Minnesota's Black Baseball Players

51 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 80.

52 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 89.

53 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 92.

54 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 94.

55 James A. Riley, Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1994), p. 434.

56 Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 118.

57 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5, photocopy.

58 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5, photocopy.

59 "They Had To Hurry," St. Cloud [MN] Journal-Press, June 5, 1902, p. 2; "St. Cloud Tried Out," St. Cloud [MN] Journal-Press, May 15, 1902, p. 1, boxscore; Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5, photocopy.

60 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

61 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5, photocopy.

62 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5, photocopy.

63 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 5, photocopy.

64 "Lunds to Meet Keystones Today," Minneapolis Tribune, April 19, 1908, p. 1, Sports section; move back to Chicago in "Gophers and Lunds to Play at Minnehaha," Minneapolis Tribune, June 14, 1908, p. 4, Sports; Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

65 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy; "Gophers Win In Hot Finish," St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 27, 1909, p. 7.

66 "Crack Chicago Colored Team," Twin City Star [Minneapolis & St. Paul], July 21, 1910, p. 1; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues, p. 61; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 74.

67 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 62; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 82.

68 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues, p. 63; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 88.

69 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 64, 65; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 94.

70 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 65.

71 Lyle K. Wilson, "The Chicago American Giants in the Northwest," on the website of Society of American Baseball Research, www. sabr. org, accessed May 20, 1999; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 67.

72 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 70; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 117.

73 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 74; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 129.

74 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues, p. 76; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 142.

75 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 79.

76 Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 118.

77 Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 167-168.

78 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 2, photocopy.

79 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

80 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 56.

81 David Kemp and Roger Wilden, "The Algona Brownies, Champs of the West," Baseball Research Journal 16, (January 1, 1988), p. 77.

82 David Kemp and Roger Wilden, "The Algona Brownies, Champs of the West," Baseball Research Journa116, (January 1, 1988), p. 77, 78; "Baseball Games This Week," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], May 13, 1903, p. 4; "The Algona Brownies: Most Famous Afro-American Team," Appeal [St. Paul], September 19, 1903, p. 3.

83 "Base Ball Doings," Renville Star Farmer, September 8, 1905, p. 4; "Base Ball Doings," Renville Star Farmer, July 7, 1905, p. 8; "Base Ball Doings," Renville Star Farmer, August 4, 1905, p. 4; "Chippewa Also Goes Down," Renville Star Farmer, August 11, 1905, p. 1; "Renville Wins By Small Margin," St. Paul Pioneer Press, August 7, 1905, p. 3.

84 "The Gophers Are Coming," Renville Star Farmer, July 17, 1908, p. 4; "Colored Gophers 4, Renville 3," Renville Star Farmer, July 24, 1908, p. 4.

85 "Third Game Goes to the Home Team," Watertown [SD] Daily Public Opinion, May 24, 1910, p. 5, boxscore.

86 "Twin City Gophers Play Werdens at Nicollet Park," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 3, Sports; "Werdens Lose to Gophers," Twin City Star, April 29, 1911, p. 1.

87 "Pick-Ups," Minneapolis Tribune, April 16, 1911, p. 3, Sports; "Gophers Win Easily," Twin City Star, May 20, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.

88 "Colored Troupe Score Victory," Red Wing [MN] Daily Republican, May 3, 1911, p. 6; "Werdens Lose the First Game to Colored Gophers," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 2, Sports.

89 "Speedy Askin & Marine Red Sox Semi-Pro Baseball Team," Northwestern Bulletin, June 16, 1923, p. 3.

90 "Base Ball Boom," [St. Paul] Appeal, March 19, 1904, p. 3.

91 "St. Paul," [St. Paul] Appeal, August 3, 1907, p. 3.

92 "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3, box score; "Billy Williams Visits City," Minneapolis Tribune, July 31, 1910, p. 3, Sports Section; "An Aggregation of Bright Stars," St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 17, 1910, p. 3, Sports.

93 Minnesota Department of Health, Certificate of Death, William Binga, registered number 4589, Minnesota Historical Society.

94 Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 167; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 55.

95 John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 31.

96 Larry Lester, Sammy J. Miller, and Dick Clark, Black Baseball in Chicago (Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), p. 13.

97 Binga is listed as 3B for 1899 and 1900 with the Chicago Columbia Giants in Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy; 1901 listing on p. 4. Listed as 3B for Columbia Giants in Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 28.

98 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

99 Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 40, 42, 146.

100 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

101 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

102 Jerry Malloy, ed., Sol White's History of Colored Baseball, With Other Documents on the Early Black Game 1886-1936 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 120, 121, 123; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 55.

103 "Keystones Blank Coughlin's Men," Minneapolis Tribune, April 27, 1908, p. 5;

104 "News from the Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, May 2, 1909, p. 3, Sports.; "Locals Win and Lose," Long Prairie Leader, June 29, 1909, p. 4 [boxscore]; "Gophers Win In Hot Finish," St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 27, 1909, p. 7.

105 "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3; boxscore.

106 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 61.

107 "Gophers Win Easily," Twin City Star, May 20, 1911, p. 1, boxscore.

108 "Hennepins Fall Before Heavy Batting of Steels," Minneapolis Tribune, June 3, 1912, p. 11.

