Lecture notes chapter outline teaching suggestions



Download 201.19 Kb.
Date09.06.2018
Size201.19 Kb.
#54044

Instructor: Prof. Michael P. Harris Chapter 11

ITSC 1405 – Intro to PC Operating Systems Advanced BATCH Files


Chapter 11
Advanced Batch Files


LECTURE NOTES

CHAPTER OUTLINE

TEACHING SUGGESTIONS

Chapter Overview


  • Quick review of batch file commands learned in earlier chapters.

  • Advanced features of these commands will be explained and used.

  • Will explain the purpose and function of remaining batch file commands and then will use these commands to write sophisticated batch files.

  • Will refine techniques in working with environment.



BATCH FILE COMMANDS


  • Batch File Commands

  • Batch file rules.

  • Has .BAT or .CMD as file extension.

  • Must be ASCII file.

  • Must include legitimate commands.

  • Create generic batch files using replaceable parameters.

  • Are not case-sensitive.

  • Can use any command in batch file that can be used on the command line.

  • Many special batch file commands.

  • See PowerPoint slides # for list of commands and their purposes.

  • Batch files have a limited vocabulary, syntax, and programming logic.

  • Limited in kind of programming they can do.

  • Not as versatile as "real" programming languages.

A REVIEW OF THE REM, PAUSE, AND ECHO COMMANDS


  • A Review of the REM, PAUSE, and ECHO Commands

  • REM.

  • Used to document batch files.

  • Up to string of 123 characters.

  • ECHO on - displays but does not execute what follows REM.

  • Won't display if ECHO is off.

  • Placing REM in front of a command will disable but not delete that specific line.

  • Batch file or CONFIG.SYS file will continue to execute.

  • Disables line without deleting it.

  • PAUSE.

  • + C or + interrupts program.

  • Temporarily stops executing batch file.

  • Will not continue until user presses a key.

  • Will not do any conditional processing.

  • ECHO.

  • Used on command line or in batch file.

  • Controls printing of messages on screen when batch file is run.

  • ECHO ON

  • (Default) displays all commands to screen along with output.

  • Useful when tracking operation of a batch file

  • Clutters screen when batch file runs successfully

  • ECHO OFF

  • Displays only output of commands to screen.

  • ECHO displays text string to screen.

  • Precede ECHO OFF with @ and “ECHO OFF” will not appear on the screen.


ADVANCED FEATURES OF ECHO AND REM


  • Advanced Features of ECHO and REM

  • REM slows processing of a batch file.

  • Recognized by OS as command and must be processed.

  • Replace REM with double colon (::) for faster processing.

  • Label - single colon followed by anything.

  • Using double colon (::) because labels skipped by OS.

  • With ECHO OFF, messages still come on screen.

  • Redirecting output to NUL device eliminates standard output messages.

  • Will not suppress messages like “File not found”.

  • To generate blank line on screen:

  • Use ECHO followed by a period (ECHO.).

  • No space between ECHO and period.

  • Using will not work in batch files.



ACTIVITY—USING ECHO AND NUL


  • Using ECHO and NUL

  • DATA disk in Drive A, A:\> displayed.

  • Activity steps.

  • Use editor to create/save batch file called ONE.BAT press enter only where indicated

:: This is a test of a batch file using
:: different features.
COPY CAROLYN.FIL BOOK.FIL

TYPE BOOK.FIL
ECHO
DEL BOOK.FIL
COPY NO.FIL BOOK.FIL


  • Close Editor and key in TYPE ONE.BAT

  • Key in: ONE

  • Edit/save ONE.BAT so it looks as follows:
    @ECHO OFF
    :: This is a test of a batch file using

:: different features

COPY CAROLYN.FIL BOOK.FIL > NUL

ECHO.
TYPE BOOK.FIL

ECHO.
DEL BOOK.FIL
COPY NO.FIL BOOK.FIL > NUL

  • Key in: ONE

  • Activity completed.



THE GOTO COMMAND


  • The GOTO Command

  • Use GOTO command to have batch file constructed to behave like a program.

  • Allows looping & branching within batch files.

  • Can stop loop

  • Use IF statement or

  • Break into batch file - + C.

  • Works in conjunction with a label to create a loop.

  • Processes command following label.

  • Label.

  • Do not confuse with volume label on a disk.

  • Name chosen to flag or identify the location in batch file.

  • Preceded by colon (:).

  • Labels must be unique.

  • Maximum length - 8 characters.

  • Not a command.

  • Batch file goes to label – carries out command followed on line after label.

  • Not case sensitive – but make cases same.

  • Has one parameter – GOTO label.

  • Double colon ensures that OS will disregard line since colon may not be used as label name.

ACTIVITY—USING THE GOTO COMMAND


  • Using the GOTO Command

  • DATA disk in Drive A with A:\> displayed.

  • Activity steps.

  • Use text editor to create/save batch file called REPEAT.BAT so it looks as follows:

REM This file displays many times the contents
REM of a file
:REPEAT
TYPE %1

PAUSE
GOTO REPEAT


  • At system prompt, key in: REPEAT ASTRO.TXT

  • Press several times to loop through file.

  • Press + C then Y then

  • Activity completed.



THE SHIFT COMMAND


  • The SHIFT Command

  • Number of parameters on command line limited to 10 (%0 - %9).

  • 0% - represents batch file name itself.

  • Really limited to 9 parameters.

  • SHIFT moves parameters one position to the left, decreasing their number by one.

  • With SHIFT can have unlimited # of parameters.

ACTIVITY—USING THE SHIFT COMMAND


  • Using the SHIFT Command

  • DATA disk in Drive A with A:\> displayed.

  • Activity steps.

