Multiplayer Interactive-Fiction Game-Design Blog

Personal NPCs

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15 November 2005

by Mike Rozak

When you're lying in bed at night, the reading light on, novel in hand, and reach the end of a chapter, what makes you say to yourself, "I'll read just one more chapter, and then I'll go to sleep"?

Likewise, when playing a CRPG or MMORPG, what makes you want to play for "just another ten minutes so I can finish off this quest"?

Summary of previous articles

As I stated in Sympathetic goals, players play CRPGs, adventure games, and MMORPGs for a variety of reasons, most of which are ultimately exploited by the game's design so that players keep playing. (Novels take the same approach, doing whatever is necessary to keep readers from putting down the book.)The most common techniques that games use are:

• 
  The experience ladder - "If I play one more quest I'll get enough experience to raise my character a level." A new level is not only a tangible goal, but it provides a player's character with new skills that will (temporarily) make the game more fun for the player.
  
• 
  Mystery and exploration - Completing the quest allows the player to enter a new section of the world, or it reveals a new segment of backstory about the world. This keeps the players going because the player (not just the player's character) wants to know what's beyond the next hill, or the answer to a mystery.
  
• 
  Friends, guilds, and enemies - As soon as real people are playing in the game, a whole host of socially-based reasons for playing the game appear. For example: If a player's friends want to keep playing, the player is more likely to keep playing too. If an enemy player is nearby, a player may play until he runs the enemy out of the world.
  

Fable, more than any game I've played, went out of its way to make the player (not just the player's character) like a handful of NPCs, and dislike the villain. The game did this by creating a family for the player's character, and integrating the player (not just the character) into the family. The villain then burns the character's village in front of the player's eyes, culminating with the father's death just as the player finds him lying in the burning village. This creation of sympathy/empathy continues throughout the game, and is an important technique for keeping the player playing. See my Analysis of fable.

Translating sympathetic goals to MMORPGs

In GUT, I used an example of an old woman asking for help as a way to produce a sympathetic goal. While this works to align the player's goals with the NPCs, it is limited because:

1. 
   The old woman character can only be used for a few quests. In a MMORPG, most NPCs hand out only one quest. A few NPCs hand out as many as five quests before they're "used up". Either the NPC has no more logical quests left to hand out, or the player's character becomes so powerful that he no longer frequents the static location where the NPC stands.
   
2. 
   No matter what a player does to help the old woman, she will always be standing on the street corner soliciting help (from other players) for her cherry quest. She is too static.
   
3. 
   In a problem unique to MMORPGs, other players will also have completed the woman's quests, which is fine for picking berries, but problematical for heroic deeds like saving the woman's life. For one, any NPC whose life needs saving 250 times a day probably isn't worth rescuing. Second, a player cannot fail to save the woman's life because that would mean no-one else could undertake the quest ever again. These limitations weaken the experience, and further objectify the NPC.
   

The character archetypes that Fable employs cannot be used in a MMORPG because:

1. 
   All of the above reasons.
   
2. 
   Players will find it very improbable that each of their characters grew up in the same town, all had fathers that died, and sisters that were kidnapped, etc.
   
3. 
   When players group together to help each other with quests, which is one of the reasons why MMORPGs work, they will end up rescuing the same sister or killing the same villain over and over.
   

Personal NPCs

Players need to have personal NPCs. Personal NPCs are NPCs that exist only when players log on, and that are somehow tied to the player's character.

Personal NPCs already exist in many MMORPGs; they're called pets. Some obvious archetypes for personal NPCs are:

• 
  Pets
  
• 
  Henchmen
  
• 
  Family - Parents, siblings, spouse, children, in-laws, etc.
  
• 
  Villains
  
• 
  Rivals
  
• 
  Followers and fans
  
• 
  Mentors, bosses
  
• 
  Subordinates
  
• 
  Childhood friends
  
• 
  Local hoodlums that find ways to annoy the player (not just the player's character)
  

• 
  The player character's house
  
• 
  Favourite hangouts (pubs) for the player (although this would be shared amongst several players)
  
• 
  NPC-run organizations that the player is a member of (again, shared amongst players)
  
• 
  The player character's race.
  
• 
  The player character's job and workplace.
  
• 
  The player character's home town.
  

In a MMORPG, multiple flavours are especially important, ensuring that player A's villain is not the same as player B's villain. Obviously, the two villains will be given different randomly-generated names and appearances. That's not enough. They must also be provided different personalities and methods of villainy.

Due to real-world development costs, I suspect most archetypes will have around five flavours, so there's a 20% chance that player A's villain will be awfully similar to player B's villain. (Maybe both villains attended the same school of villainy. :-) )

Quests handed out by personal NPCs

In a contemporary MMORPG or CRPG, if a player purchases a pet, the pet is used as an extension to the player's combat or travel skills, nothing more.

