic rock.
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None of the above
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Magnetic reversals are caused by:
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Lunar gravitational effects.
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Changes in the rate at which Earth orbits the Sun.
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Impacts of extraterrestrial objects.
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Unknown causes.
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Faster subduction rates across Earth
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Evidence that the polarity of Earth’s geomagnetic field has reversed in the past is found:
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As magnetic striping in volcanic arcs
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In magnetic reversals recorded by iron minerals in oceanic crust
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In accretionary prisms
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Where magma develops above a subducting slab
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All of the above
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Three plate boundaries, defined by relative motion, are:
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Converging, diverging, and lateral.
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Convergent, divergent, and transform.
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Strike slip, hotspot, and spreading center.
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Spreading center, transform, and divergent.
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All of the above
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The three types of convergent plate boundaries are:
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Convergent, divergent, and volcanic.
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Ocean-ocean, ocean-continent, and continent-continent.
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Subducting, divergent, and shearing.
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Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
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None of the above.
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At ocean-ocean convergent boundaries:
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Younger, less dense crust tends to subduct
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Island arcs tend to subduct
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Transform faults will typically develop
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There are rarely earthquakes
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None of the above.
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The Himalayan Mountains are an example of:
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Extraterrestrial impact.
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Continent-ocean convergence.
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A subduction zone.
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Continent-continent convergence.
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All the above
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At the San Andreas transform fault,
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Lithosphere is subducted as one plate dives below another.
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New lithosphere is formed as two plates pull away from each other.
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Decompression melting recycles old crust.
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The Pacific Plate moves to the north relative to the North American Plate
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All of the above.
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Earthquakes occur at:
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Divergent plate boundaries.
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Ocean-ocean convergent plate boundaries.
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Ocean-continent plate boundaries.
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Transform boundaries.
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All of the above
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The rock cycle is a concept that
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Has no relationship to plate tectonics.
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Is not a well-accepted hypothesis.
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Describes the recycling of rock.
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Was first described only two decades ago.
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All of the above
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Which of the following is part of the definition of a mineral?
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Liquid
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Electrically charged
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Inorganic
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Synthetic
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None of the above
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Many minerals are useful in everyday life. Some examples include:
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Feldspar and quartz
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Clay and gypsum
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Graphite and chalcopyrite
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Copper and titanium
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All of the above
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To quickly identify a mineral sample, geologists use
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Physical size
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Color
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Physical properties
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Laboratory analysis
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None of the above
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“Fool’s gold” is
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Hematite
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Calcite
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Pyrite
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Native gold
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None of the above
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One of the isotopes of the element carbon (atomic number 6) has a mass number of 13. How many neutrons does this isotope have in its nucleus?
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5
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6
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7
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14
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None of the above
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What are formed when sodium ions and chlorine ions combine to produce NaCl?
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Ionic bonds
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Covalent bonds
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Organic structures
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Isotopes
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Native elements
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What property causes the mineral biotite to break into flat sheets?
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Its density
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Its electrical charge
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Its crystalline structure
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Its hardness
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None of the above
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Silicates are constructed by
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Carbon and hydrogen.
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Iron and oxygen.
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Silica and feldspar.
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Silicon and oxygen.
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None of the above
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Single substitution occurs during crystallization because
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Neutral compounds attract ions.
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The number of leftover ions must be balanced.
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A charged compound is formed.
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Ions of similar size can substitute for one another.
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To form a dense compound.
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The two most abundant elements in the crust form
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Oxides.
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Sulfates.
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Silicates.
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Carbonates.
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Halides
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The important rock-forming minerals include
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Feldspars, biotite, and goingouttonight.
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Calcite, feldspars, biotite, and amphiboles.
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Amphiboles, feldspars, quartz, and rutile.
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Rutile, amphibole, calcite, and garnet.
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Quartz, feldspar, granite, basalt
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The silica compound takes the shape of
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A rectangle.
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A tetrahedron.
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A polygon.
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A polymer.
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Magma
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Plagioclase feldspar is a
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Mineral element.
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Type of carbon compound.
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Mineral
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All of the above
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Type of quartz
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What is igneous rock?
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Rock produced by melting
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Rock composed of sediments
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Rock derived from pressure
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Rock that mixes the mantle and crust
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None of the above
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Most melting in the mantle is a result of
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High-pressure melting.
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Decompression melting.
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Sudden increases in temperature.
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Turbulent mantle plumes.
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None of the above
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In most cases, magma differentiation produces magma with higher _________ content than the parent magma.
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iron
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silica
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calcium
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mineral
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None of the above
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Magma that is cooling undergoes
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Crystallization.
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Recrystallization.
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Partial melting.
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Refractionation.