  • Key in: ECHO a b c d e

  • Use editor to create/save batch file called ALPHA.BAT so it looks as follows:

@ ECHO OFF
ECHO %0 %1 %2 %3
SHIFT
ECHO %0 %1 %2 %3
SHIFT
ECHO %0 %1 %2 %3


SHIFT

ECHO %0 %1 %2 %3

  • At system prompt key in: ALPHA a b c d e f

  • Create /save new batch file UPDATE.BAT so it looks as follows:

:DOIT
COPY %1 /B + > NUL
SHIFT
PAUSE
GOTO DOIT


  • Key in: DIR APR.99

  • Key in: DIR APR.BUD

  • Key in: UPDATE APR.99 APR.BUD

  • Press <ENTER> twice then +C then Y

  • Key in: DIR APR.99

  • Key in: DIR APR.BUD

  • Create/save a batch file called SIZE.BAT so it looks as follows:

:TOP
DIR %1 | FIND "Directory" >> TEMP.FIL


DIR %1 | FIND “bytes” | FIND /V “free” >> TEMP.FIL
SHIFT
GOTO TOP
TYPE TEMP.FIL
PAUSE
DEL TEMP.FIL


  • Key in: SIZE CLASS TRIP

  • Press + C then Y

  • Key in: TYPE TEMP.FIL | MORE

  • Press + C

  • Activity completed.



THE IF COMMAND


  • The IF Command

  • Allows conditional processing of parts of batch files.

  • Compares two items - determines if they are identical, or if one is greater than the other.

  • Comparison yields one of two values.

  • True - items are identical

  • False - items are not identical.

  • Syntax: IF .

  • Condition true – Command executed.

  • Condition false:

  • Command not executed.

  • Batch file falls through to next command line in batch file.




  • IF can check for three conditions.

  • Whether two sets of characters are or are not identical.

  • Whether or not a file exists.

  • Value of variable in ERRORLEVEL
    - ERRORLEVEL is a number that a program can set depending on the outcome of a process.


THE IF COMMAND USING STRINGS


  • The IF Command using Strings

  • IF can be used to compare strings.

  • Two equal signs (= =) separate what is to be compared.

  • Tell IF statement to GOTO a label or perform an operation whether the condition is true or false.



ACTIVITY—USING THE IF COMMAND WITH STRINGS


  • Using the IF Command with Strings

  • DATA disk in Drive A with A:\> displayed.

  • Activity steps.

  • Use editor to create/save batch file called GREET.BAT so it looks as follows: (No spaces between two equal signs.)
    IF %1==Carolyn GOTO Carolyn
    IF %1==Bette GOTO Bette
    ECHO Isn't anyone there?
    GOTO FINISH
    :Carolyn
    ECHO Greetings, Ms. Carolyn.
    GOTO FINISH
    :Bette
    ECHO Greetings, Ms. Bette.
    :FINISH


  • Key in:

  • GREET Carolyn then GREET Bette

  • GREET JUAN then GREET BETTE

  • Activity completed.



TESTING FOR NULL VALUES


  • Testing for NULL Values

  • Activity 11.11 tested for exact match of character strings.


  • If used SHIFT until all parameters used – end up in endless loop.

  • Can test to see if string matches.

  • Can test for a null value = literally testing for nothing (no data).

  • Even though nothing is there, there must be "something" to confirm the "nothing."

  • To test for "nothing" must place a value in test that will give you nothing.

  • Variety of methods for testing null values.

  • Use quotation marks so that your statement becomes:

  • IF "%1"= ="" GOTO LABEL

  • Above means, "If nothing there, GOTO somewhere else."

  • Use void: (can use any word)

  • IF %1void= = GOTO LABEL

  • Use backslash (\):

  • IF \%1\= =\\ GOTO LABEL



ACTIVITY—USING NULL VALUES


  • Using NULL Values

  • Note: DATA disk in Drive A with A: \> displayed.

  • Activity steps.

  • Edit and save file called UPDATE.BAT to look as follows:
    :DOIT
    IF "%1"=="" GOTO END
    COPY %1 /B + > NUL
    SHIFT
    PAUSE
    GOTO DOIT
    :END

  • Key in:

  • DIR CAROLYN.FIL

  • UPDATE CAROLYN.FIL

  • Press

  • Key in: DIR CAROLYN.FIL

  • Edit/save SIZE.BAT file to look as follows:
    :TOP
    IF %1nothing==nothing GOTO END
    DIR %1 | FIND "Directory" >> TEMP.FIL
    DIR %1 | FIND "bytes" | FIND /V "free" >> TEMP.FIL
    SHIFT
    GOTO TOP

TYPE TEMP.FIL
PAUSE
DEL TEMP.FIL
:END

  • Key in:

  • DEL TEMP.FIL

  • SIZE CLASS TRIP

  • TYPE TEMP.FIL

  • Activity completed.



THE IF EXIST/IF NOT EXIST COMMAND


  • The IF EXIST/IF NOT EXIST Command

  • Checks for existence/non-existence of a specified file.

  • Using IF EXIST command.

  • If file exists

  • Condition is true

  • Processing passes to specified GOTO location or to command following IF statement.

  • If file does not exist:

  • Condition is false.

  • OS ignores command in IF clause.

  • Batch process reads next line in file.

  • Using IF NOT EXIST command.

  • If file does not exist:

  • Condition is true.

  • Processing passes to specified GOTO location or to command following IF NOT statement.

  • If file exists:

  • Condition is false.

  • Batch process reads next line in file.


ACTIVITY—USING IF EXIST TO TEST FOR A FILE


  • Using IF EXIST to Test for a File

  • Note: DATA disk in Drive A with A: \> displayed.


  • Activity steps.

  • Use any text editor to create/save a file called RENDIR.BAT to look as follows:
    IF \%1\==\\ GOTO end
    IF NOT \%2\==\\ GOTO next
    ECHO You must include a destination name
    ECHO for the new directory name.
    GOTO end
    :next
    IF EXIST %1 GOTO message
    REN %1 %2
    GOTO end
    :message
    ECHO This is a file, not a directory.
    :end

  • Key in: RENDIR JAN.99 LAST

  • Key in: RENDIR TEST OLDER

  • Edit RENDIR.BAT file so IF NOT EXIST%1\NUL GOTO message replaces IF EXIST %1GOTO message.

