Japan Aff Michigan 2010 / ccgjp lab – 7wks
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Presence Key (4/5)US military Presence is key for regional stability and to prevent Japanese remilitarization Miyashita, 99 – Professor at Tokyo International University School of International Relations Department of International Relations ( Dec. 1999, Akitoshi, “ Gaiatsu and Japan's Foreign Aid: Rethinking the Reactive-Proactive Debate” http://www.jstor.org/pss/3014027) The second area of asymmetric interdependence that defines U.S.-Japan rela- tions is security. Despite Japan's growing contribution in burden-sharing, the bilateral alliance remains essentially unequal in terms of capability and commit- ment. Currently, the size of the Japanese defense force is less than one fifth of that of the United States. Under the U.S.-Japan security treaty, the United States is obliged to defend Japan when the latter is under attack, but Japan has no reciprocal obligation. In addition to providing military protection against poten- tial external threat, the bilateral security treaty allowed postwar Japan to stay lightly armed while putting efforts and resources into economic recovery from the devas- tation of World War II. Inside what Donald Hellmann (1988) called the "American greenhouse," Japan concentrated on the "low politics" of economic growth and enjoyed an unprecedented level of prosperity. Even today, as Japan's per capita GDP exceeds that of the United States by 27 percent, its per capita defense spending is less than half the comparable figure for the United States. ), the security environment of East Asia continues to be unstable despite the demise of the Soviet Union. North Korea's nuclear ambition and its conventional military buildup pose a serious threat to Japan, while the political implications of China's rising power in the entire region remain unclear. In such a volatile security environment, the U.S. military forces remain crucial in East Asia. "The U.S. presence," as Joseph Nye (1995:91) notes, "is a force for stability, reducing the need for arms buildups and deterring the rise of hegemonic forces."The significance of the bilateral security treaty to Japan is not only military and economic but also political. The security treaty saves the Japanese government from confronting the difficult question of Japan's large-scale rearmament (and, by implication, its past) on both the domestic and international fronts. Given the existing security environment in East Asia, a termination of the security treaty and a subsequent pullout of American troops from Japan would force Tokyo to alter its defense policy rather drastically toward substantial remilitarization. Domestically, such redefinition of defense policy will be politically costly due to the strong antimilitary sentiment (including the so-called nuclear allergy) that persists in Japan. Most Japanese are still haunted by the trauma of World War II. "Remem- bering what happened the last time the nation ventured abroad," argues Masaru Tamamoto (1990:498), "the Japanese are afraid of what they might do once they reenter the international political-strategic arena." Indeed, more than five decades after the end of World War II, the government in Tokyo today still finds it extremely difficult to revise the constitution so that it can send troops overseas to fully participate in peace-keeping operations of the United Nations. Japan's drastic remilitarization would also draw strong antagonism from its Asian neighbors, many of whom suffered enormous atrocities of Japanese milita- rism during the 1930s and '40s. Part of the Asian resentment for Japan's larger military role stems from Japan's continued reluctance to come to terms with its own past. As demonstrated by the school textbook and the "comfort women" controversies, Tokyo has not been sincere about recognizing Japan's responsibility for the war and not forthcoming about apologies, especially in comparison with Germany. The alliance with the United States has helped "conceal" the issue as it not only made a substantial remilitarization of Japan unnecessary but also served as a reassurance for Japan's Asian neighbors who fear a resurgence of Japanese militarism. A withdrawal of U.S. troops would inevitably force Japan to revisit and redefine its past to become more "accepted" in the Asian community Presence Key (5/5)US military troops prevents Japan remilitarization and establishes stability Destler and Nacht, 91 – *Professor at the School of Public Policy, University of Maryland AND **Professor of Public Policy and former Aaron Wildavsky Dean at the Goldman School of Public Policy (Winter 1990-1991, “Beyond Mutual Recrimination: Building a Solid U.S.-Japan Relationship in the 1990s” http://www.jstor.org/stable/2538908) It is hard to see any reason not to continue the mutually beneficial arrange- ment of the U.S.