109 "Pretzels Pounce on Deacon Davis," St. Cloud Daily Times, June 23, 1913, p. 4, boxscore.

110 "Locals and Keystones Split Twin Bill," Willmar Tribune, July 6, 1921, p. 9, boxscore; Litchfield Lost on Home Grounds," Willmar Tribune, July 13, 1921, p. 4, boxscore; "Brooten Defeated in 11 Innings," Willmar Tribune, June 29, 1921, p. 9, boxscore.

111 Willmar Tribune, September 22, 1926, p. 13.

112 "Gophers Take Second Game," St. Paul Dispatch, August 29, 1908, p. 8; "Gophers Win the Second," St. Paul Pioneer Press, August 29, 1908, p. 6; "Foster Pitches Hitless Contest," Minneapolis Tribune, August 29, 1908, p. 15

113 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

114 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

115 "Colored Gophers Are Ready for First Game," Minneapolis Tribune, March 1, 1908, p. 2, Sports; "Locals Have Bad Inning," Stillwater [MN] Daily Gazette, June 8, 1908, p. 4.

116 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

117 "All-Stars Win This One," Minneapolis Tribune, September 20, 1909, p. 7.

118 John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 82; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 62.

119 John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 88; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.

120 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 64; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 92; Lyle K. Wilson, "The Chicago American Giants in the Northwest," on the website of Society of American Baseball Research, www. sabr. org, accessed May 20, 1999

121 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 67; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 103.

122 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 69.

123 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 71, 72; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 116, 117.

124 John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 125.

125 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 75; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 129.

126 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 76; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 140, 141.

127 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 79; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 155.

128 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 83; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 167.

129 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 85; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 178.

130 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 86; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 178.

131 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 91; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 198.

132 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 95, 96; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues, p. 223.

133 Larry Lester, Sammy J. Miller, and Dick Clark, Black Baseball in Chicago (Chicago: Arcadia Publishing, 2000), p. 25.

134 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book, p. 99.

135 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy;; "Brownies Playing Ball," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], May 20, 1903, p. 1; "Baseball Games This Week," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], May 13, 1903, p. 4; "Algona 7, Giants 4," Upper Des Moines Republican [Algona, IA], August 12, 1903, p. 4.

136 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

137 Frank Leland, Frank Leland's Chicago Giants Base Ball Club, (Chicago: n.p., 1910), p. 3, photocopy.

138 "Have a Great Record," Fargo Forum, July 17, 1907, p. 2; "Gophers Great Work," St. Paul Dispatch, July 3, 1907, p. 12.

139 "Independents," Minneapolis Tribune, July 19, 1908, p. 4, Sports.

140 "Colored Gophers Shut Out," Alexandria Post News, July 29, 1909, p. 3 [boxscore]; "Gophers Return From Trip," St. Paul Pioneer Press, July 17, 1909, p. 8.

141 "Gophers Are In Trim," St. Paul Pioneer Press, May 2, 1910, p. 3.

142 "Twin City Gophers Play Werdens at Nicollet Park," Minneapolis Tribune, July 2, 1911, p. 3, Sports.

143 "Hennepins Fall Before Heavy Batting of Steels," Minneapolis Tribune, June 3, 1912, p. 11; "Two Fast Players of the Hennepin Clothing Team," Minneapolis Tribune, May 26, 1912, p. 3, Sports.

144 "Pretzels Pounce on Deacon Davis," St. Cloud Daily Times, June 23, 1913, p. 4, boxscore.

145 "Uptowns Will Play Fort Snelling Nine," Northwestern Bulletin [St. Paul], May 12, 1923, p. 4; "Uptowns Lost Close Game to Bayport Nine," Northwestern Bulletin, May 26, 1923, p. 4; "Uptown Ball Club to Play So. St. Paul Club," Northwestern Bulletin, June 6, 1923, p. 1.

146 "Uptown Ball Club To Play So. St. Paul Club," Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal, June 6, 1925, p. 1.

147 "All-Stars Open Season," St. Paul Echo, May 28, 1927, p. 1.

148 James A. Riley, Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1994), p. 764, 765.

149 "Independent Baseball," Minneapolis Tribune, June 27, 1909, p. 4, Sports.

150 "Crack Chicago Colored Team," Twin City Star [Minneapolis & St. Paul], July 21, 1910, p. 1; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 61.

151 "Two Big Games Booked," St. Paul Dispatch, June 2, 1910, p. 11.

152 John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 82; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63.

153 John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 88, 89; Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 63-64.

154 Lyle K. Wilson, "The Chicago American Giants in the Northwest," on the website of Society of American Baseball Research, www. sabr. org, accessed May 20, 1999. Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 64; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 92, 93.

155 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 66; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 97; BA in Paul DeBono, The Indianapolis ABCs: History of a Premier Team in the Negro Leagues (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 1997), p. 159, 165.

156 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 67; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 104.

157 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 69; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 111.

158 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 71; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 116, 117.

159 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 73; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 124.

160 John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 129.

161 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 76; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 140-141.

162 Dick Clark and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book (Cleveland: Society for American Baseball Research, 1994), p. 82; John Holway, The Complete Book of Baseball's Negro Leagues (Fern Park, FL: Hastings House Publishers, 2001), p. 167.

163 Dick Clark and Larry Lester,

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