  • Key in: RENDIR TEST OLDER

  • Edit/save SIZE.BAT file to look as follows:
    IF EXIST TEMP.FIL DEL TEMP.FIL
    :TOP
    IF %1nothing==nothing GOTO END
    IF NOT EXIST %1\NUL GOTO NEXT
    DIR %1 | FIND "Directory" >> TEMP.FIL
    DIR %1 | FIND "bytes" | FIND /V "free" >> TEMP.FIL
    :NEXT
    SHIFT
    GOTO TOP
    :END
    TYPE TEMP.FIL
    PAUSE
    DEL TEMP.FIL

  • Key in: SIZE CLASS JUP.PAR TRIP

  • Press

  • Activity completed.



IF ERRORLEVEL COMMAND TESTING


  • Program can set exit code when it finishes executing.

  • Batch file tests this exit code with IF ERRORLEVEL statement.



  • Exit code doesn’t test for a match with ERRORLEVEL, but determines if it is greater than or equal to it.

  • Test IF ERRORLEVEL 0 will always be true – every possible exit code is greater than or equal to 0.



ACTIVITY—USING IF ERRORLEVEL WITH COPY


  • Using IF ERRORLEVEL with COPY

  • DATA disk in Drive A with A:\> displayed.

  • Activity steps.

  • Use any text editor to create/save a file called ERROR.BAT to look as follows:

COPY %1 %2
IF ERRORLEVEL 1 GOTO NOTOK
IF ERRORLEVEL 0 GOTO OK
:NOTOK
ECHO There are no %1 files. Try again.
GOTOEND
:OK
ECHO You copied the %1 files


successfully.
:END


  • Key in: ERROR *.TXT OLDER

  • Key in: ERROR *.NON OLDER

  • Activity completed.



WRITING PROGRAMS TO TEST FOR KEY CODES


  • Writing Programs to Test for Key Codes

  • Exit codes.

  • Set by OS.

  • Created by writing small programs that are based upon some activity.

  • Can write program that identifies which key on a keyboard was pressed and report which key it was.

  • Can do this activity because each time key is pressed- identified by a 1- or 2-digit scan code.

  • Two things reported when you press a key on the keyboard:

  • First, that a key was pressed.

  • Second, that the key was released.

  • Going to write a program that will report the scan code for any key that is pressed.

  • Once know reported code, can test for a specific key by using ERRORLEVEL in the batch file.

  • Batch file then acts based upon the reported code.

  • Program must be written in 0's and 1's - the "bits and bytes" the computer understands.

  • Several ways to write a program.

  • Use programming language.

  • Use an OS utility program called DEBUG.

  • DEBUG.

  • Allows testing and debugging of executable files - those with .COM or .EXE file extensions.

  • Small program that has its own commands and syntax - you could write a .COM program directly with DEBUG.

  • Unless a student is a programming expert, they probably don't want to do this.

  • Easiest way to use DEBUG is to create a script file.

  • Script = set of instructions that you can write with any ASCII editor.

  • Once the script is written, you can "feed" it to the DEBUG program via redirection (DEBUG < SCRIPT.FIL).

  • DEBUG will then convert the script file to an executable program with a .COM file extension.

  • This process is the easiest way to create a file that will report the scan code for any key that is pressed.

  • The program that will be created will be called REPLY.COM (Activity 11.19).



ACTIVITY—WRITING A SCRIPT FILE


  • Writing a Script File

  • DATA disk in Drive A with A:\> displayed.




  • Activity steps.

  • Use any text editor to create/save a file called REPLY.SCR to look as follows:
    e 100 b4 08 cd 21 3c 00 75 02 cd 21 b4 4c cd 21
    rcx
    e
    n reply.com
    w
    q


  • Key in: DEBUG < REPLY.SCR

  • Key in: DIR REPLY.COM

  • Use any text editor to create/save a file called KEYING.BAT to look as follows:
    ECHO PRESS F1 TO CLEAR THE SCREEN.
    ECHO PRESS F2 TO DISPLAY THE DIRECTORY.
    ECHO PRESS ANY OTHER KEY TO EXIT.

    REPLY
    IF ERRORLEVEL 61 GOTO END
    IF ERRORLEVEL 60 GOTO F2
    IF ERRORLEVEL 59 GOTO F1
    GOTO END
    :F1
    CLS
    GOTO END
    :F2

    DIR
    :END

  • Key in:

  • KEYING then then KEYING then

  • Activity completed.


THE ENVIRONMENT


  • The Environment

  • Area OS sets aside in memory where data can be stored.

  • Acts as a scratch pad where notes kept about items OS system needs to know.

  • OS places/keeps location of file COMMAND.COM in environment.

  • Applications can read items in environment and can post own messages there.

  • Programs can get value of variable and use it to modify their operation.



  • OS can store data in memory.

  • Two strings:

  • Name of variable.

  • Value of variable.

  • Environmental variable is name assigned to string (value) of data.

  • User can set environmental variables.

  • Some common variables set when Windows started.

  • USERNAME, USERPROFILE, PATH, PROMPT.

  • Location of CMD.EXE file.

  • User can also leave messages in the environment.

  • User leaves a message by using the SET command.

  • Environmental variables set in OS remain in effect for entire work session.

  • Environmental variables set in Command Prompt window or in batch files executed in the MS-DOS window will remain in effect only during that command prompt session.

  • While values are in effect, use the syntax %variable%.

  • SET syntax: SET [variable=[string]]

  • Variable - specifies environment -variable name.

  • String - specifies series of characters to assign to the variable.

  • SET without parameters – displays current environment variables.

  • SET command followed by a letter – lists any environmental variables that begin with that letter.



ACTIVITY—USING SET AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES


  • Using SET and the Environmental Variables

  • If environment display is too long to fit on one screen use MORE filter.




  • Activity steps.