In real life, if you purchase a pet you get:

• 
  A companion.
  
• 
  A dependent that needs to be fed.
  
• 
  Occasional trips to the vet to take care of your sick pet.
  
• 
  Neighbours calling you and complaining your pet has gotten into their chicken coop.
  
• 
  Taking the pet for a walk and meeting new people (who are walking their pets).
  
• 
  Worried nights when the pet doesn't come home.
  
• 
  Puppies when your pet comes home pregnant.
  

Personal NPCs are really quest givers. They provide goals for players. Grunties (pets in the Hack//Sign anime series) will get sick and need smiling cherries to heal them. Spouses will want to go on a holiday. Children will need trips to be dropped off at school. Henchmen will have personal problems of their own that need solving, with a player's help, of course. Mentors will need supplies for their magical experiments. Houses will have gutters that fall off. Etc.

1. 
   The player (not just the character) wants to complete the quest because he likes/dislikes the personal NPC.
   
2. 
   Even if the player doesn't have any emotional attachment, they at least want to keep friendly NPC around and eliminate enemy NPCs. In order to keep the NPC alive/friendly, players need to complete the quest. For example: If a player spends a lot of time levelling up and outfitting a henchman, he doesn't want the henchman to leave in search of the henchman's kidnapped daughter... who may have been kidnapped by the player's villain. The player will volunteer to help the henchman more readily than some Joe off the street with the same quest. Likewise, personal villains need to be eliminated quickly or they'll just return later with new dastardly deeds.
   

• 
  A backstory can be divulged over time and eventually used as the basis for a quest. Perhaps a spouse's mother is slightly ill when the spouse is first married. Later in the game, the spouse receives a letter from their mother, hears that things aren't well, and goes to visit. A short time later, the player's character is informed that the spouse needs the player to get a special herb from a far-off land to heal the spouse's mother.
  
• 
  As per the above example, some of the "quests" aren't really quests. They're just things that happen, or small anecdotes, such as a child's first words.
  
• 
  Personal NPCs can interact. The player's villain could be behind the mother-in-law's illness.
  
• 
  Choices are relevant. If the player doesn't try to save his mother-in-law, his spouse will be upset, not only because of her mother's death, but also because the player (her husband) didn't lifting a finger to help. Ultimately, quest failure might lead to divorce, loss of the player's house, etc.
  
• 
  Branching is also possible. Successfully rescuing the mother-in-law might make for a big party, to which the player's friends (other players) are invited. Or, if the player is too slow in retrieving the herbs the mother-in-law might be permanently paralysed and have to move in with the player and his spouse...
  
• 
  Personal NPCs could lead to other personal NPCs, such as spouses introducing children or mothers-in-law.
  
• 
  Players can work together to help each other with quests given by their personal NPCs... "I'll help you rescue (or dispose of) your mother-in-law if you help me find my lost dog."
  
• 
  Can other players interact with a player's personal NPCs? Could player B kill player A's spouse? Take the spouse captive?
  

For those of you who are technically minded:

• 
  Each world could have around 10-20 personal NPC archetypes (father, mother, sister, friend, rival, villain, house, etc.) Some NPC archetypes are not strictly characters, such as the player's house or village.
  
• 
  Personal NPCs are loaded from a database when the player's character is loaded, and saved to the database when the player's character leaves.
  
• 
  Archetypes are gradually added to a player's list. A new player might begin with parents, siblings, and a mentor. After a few hours they might purchase a pet, then acquire friends, and then a spouse. Nine (virtual) months after a spouse is married, children archetypes are introduced.
  
• 
  The player somehow "chooses" his personal NPCs. Obviously, a player choses what pet to purchase, what wife/husband to marry, who his (character's) mentor will be, where his (character's) house will be located, etc. The NPC's description hints at what types of quests a player will get (a "sick puppy" for sale will probably need medical attention), but the description doesn't guarantee that a player gets what they want. Some other archetypes, such as rivals and villains, are "chosen" by the player based on the player's actions; if you foil the local crime syndicate's plan to take over the town, they're not going to like you very much.
  
• 
  Each archetype has about 5 flavours (sneaky villain, string-pulling villain, kidnapping villain, etc.) More would be nice, but resources are always limited.
  
• 
  Each flavour has 10-20 quests that they hand out over the "lifetime" of the NPC's relationship with the player.
  
• 
  Some "quests" are just narration designed to enhance the emotional tie between the player and his personal NPC... The player comes home and is lovingly greeted by his spouse, or once in awhile a pet rolls on its belly and begs to be petted.
  