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Erosion
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Bowen’s reaction series describes
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the sequence in which minerals melt in rapidly heating magma.
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the sequence in which plutons are formed in migrating magma.
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the sequence in which rocks are formed in average continental crust.
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The sequence in which minerals crystallize in cooling magma.
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None of the above
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The order of mineral crystallization is typically
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felsic, mafic, intermediate, ultramafic.
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felsic, intermediate, mafic, ultramafic.
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ultramafic, mafic, intermediate, felsic.
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mafic, ultramafic, felsic, intermediate.
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All of the above
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Mafic means________; felsic means_________.
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high in iron, magnesium, and calcium; high in silicon and oxygen
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high in calcium and magnesium; high in silicon, oxygen, and iron
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high in iron and oxygen; high in silicon, calcium, and magnesium
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high in silicon, oxygen, and calcium; high in iron and magnesium
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Volcanic; plutonic
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The composition of dark igneous rock is likely to be
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Felsic
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Mafic
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Rhyolitic
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Plutonic
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None of the above
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Which of the following best describes igneous evolution?
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All rocks evolved as a result of partial melting.
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All rocks evolved as a result of hotspot volcanism.
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All rocks evolved as a result of differentiation of recent metamorphic rocks.
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All rocks are a result of meteorite impacts.
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None of the above
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Which of the following is correct?
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Granite is formed at spreading centers.
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Andesite is formed at subduction zones.
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Basalt is a mineral commonly in granite.
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Gabbro is formed by chemical weathering.
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None of the above
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Volcanic arcs are primarily composed of
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granite and phyllite.
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gabbro and gneiss.
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basalt and pyroxenite.
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andesite and diorite.
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All of the above
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Plutons are
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magma bodies within the deep crust.
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intrusive igneous rocks in the lower mantle.
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magma bodies produced by volcanism.
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igneous rocks produced by fissure eruptions.
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made by contact metamorphism
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Plate tectonics is important to igneous evolution because:
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Plate tectonics formed the first igneous rock billions of years ago.
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Melting does not occur at plate boundaries
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Mantle plumes only occur at spreading centers
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Plate tectonics provides for many igneous environments
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Plate tectonics does not allow for partial melting
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Spheroidal weathering is caused by
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sand abrasion in running water.
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crystal growth in cold climates.
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chemical weathering of angular rocks.
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a combination of slaking and mass wasting.
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None of the above
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The chemical interaction of oxygen with other substances is known as
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Dissolution
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Hydrolysis
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Saturation
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Oxidation
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None of the above
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The most important form of chemical weathering of silicate minerals is
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Crystal growth
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Slaking
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Hydrolysis
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Dissolution
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Frost wedging
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Insoluble residues are:
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Minerals produced by weathering
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Dissolved compounds resulting from chemical weathering
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Soils that are rich in organics
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All the above
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Typically dissolved in hydraulic acid
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The tendency of silicates to weather on Earth’s surface is predicted by
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Mineral texture
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Rock color and environment of deposition
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Bowens Reaction Series
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Tectonic setting
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Their roundness
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The variable that most affect the weathering process are rock composition and __________.
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Topography
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Surface area
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Living things
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Climate
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None of these
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Which of the following statements about soil erosion is true?
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It is a form of pollution that affects biological communities.
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It is a major problem affecting millions of acres of cropland.
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It threatens to impact food production.
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It takes centuries to make soil and only minutes to erode it
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All the above
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Karst topography is the result of
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Soil erosion
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Biological weathering of silicate rock
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Chemical weathering of carbonate rock
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Spheroidal weathering
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All the above
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Aluminum ore comes from
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Spheroidal weathering
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Tundra environments
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Humid tropical settings
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Physical weathering
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All the above
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Weathering consists of
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Erosion, tectonics, and uplift.
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Chemical, biological, and physical degradation.
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crust age, chemistry and sedimentary minerals
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Sedimentary quartz, hematite, and sillimanite.
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None of the above
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Geologists study sedimentary rocks because
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They provide a record of Earth’s history.
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They are sources of fossil fuels.
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They may contain important mineral resources.
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They may contain fossils, providing a history of life including human evolution
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All of the above
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Sediments produced by the action of living organisms are called
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Chemical sediments.
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Physical sediments.
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Clastic sediments.
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Biogenic sediments.
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None of the above
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Well-sorted and well-rounded sand grains indicate that sediment
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Came from a nearby source area.
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Was deposited at the location where it was found.
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Traveled from a distant source area.
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Have not been influenced by weathering
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None of the above
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Lithification refers to
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the set of natural processes that turn sediment into rock.
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the processes of erosion and tectonic uplift.
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the effects of chemical weathering.