  • SET U then SET S

  • ECHO %PATH%

  • ECHO %SystemRoot%

  • C: then CD %systemroot%

  • CD %userprofile% then DIR/AH

  • DIR “local settings”\TEMP\~*.tmp

  • DEL %TEMP%\~*.tmp

  • DIR %TEMP%\~*.tmp

  • CD \ then A:

  • Activity completed.



USING SET AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN BATCH FILES


  • Using SET and the Environment in Batch Files

  • Can use built-in environmental variables that Windows sets/uses.

  • Can set own environmental variables.

  • Can give them name/value in batch file or command line.

  • Set variables only good for that session of Command Prompt Window.



ACTIVITY—USING SET AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN BATCH FILES


  • Using SET and the Environment in Batch Files

  • DATA disk in Drive A with A:\> displayed.

  • Activity steps.

  • Close Command Prompt window

  • Reopen Command Prompt window and return to A prompt.

  • Create/save TESTIT.BAT batch file that looks as follows:
    @ECHO OFF
    ECHO %PATH%
    ECHO.

  • Key in:

  • TESTIT

  • SET TODAY=C:\WUGXP\*.FP

  • SET

  • Create/save SETTING.BAT batch file that looks as follows:
    DIR %today%
    ECHO %TODAY%




  • Key in:

  • SETTING

  • SET today=C:\WUGXP\.TMP

  • SETTING then SET TODAY=

  • SET T then SET TODAY=MONDAY

  • ECHO %TODAY% then SET T

  • Close Command Prompt window

  • Reopen Command Prompt window and return to A prompt.

  • Key in: SET T

  • Create/save ADD.BAT batch file that looks as follows:
    IF "%1"=="" GOTO END
    PATH > OLDPATH.BAT
    :TOP
    PATH %PATH%;%1
    SHIFT
    IF NOT \%1\==\\ GOTO TOP
    :END


  • Key in:

  • PATH > ORIGPATH.BAT

  • ADD A:\ then ORIGPATH

  • ADD A:\;A:\OLDER;A:\CLASS

  • PATH then ORIGPATH

  • Activity completed.



THE DIRCMD ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLE


  • The DIRCMD Environmental Variable

  • Can place/use variables in environment.

  • DIRCMD environmental variable.

  • With SET to preset DIR command parameters/switches.

  • With ERRORLEVEL to write batch files to change way DIR displays information for current MS-DOS work session.



ACTIVITY—USING DIRCMD


  • Using DIRCMD

  • DATA disk in Drive A with A:\> displayed.



  • Activity steps.

  • Create/save batch file MY.BAT
    @ECHO OFF
    CLS
    ECHO.
    ECHO.
    ECHO How do you want your directory displayed?
    ECHO.
    ECHO 1. Files only arranged by file name. A to Z
    ECHO 2. Files only arranged by file name. Z to A.
    ECHO 3. Files only arranged by file extension. A to Z
    ECHO 4. Files only arranged by file extension. Z to A
    ECHO 5. Directory displays in default mode.
    ECHO.
    ECHO PLEASE SELECT A NUMBER.
    ECHO.
    REPLY

    ECHO.
    IF ERRORLEVEL 49 IF NOT ERRORLEVEL 50 SET DIRCMD=/ON/A-D
    IF ERRORLEVEL 50 IF NOT ERRORLEVEL 51 SET DIRCMD=/O-N/A-D
    IF ERRORLEVEL 51IF NOT ERRORLEVEL 52 SET DIRCMD=/OE/A-D
    IF ERRORLEVEL 52 IF NOT ERRORLEVEL 53 SET DIRCMD=/O- E/A-D
    IF ERRORLEVE 53 IF NOT ERRORLEVEL 54 SET DIRCMD=


  • Key in:

  • MY then 4 then SET D

  • DIR CLASS then MY then 5

  • SET D

  • Activity completed.



THE FOR…IN…DO COMMAND


  • The FOR…IN…DO Command

  • Can be issued at command line or placed in batch file.

  • Allows repetitive processing within batch files.

  • FOR allows you to use a single command to issue several commands at once.

  • The command can DO something FOR every value in a specified set.



  • FOR…IN…DO syntax (at command line):

FOR %variable% IN (set) DO command

[command-parameters]

  • %variable - specifies a replaceable parameter.

  • (set) - specifies a set of one or more files. Wildcards may be used.

  • Command - specifies the command to carry out for each file.

  • Command-parameters - specifies parameters or switches for the specified command.

  • FOR…IN…DO syntax (batch program):

  • Use %%variable instead of %variable.

  • Batch file variable - arbitrary single letter.

  • Double percent sign with letter (%%a) distinguishes batch file variable from replaceable variable (%1).

  • Allows the user to loop through a file for predefined list of values.

  • OS gets values from position in command line.

  • The set enclosed in parentheses.

  • Values in set used to DO some command.

  • Items in set separated by spaces or commas.

  • Wildcards may be used.



ACTIVITY—USING THE FOR…IN…DO COMMAND


  • Activity: Using FOR...IN...DO Command.

  • DATA disk in Drive A and A:\> displayed.

  • Note 2: Look at command line going to use in Step 1. In English, command says: Using the variable %a to hold each value in the set (what is in the parentheses), do the command (Type) to each value in the set (%a).



  • Activity steps.