-Japan security treaty. It is easy to see large costs in breaking it off. The geostrategic changes that swept across Europe in 1989 are also being felt in Asia-Gorbachev met with South Korean President Roh Tae Woo in San Francisco in June 1990, Sino-Soviet relations have improved, and polarization in the Philippines is growing over the American military pres- ence at Subic Bay and Clark Field-but the withdrawal of American military forces from Japan would not serve U.S. interests. Not only does the American military presence reassure our allies in that region against a possible resur- gence of the Soviet military threat, it also serves to dissuade the Japanese from acquiring power-projection forces of their own. U.S. forces in Japan have a political and psychological "pin-down" effect, constraining the rela- tively small but potentially influential circles in Tokyo-some senior officials in the Ground Self Defense Forces, militant nationalists within the Liberal Democratic Party such as Shintaro Ishihara, some key members of the busi- ness community, a few journalists and intellectuals-who resent the Amer- ican-authored Japanese constitution, believe that the days of the United States as a superpower are numbered, and argue that Japan needs to begin to acquire military and political power commensurate with its economic might. The residual animosity toward Japan throughout Asia remains substan- tial,32 and the termination of the U.S.-Japan security treaty would multiply security anxiety throughout the region. It would almost certainly trigger a fundamental reappraisal of Seoul's security position and would strengthen the arguments of those in Korea who would defend the need to acquire ballistic missiles or nuclear weapons.33 Thus, even if Japan initially had no plans to enhance its armed forces, the removal of the American military presence from the Japanese home islands would risk provoking a regional arms race that would be in no one's interest. It is desirable to broaden the Japanese defense contribution through op- erational and technology cooperation, and through increases in Japanese financial support of U.S. defense activities based in Japan. But the United States should not pressure Japan to increase its defense spending further as a share of GNP. Japan wants US presence because it fears an attack from North Korea Wright 9/13/09 Japan Times | Sept. 13, 2009 | Kyodo News Neil E. Wright http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2338498/posts U.S. floated plan to withdraw fighter jets Japan stayed silent in light of North Korea, realignment worries The U.S. government sounded out Japan in early April about pulling out all of the approximately 40 F-16 fighters from Misawa Air Base in Aomori Prefecture, possibly beginning later this year, sources close to Japan-U.S. relations said Friday. As part of the ongoing review of the U.S. defense strategy by the administration of U.S. President Barack Obama, the United States at the time also told Japan of an idea to remove some of the more than 50 F-15 fighters at its Kadena Air Base in Okinawa Prefecture, they said. Both of the proposals are pending, however, as Japan has shown reluctance due to concern about the situation in North Korea and the possible impact on the realignment of U.S. forces in Japan. Japan and the United States have agreed on realignment plans on the basis of the current composition of U.S. forces in Japan. Bases in Japan are key to security because of its geographical position Japan Up-Close Feb ‘10 A Japanese magazine http://www.export-japan.com/jcu/sample/index.php?page=if-us-forces-withdraw-from-japan For the United States of America, Japan is of great value in terms of national security and military strategy. The first value is its geographical position. It is located across the Pacific Ocean from America’s mainland. It takes about 10 hours by air and two weeks by ship at an average 15 knots. By locating forces in Japan, the US can save that transportation time. The headquarters of the US 7th Fleet is located in Yokosuka Naval Base. It is the home port of USS George Washington (CVN 73), Nimitz class of nuclear-powered supercarrier. US Navy can save time by deploying from the Western Pacific to the Indian Ocean. III Marine Expeditionary Force is stationed in Okinawa. Being there means the US can deploy to any location from Sakhalin and the Maritime Province of Siberia to South China Sea and the Indochinese Peninsula. It takes 12 days from Okinawa to the central area of the Indian Ocean. It takes 14 days from Okinawa to Diego Garcia, a strategically important island, which the US leases from the UK. It takes 16 days to reach the Strait of Hormuz. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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