• 
  This comes to 500-2000 quests (excluding narration-only events). A typical player will only encounter one flavour of each archetype for his own character, producing a game of 100-400 quests, in addition to any quests handed out by shared NPCs (ones that aren't personal). However, aiding friends with their own personal quests could easily double the number of quests a player experiences.
  
• 
  Quests are doled out logically. A player's spouse won't hand out a new quest until the player next visits their house. If quest B must follow quest A, then B won't be handed out until A is completed. Some quests will be handed out at the beginning of the relationship (such a spouse's desire for a house to live in). If a quest doesn't need to occur at a specific time, then it's handed out in any order, such as a pet's illness.
  
• 
  Quests are spaced out over the expected lifetime of the player's relationship with the personal NPC. If the player is expected to be married for 20 hours of game play, a spouse will hand out one quest (on average) per hour of game play. If a personal NPC doesn't "think" it's the right time to hand out a new quest, it won't, even if the player just completed a quest for the personal NPC and is "asking" for more.
  
• 
  Quests will not be handed out if they would overtax the player's queue. As a reasonable limit, if a player already has five quests in their un-completed list, then personal NPCs won't hand out new quests. This is a user-interface design issue to ensure that player's don't have so many choices (for what quest to work on next) that they're overwhelmed.
  
• 
  Each quest involves some narration and a series of sub-games, like I described in GUT. Realistically, most quests will fit into the typical molds: Slay monster X, acquire item Y, explore land Z, or escort NPC A. (Although, more sub-games allow for more interesting quests. See Stop the buffet.)
  
• 
  Quests also involve choices that affect follow-on quests, the personal NPC, other personal NPCs, or the player's character. Failure to accept and/or achieve a quest might result in the personal NPC leaving the PC, the personal NPC dying, further relationship difficulties with the NPC, or even the NPC switching archetypes (spouse to villain).
  
• 
  Some quests are caused by interactions between personal NPCs. Spouses divorce PCs and run away with their pet, while villains kidnap spouses. However, a villain can't kidnap a spouse if the player's character isn't married.
  
• 
  If the "world" realises that two players hang out together, their personal NPCs could interact. For example: One player's villain might kidnap the other player's mentor.
  
• 
  When a player somehow finishes with a personal NPC and seeks a new flavour of the archetype, the world should ensure that the new flavour isn't the same as the old one. After all, when/if a player finally defeats his villain, a new villain should be created. If the new one is a clone of the old, all the game's magic is lost.
  
• 
  On the whole, players must find it more fun/beneficial to take on a personal NPC than not; if a player's virtual spouse is always nagging, or their pet always has fleas, players will opt to stay single. To weight in their favour, personal NPCs in a sword-and-sorcery setting might act as combat companions (pets and henchmen), storage (house), extra/saved income (children to cut the house's lawn), or provide "mates rates" on goods and services (childhood friends).
  

You can think of each NPC as coming loaded with a series of quests with choices. The choices end up producing a branching narrative (like a Choose Your Own Adventure book) that's interspersed with sub-games (like combat or travel).

By producing a system where several NPCs are "assigned" to a player's character, you have just created a pre-emptive multitasking system. Or, in literature terms, a threaded storyline. Basically, players are following several branching narratives concurrently and can chose which narrative to interact with at any given point. However, any particular narrative is sparingly doled out over a long period of time, ensuring that the player doesn't "overdose" on one personal NPC to the neglect of others. Ensuring that multiple plots/NPCs are running at once also allows them to affect one another, such as a childhood friend running off with the player's spouse.

Conclusion

As I stated earlier, personal NPCs aren't entirely new; many aspects of what I describe have been around for awhile:

• 
  An early Infocom game had Floyd the robot, a companion to the player, sacrifice itself to save the player's character.
  
• 
  In Baldur's Gate, I had two NPC henchmen squabbling with one another throughout the game, and eventually come to blows.
  
• 
  One of Chris Crawford's games, described in his book, On Game Design, included NPC companions that had their own agendas. The game even used pre-written text narrations with fill-in-the-blank slots for NPC names, a useful approach to the branching narratives I described.
  
• 
  Pets have been a common feature of MMORPGs, CRPGs, and Rogue-like games.
  
• 
  David Freeman's book, Creation Emotion in Games, almost touches on some of the personal NPC ideas. He seems more interested in taking the player on an emotional roller coaster ride than using the player's like (or dislike) for NPCs to retain the player's interests.
  
• 
  The Sims is largely a pet simulation where the "pets" are human. Maybe The Sims Online would have been more successful if it had taken the personal NPC approach instead of becoming a chat room.