  • Key in: FOR %a IN (*.99) DO TYPE %a

  • Key in: FOR %x IN (APR99 NOFILE.EXT D.BAT) DO TYPE %x

  • Key in: FOR %y IN (APR.99,NOFILE.EXT,D.BAT) DO TYPE %y

  • Key in: TYPE *.99 NOFILE.EXT

  • Key in: FOR %a IN (*.99,NOFILE) DO IF EXIST %a TYPE %a

  • Create/save batch file DO.BAT that looks as follows:
    FOR %%v IN (Patty Nicki Sandy Brian) DO ECHO %%v

  • Key in: DO

  • Create/save a batch file called PASS.BAT that looks as follows:
    FOR %%a IN (%USERS%) DO IF "%1"=="%%a" GOTO OKAY
    :NO
    ECHO You, %1, are NOT allowed in the system.
    GOTO END
    :OKAY
    ECHO Welcome %1 to my world of computers.
    :END

  • Key in: SET USERS=Carolyn, Bette

  • Key in: PASS Bette

  • Key in: PASS Denzel

  • Edit/save UPDATE.BAT to look as follows:
    :DOIT
    IF "%1"=="" GOTO END
    FOR %%v IN (%1) DO COPY %%v /b + > NUL
    SHIFT
    PAUSE
    GOTO DOIT
    :END

  • Key in: MD BATCH

  • Key in: ADD A:\BATCH

  • Key in: MOVE *.BAT BATCH

  • Key in: MOVE REPLY*.* BATCH

  • Key in: DIR *.SWT

  • Key in: DIR *.CAP

  • Key in: UPDATE *.SWT *.CAP

  • Press until returned to prompt

  • Key in: DIR *.SWT *.CAP

  • Activity completed.


MORE FEATURES OF THE FOR…IN…DO COMMAND


  • More Features of the FOR…IN…DO Command

  • May list environmental variables so they are divided and appear on separate lines.

  • Use /R parameter (recursive).

  • Command will search and perform actions on all subdirectories beneath it.

  • Use tilde operator (~) to:

  • Strip a file name of quotation marks.

  • Expand a variable.

  • Select specific text from ASCII files.



ACTIVITY—USING THE ADDITIONAL FEATURES OF THE FOR…IN…DO COMMAND


  • Using Additional Features of the FOR…IN…DO Command

  • Note: DATA disk in Drive A with A: \> displayed.

  • Activity steps.

  • Key in:

  • SET PATHEXT

  • FOR %a IN (%pathext%) DO @ ECHO %a

  • FOR %a IN (“Sandy and Patty.txt”, MERCUYRY.TXT) DO @ECHO %a

  • FOR %a IN (“Sandy and Patty.txt”, MERCURY.TXT) DO @ECHO %~a

  • FOR %a IN (“Sandy and Patty.txt”, MERCURY.TXT) DO @REN %a “CZG %a”

  • FOR %a IN (“Sandy and Patty.txt”, MERCURY.TXT) DO @ECHO %~a

  • DIR CZG*.*

  • DEL CZG*.*

  • Key in following and then press : FOR %a IN (“Sandy and Patty.txt”, JUPITER.TXT) DO REN %a “CZG %~a”


  • Key in:

  • COPY C:\UGXP\*.TXT TRIP

  • FOR /R %a IN (SANDY*.*) DO @ECHO %a

  • FOR /R %a IN (SANDY*.*) DO @ECHO %~nxa

  • In batch file directory create PREFIX.BAT batch file. Use own name instead of “YourNameHere”

@ECHO OFF
REM YourNameHere


REM Purpose of batch file is to add a new prefix to any file name.
IF”1”==””GOTOMESSAGE
IF”2”==””GOTOMESSAGE2
FOR /R %%a IN (%2) DO REN “%%~a” “%1 %%~nxa”
GOTOEND
:MESSAGE
ECHO You must include a prefix you wish to use.
ECHO Syntax is PREFIX prefix filename
GOTOEND
:MESSAGE2
ECHO You must include a file name you wish to rename.
ECHO Syntax is PREFIX prefix filename
GOTOEND


:MESSAGE2

ECHO You must include a file name you wish to rename.

ECHO Syntax is PREFIX prefix filename

:END

  • Be sure BATCH directory is in your path. Can add ADD.BAT to include it.

  • In root of A:\ key in: DIR Sandy*.* /S

  • Key in:

  • PREFIX RBP SANDY*

  • DIR *SANDY* /S then DIR RBP* /S

  • Create PERSON.BAT batch file in BATCH directory that looks as follows:
    @ECHO OFF
    FOR /F “TOKENS=1,2,7” %%a IN (%1) DO ECHO %%b %%a %%c


  • Key in:

  • CD \ then TYPE PERSONAL.FIL

  • PERSON PERSONAL.FIL

  • Edit PERSON.BAT file as follows:
    @ECHO OFF
    SORT < %1 > %2
    FOR /F “TOKENS=1,2,7” %%a IN (%2) DO ECHO %%b %%a, %%c
    DEL %2




  • Key in: PERSON PERSONAL.FIL TEMP.FIL

  • Edit PERSONAL.FIL and select the first five lines and copy them into a new file called SHORT.FIL

  • Exit Edit and key in: PERSON SHORT.FIL TEMP.FIL

  • Edit SHORT.FIL file as follows:
    Gillay;Carolyn;699 Lemon;Orange;CA;Professor

Panezich;Frank;689 Lake;Orange;CA;Teacher

Tuttle;Steven;356

Embassy;Mission Viejo;CA;Juggler

Maurdeff;Kathryn;550

Traver;Ann Arbor;MI;Teacher

Maurdeff;Sonia;550

Traver;Ann Arbor;MI;Student

  • Close SHORT.FIL Edit PERSON.BAT to look as follows:
    @ECHO OFF
    SORT < %1 > %2
    FOR /F ”usebackq delilms=;TOKENS=1,2,6” %%a IN (%2) DO ECHO %%b %%a, %%c


DEL %2

  • Key in: PERSON SHORT.FIL TEMP.FIL

  • Activity completed.



THE CALL COMMAND


  • The CALL Command

  • CALL allows you to run one batch file from within another.

  • Second batch file is finished executing – returns control to first batch file.

  • Without CALL, the original batch file will not continue after the second one is run.



ACTIVITY—USING CALL


  • Using CALL

  • DATA disk in Drive A with A:\> displayed.

  • You have executed command A:\BATCH\>ADD A:\BATCH at some time during current Command Prompt session.



  • Activity steps.