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erosion
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None of the above
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After being created by weathering, sediments may
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Experience more weathering
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Combine with chemical sediments
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Combine with biogenic sediments
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Experience sorting and abrasion
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All of the above
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The sedimentary cycle refers to
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The continual erosion of sediments from mountainsides.
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The process of recycling sediments.
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The formation of rock through compaction of sediments.
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The formation of rock through chemical precipitation of sediments.
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None of the above
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Which of the following statements is correct?
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Clastic sedimentary rocks include sandstone.
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Biochemical sedimentary rocks include Andesite
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Biochemical sedimentary rocks include shale and mudstone.
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Clastic sedimentary rock includes chert and coal.
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All of the above
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Biochemical sedimentary rocks may form by
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Evaporation
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Erosion
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Metamorphism
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Floods
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None of the above
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Rock fragments are known as
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Clasts
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Bioclastic sediments.
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Evaporites
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Natural cements.
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None of the above
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Particle sizes are described using the following terms
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Sand, gravel, lithic fragments, and natural cements.
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Gravel, sand, silt, and clay.
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Conglomerate, sandstone, arkose, and shale.
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Abraded, sorted, rounded, and spherical.
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High grade and low grade
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Organisms play a significant role in the origin of _____ sedimentary rock.
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Clastic
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Biogenic
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Chemical
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Lithologic
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None of the above
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Sedimentary rocks are classified by
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Mineralogy and fossils.
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Cementation and compaction.
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Environment of precipitation and environment of deposition.
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Composition and texture.
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All the above
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Primary sedimentary structures are
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Physical features of a rock related to the environment of deposition.
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Physical features of a rock related to the process of cementation.
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Chemical features of a rock produced by the motion of water and wind.
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Sediment forms produced by biogenic processes.
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Related to plate convergence
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Metamorphic rocks are formed by increased
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Pressure and cementation.
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Heat and melting.
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Pressure and heat.
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Cooling and solidification.
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None of the above
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Metamorphism occurs when
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Minerals partially melt and quickly recrystallize.
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Recrystallization occurs in the solid state.
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Loose sediments grow new crystals that cement grains together.
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Igneous minerals have solidified.
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None of the above
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What type of metamorphism is local in extent and results from the rise in temperature in country rock surrounding an igneous intrusion?
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Regional
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Contact
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Burial
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Metasomatism
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Plutonism
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The metamorphic index minerals are:
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Kaolinite, garnet, quartz, chlorite, biotite, and schist.
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Chlorite, garnet, sillimanite, hornfels, schist, and muscovite.
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Slate, phyllite, schist, chlorite, greenschist, and gneiss.
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Chlorite, muscovite, biotite, garnet, and sillimanite.
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Gneiss, slate, chlorite, quartz
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Foliated metamorphic rocks, in order of increasing metamorphic grade, are:
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Clay, chlorite, muscovite, biotite, garnet, and sillimanite.
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Marble, quartzite, mylonite, and gneiss.
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Slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss.
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Shale, slate, quartzite, marble, and schist.
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Gneiss, slate, schist, chlorite, and phyllite
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Marble is related to limestone in the same way that
-
Basalt is related to granite.
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Slate is related to shale.
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Gravel is related to siltstone.
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Gneiss is related to marble.
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Sandstone is related to basalt.
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Which of the following statements about foliated rocks is correct?
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They reflect the influence of directed stress in the crust.
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They are usually formed within intruded country rock.
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They are the product of metasomatism.
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They rarely develop at convergent margins.
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None of the above
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Which of the following tectonic processes is (are) most important to metamorphism?
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Plate rotation
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Sediment accumulation and erosion
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Subduction and plate convergence
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Paleomagnetic wandering
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Plate tectonics is not related to metamorphism
-
Common contact metamorphic rocks include
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Zeolite, hornfels, and shale.
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Slate, gneiss, and marble.
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Quartzite, marble
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Basalt, granulite, and blueschist.
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None of the above
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Regional metamorphosis of shale occurs in the following sequence:
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Zeolite, gneiss, slate
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Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
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Gneiss, marble, schist, hornfels
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Greenschist, slate, hornfels, basalt
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None of the above
Answers
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E
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A
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C
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D
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C
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A
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C
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B
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C
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B
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B
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E
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A
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C
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A
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A
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A
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B
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B
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D
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B
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B
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B
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E
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D
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D
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E
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C
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C
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E
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C
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C
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C
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A
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C
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D
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D
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C
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B
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B
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C
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A
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B
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B
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A
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D
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C
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A
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B
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A
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B
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D
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A
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D
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C
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D
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C
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A
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C
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D
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E
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C
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C
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B
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E
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D
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C
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A
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E
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B
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A
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A
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A
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B
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B
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D
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A
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C
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B
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B
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D
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C
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B
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A
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C
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C
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B
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