  • Key in:

  • CD BATCH

  • COPY CON BELL.BAT

  • ECHO + G 6 times

  • <F6>

  • TYPE BELL.BAT

  • BELL

  • Create/save a batch file called BELLING.BAT in BATCH directory that looks as follows:
    COPY \*.ABC *.XYZ
    DEL *.XYZ

    BELL

  • Key in: BELLING

  • Edit/save BELLING.BAT that looks as follows:
    COPY \*.ABC *.XYZ
    BELL
    REM You are about to delete the *.XYZ files. Are you sure?
    PAUSE
    DEL *.XYZ

  • Key in: BELLING then DIR *.XYZ

  • Edit/save BELLING.BAT that looks as follows:
    COPY \*.ABC *.XYZ
    CALL BELL
    REM You are about to delete the *.XYZ files. Are you sure?
    PAUSE

    DEL *.XYZ

  • Key in: BELLING

  • Press

  • Key in: DIR *.XYZ

  • Use COPY CON to create/save a batch file called HOME.DAT that looks as follows:
    COPY CON HOME.DAT
    SET HOME=

  • Create/save HOMETO.BAT batch file in batch directory that looks as follows:
    COPY A:\BATCH\HOME.DAT A:\BATCH\HOMESAVE.BAT
    CD >> A:\BATCH\HOMESAVE.BAT
    CALL HOMESAVE.BAT
    DEL A:\BATCH\HOMESAVE.BAT


  • Create/save a batch file HOME.BAT that contains the following:
    CD %HOME%



  • Key in:

  • PATH then SET H then CD \

  • CD WORK\ADS then HOMETO

  • SET H then CD \MEDIA\TV

  • HOME then CD \ then ORIGPATH

  • Activity completed.







  • Slides 2-5




  • Chapter Overview duplicated in PowerPoint slides.

  • After completion of lecture, suggest to students that they review Objectives and Outcomes found on first page of chapter as a check to see if they have mastered concepts.


SECTION 11.1 (pp. 548-549)

  • Slides 6-10




  • Already used ECHO, PAUSE, and REM

  • Stress that batch files are similar to programming (logic) but not as powerful. May find it useful to compare to macros in applications.


SECTION 11.2 (p. 549)

  • Slides 11-15




  • Document = Explaining the purpose a file serves.

  • Conditional processing = Comparing two items that yields true or false value.

- Program can be directed to take action once value is determined.

  • PAUSE command.
    - Stops execution of batch file itself – not execution of .EXE or .COM program.

    - If batch file called an external command & OS in middle of executing command – will finish job before exiting batch file.




  • Discussion Question (1) - What is the function of the REM, ECHO, and PAUSE commands?

  • Discussion Question (2) - What happens in a batch file if ECHO is set to OFF?

  • Discussion Question (3) - What happens in a batch file if you precede the ECHO OFF switch with the @?


SECTION 11.3 (pp. 549-550)

  • Slides 16-20




  • Double colon provides faster processing.




  • Discussion Question (4) - What is a NUL device? Why would you use a NUL device?

  • Discussion Question (5) - How can you place a blank line in a batch file?


SECTION 11.4 (pp. 550-551)

  • Slide 21




  • Pressing in batch files demonstrates that getting a blank line is not as obvious as it seems. Nor can you simply place ECHO in the batch file - reports status.

  • Use :: for faster processing.

  • Redirecting output to NUL device - no messages shown on screen

  • Using @ before ECHO OFF = “ECHO OFF” not shown.

  • Creating blank line in batch file with ECHO.


  • May want to have a demo disk and write the batch files prior to class. Are on the Instructor’s Manual CD.


SECTION 11.5 (pp. 551-552)

  • Slides 22-25




  • Loop = Operation that repeats steps until loop is stopped.

  • Label = Ignored by OS until called with GOTO command.

  • Discussion Question (6) - How can you create a loop in a batch file? How can you stop a loop from processing in a batch file?

  • Discussion Question (7) - What is the purpose and function of the GOTO command?

  • Discussion Question (8) - What is a label in a batch file?


SECTION 11.6 (pp. 552-554)

  • Slides 26-27




  • Purpose of EDIT/any editor is to create batch file.

  • Go over each line in Step 1 of activity on page 552. Analysis of each line included at the end of this Chapter Outline document.

  • Debug – see and repair any errors. label must be preceded by a colon

  • To execute a batch file, must be at system prompt - not in editor.

  • Usefulness of loops.
    Delete all files from many floppy disks.
    Power Point Slide # shows batch file that will delete all files from many floppy disks.
    Using /Q parameter – DEL command does not require Y or N


SECTION 11.7 (p. 554)

  • Slide 28




  • To execute batch file – key in batch file name followed by series of values.
    OS looks to command line for values needed to plug into batch file.
    Does this based on position of particular parameters in command line.

  • Discussion Question (9) - What is the purpose and function of the SHIFT command?

  • Discussion Question (10) -Why is it useful to shift parameters?


SECTION 11.8 (pp. 554-561)

  • Slides 29-35




  • Most of batch files in this chapter are useful batch files so students can not only see how the principles work but also see practical demonstrations of what one can do with batch files.
    - Also show the necessary analytical skills to debug programs - problem-solving skills.

  • Can keep date log – not dependent on file modification date.

  • SHIFT command.
    - Displays 5 + parameters and places echoing parameters in batch file.
    - Moves each parameter over by one position.

  • ECHO command = Echoes what is keyed in.

  • + sign tells OS to concatenate files.

  • Contents of file ended when see EOF.
    - Typically + Z.
    - Use COPY command – places second + Z at end of file.
    - This creates problem.
    - Solve by copying file in binary mode.

  • /B switch – tells OS to copy file in binary mode.

  • Concatenated files with no switches – files copied in text mode.

  • >> used to see both name of directory and bytes in directory.

  • + C used to “break out”.



SECTION 11.9 (pp. 561-562)

  • Slides 36-39




  • Conditional processing expressed:
    - IF condition TRUE - DO something.
    - IF condition FALSE – DO NOTHING.

  • Syntax on power point slide #
    IF [NOT] ERRORLEVEL number command
    IF [NOT] string1==string2 command
    IF [NOT] EXIST filename command


  • NOT – WXP carries out command if condition false
    ERRORLEVEL numbertrue condition if last program run returned exist code equal to or greater than number specified
    string1-==string2 – true condition if specified text strings match
    EXIST filename – true condition if specified filename exists




  • Discussion Question (11) - How can you determine whether or not a file exists?

  • Discussion Question (12) - What is the purpose and function of the IF command?

  • Discussion Question (13) - Give the syntax of the IF command and explain each part of the syntax.


SECTION 11.10 (p. 562)

  • Slides 40-41




  • Condition true when strings match.

  • Condition false when strings do not match.



SECTION 11.11 (pp. 562-565)

  • Slide 42




  • Do not use ECHO OFF as students cannot see the results of the tests/commands when you execute the batch files.

  • Note how case matters.

  • Add /I parameter immediately following the IF statement to ignore case.

  • Remind students that batch file replaceable parameters get value from position on command line.


SECTION 11.12 (p. 565)

  • Slides 43-47




  • Discuss results if value is true/not true.
    See Section 11.9, p. 597.


  • Discussion Question (14) - What does it mean to test for a null value?

  • Discussion Question (15) - How can you test for a null value? Why would you test for a null value?


SECTION 11.13 (pp. 565-568)

  • Slide 48




  • Testing for a null value can be a difficult concept for students.
    Point out that if you do not test for the end of the data on the command line, you will create an endless loop.

  • There is also a device named NUL that is different from a null value.
    NUL device literally means nowhere - thus, you can send the standard output of commands (1 file copied) to the NUL device, which means the message will not be displayed.
    NUL is a device name just as is CON, PRN, LPT1, etc.


SECTION 11.14 (p. 568)

  • Slides 49-51




  • Batch file will process based on the condition.

  • IF EXIST/IF NOT EXIST works only with file names and not with directory names.

  • Discussion Question (16) - What is the purpose and function of the IF EXIST/IF NOT EXIST command?


SECTION 11.15 (pp. 568-573)

  • Slides 52-56



  • Table on pages 569-570 analyzes batch file one line at a time. This same table is included at the end of this Chapter Outline document.

  • Can express/reduce item to a true/false test. Either it is true, or it is false.

  • Remind students that each IF is testing for a true condition.

  • If statement is true, then command will be processed.

  • If condition is false, command ignored and the next line in the batch file will be processed.

  • On the other hand, if the statement is an IF NOT, you are testing for "truth" in reverse - if the condition is false, then the test is true and the command is processed. If the condition is true, the command will be ignored and the next line in the batch file will be processed.

  • IF EXIST/IF NOT EXIST will test only for the existence/non-existence of a file.

  • Can "fool" IF to test for a directory by using IF %1\NUL. The NUL in the statement will test for a directory.
    - Null device does not exist in every directory.
    - NUL discards anything sent to it.


SECTION 11.16 (p.573)

  • Slides 56-58




  • Students need to understand that exit codes must be listed in descending order when using IF ERRORLEVEL and in ascending order when using IF NOT ERRORLEVEL.


  • Discussion Question (17) - Explain the purpose and function of IF ERRORLEVEL command.



SECTION 11.17 (pp. 574-575)

Slide 59

SECTION 11.18 (pp. 575-577)

  • Slides 60-69




  • Scan code = Code computer receives when key is pressed.
    - Code translated by OS and application to indicate which key was pressed.

  • See Appendix G for list of scan codes for all the keys.

  • Script file = Set of instructions that can be written in any ASCII editor.
    - Redirect instructions into program such as DEBUG to convert script file into executable program.
    - Has .COM file extension.
    - Simplest way to create file that will report scan code for any key that is pressed.






  • Discussion Question (18) - What is a script file? How can you create one?

  • Discussion Question (19) -What is a scan code?


SECTION 11.19 (pp. 577-581)

  • Slide 70




  • Script file converted into bytes that make it a program by redirecting it to DEBUG.


  • May want to create REPLY.COM file for students and let them copy it or download it.

  • Critical when writing script files that it is exact, i.e., zeros not the letter o, etc.

  • Remind students that error codes are tested for equal to or greater than the value specified.

  • IF ERRORLEVEL - descending order.
    IF NOT ERRORLEVEL - ascending order.


SECTION 11.20 (pp. 580-581)

  • Slides 71-80




  • Variable = Value that can change depending on conditions or on information passed to program.

  • DATA consists of constants or fixed values that never change and variable values that do change.

  • Expression is any legal combination of symbols that represents a value.


  • Setting environmental values and using them in batch files is extremely useful.

  • Environmental variables commonly used in all OS’s.

  • By using ORIGPATH, even on a network, students will be returned to network path.

  • ADD very useful for adding new subdirectories to existing path.




  • Discussion Question (20) - Give the syntax of the SET command and explain each part of the syntax.


SECTION 11.21 (pp. 581-585)

  • Slides 81-82




  • Command processor must be in memory when keying in command.



  • Using MORE.
    - Pressing - moves one line at a time in screen display.
    - Pressing - goes to end of file.

  • SET with letter of alphabet – all environmental variables beginning with letter displayed.

  • See value of environmental variable – ECHO and enclose environmental variable name seeking with percent signs.

  • Environmental variable can be used with commands.

  • Use environmental variable to change directories (Shortcut).


SECTION 11.22 (p. 585)

  • Slides 83-84




  • Exit command prompt set values no longer available next time command prompt opened.


SECTION 11.23 (pp. 585-590)

  • Slide 85




  • Can set environmental value and use it in a batch file.

  • Environmental variables set – deleted when Command Prompt window is closed.

  • Environmental variables – not case sensitive.

  • To eliminate value – must set it at nothing.

  • Adding directory to PATH statement.


SECTION 11.24 (p. 590)

  • Slide 86




  • Environment – area set-aside in memory.

  • Keying in SET (alone) – displays what is in environment.

  • Discussion Question (21) - Explain the purpose and function of the DIRCMD environmental variable.



SECTION 11.25 (pp590-593)

  • Slide 87




  • Using DIRCMD is an easy way to set preferences for the default values of DIR. Can eliminate the need for using parameters.
    Even easier than a batch file.


  • Stress the IF ERRORLEVEL/IF NOT ERRORLEVEL to set specific range and then execute command preference.


SECTION 11.26 (pp. 593-594)

  • Slides 88-93




  • Difference between a variable and a parameter.

  • VARIABLE.
    - FOR statement – tells OS to get value from set chosen.
    - After executes command appearing after DO, FOR looks for next value in set.
    - - Finds another value, %% represents something new – command executed with new value.

- - No more values in set – FOR stops processing



  • PARAMETER.
    - Set before batch file begins processing.

  • GOTO loop as a vertical loop and FOR…IN…DO as a horizontal loop.



  • Discussion Question (22) - What is the purpose and function of the FOR…IN…DO command?

  • Discussion Question (23) - Name two parameters you can use with the FOR…IN…DO command.

  • Discussion Question (24) - Describe the purpose of those parameters.

  • Discussion Question (25) - Give the syntax of the FOR..IN..DO command and explain each part of the syntax.


SECTION 11.27 (pp. 594-601)

  • Slides 94-95




  • Space and comma between items in a set work same way.

  • Variable letter chosen not important

  • Command line is case sensitive.

  • Stress the following items.
    - % is used at the command line.
    - %% must be used in a batch file.



  • Advantage of FOR…IN…DO - can set values in environment and then use them in a batch file.

  • Stress that the %x can be any value, i.e., %j, %y, etc. Can demonstrate with several letters to show that it is an arbitrary assignment.

  • Explain that this is a horizontal loop - process all items in the (set) rather than a vertical loop as is the GOTO/label.

  • Point out that environmental variables can be used with FOR…IN…DO.

  • Caution: If closed Command Prompt window, have to issue following command to include the A:\BATCH directory in your path: A:\BATCH>A:\BATCH\ADD A:\BATCH


SECTION 11.28 (p. 602)


  • Slides 96-97


SECTION 11.29 (pp. 602-611)


  • Slides 98-99




  • In batch file, variable names need to be preceded by two percent signs.

  • Use FOR…IN…DO to display one line at a time.

  • Tilde strips file name of quotation marks.

  • Use quotation marks to add prefix or suffix to long file name.

  • REN only needs file name.
    - Options preceded by ~ permits this.
    - n – forces variable to expand to only file name.
    - x – forces expansion of file extension.

  • Can strip out specific fields in a text file.
    - /F parameter sets rules by which you extract data.

  • Can delimit data.
    - Each field set off with a semicolon (could have used any character).




SECTION 11.30 (pp. 611-612)


  • Slide 100




  • Discussion Question (26) - Explain the purpose and function of the CALL command.


SECTION 11.31 (pp. 612-619)

  • Slides 101-102




  • When executing a program within a batch file, you are not returned to batch file unless you use CALL.

  • Breakdown of the HOME.DAT batch file on page 617
    Line 1
    – Copies contents of data file to batch file. Now HOME>DAT contains SET HOME=. HOMESAVE.BAT not contains SETHOME
    Line 2takes whatever directory you are in and appends it to HOMESAVE.BAT. If your current directory is BATCH.HOMESAVE.BAT now has the contents of SET HOME=A:\BATCH
    Line 3 – executes batch file. HOMESAVE.BAYT now executes and sets the variable of HOME to A:\BATCH
    Line 4
    – Deletes batch file. Now that environmental variable is set, no longer need batch file HOMESAVE.BAT



Activity 11.6 - Using the GOTO Command

Line 1 - REM This file displays many times the contents


Line 2 - REM of a file
Line 3 - :REPEAT
Line 4 - TYPE %1
Line 5 - PAUSE
Line 6 -GOTO REPEAT
First two lines are remarks that will not execute.

Not including ECHO OFF because you want to see what is happening in batch file.

Omitting ECHOOFF is way to “debut a batch program

Third line : REPEAT) is a label – must be preceded by a colon

Fourth line simple TYPE Command with replaceable parameter

Fifth line - Pause command is placed here so you may see what is happening.

Sixth and last line is the loop.

The GOTO tells batch file to return to label. (:REPEAT)

It will then return to line 4 and execute the TYPE Com and

It will then read lines 5 and 6 and continually repeat the process.




Activity 11.15: Using IF EXIST to Test for a FILE

Batch File by Line Number Test TRUE Processing Test FALSE

1. IF \%1\= =\\ GOTO end User keys in Testing for User keys in

nothing for %1. null value. value for %1.

Since test is Since test is

true, action is false, action is

to go to line 12 to go to line 2.
2. IF NOT \%2\= =\\GOTO next User keys in Testing for User keys in

nothing for %2. null value value for %2.

Since test is Since test is

true, action is false, action is

to go to line 3. to go to line 6.
3. ECHO You must include a Message for

destination name user that he

or she did not

include a value.


4. ECHO for the new Continuation

directory name. of the message.


5. GOTO end Falls through to

the GOTO end

statement. Action

is to go to line 12.


6. :next Label referred

to in line 2.


7. IF EXIST %1 GOTO message User keys in Testing for User keys in

file name for value for %1. directory for

%1. Since test Is it a file or %1. Since test

is true, action is a directory? is false, action

to go to line 10. is to go to line 8.
8. REN %1 %2 Since %1 test is

false (not a file),

renaming directory

can proceed.


9. GOTO end After directory

is renamed, falls

through to GOTO end.
10. :message Label referred

to in line 2.


11. ECHO This is a file, not a Message that

directory. user used a file

name, not a

directory name.

12. :end


Carolyn Z. Gillay, Bette A. Peat, Windows XP Command Line Page

Franklin, Beedle & Associates ©2003 ISBN: 1-887902-82-1





Download 201.19 Kb.

Share with your friends:




The database is protected by copyright ©ininet.org 2024
send message

    Main page