Philosophy of Language



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Philosophy of Language

Fall 2016. EC 300. TF 1:30 – 2:45

Instructor: Chauncey Maher | maherc@dickinson.edu | East College 202

Office Hours: MW 12:30-1:30, or by appointment



Course Description

Here are some questions about language that have absorbed Anglophone philosophers of the past 125 years:



  1. What does ‘Trump’ or ‘election’ mean? Is the meaning of a word simply the thing or things to which it applies?

  2. Could someone verify the claim that Trump is a child of the devil? If no one could, would that make the claim meaningless?

  3. Only dangerous things are dangerous. So, it seems we should use ‘dangerous’ to refer only to dangerous things, and nothing else. In what sense exactly does using language involve following rules?

  4. Why does the string of letters ‘d’-‘a’-‘n’-‘g’-‘e’-‘r’ mean anything at all? Do our intentions give words their meanings?

  5. Someone might say, ‘Trump is a real intellectual,’ but her friend knows she means that Trump is not a real intellectual. How does that work? What is the relationship between what we say and what we get across?

Pursuing these questions, this seminar aims to introduce you to the philosophy of language. Your ultimate goal is to write an essay in which you take a reasoned stance on an unresolved issue related to one of these questions. In the first twelve weeks of the course, your goal is to master the basics of these topics so that you can wisely identify a topic that interests you. Along the way you should explore further scholarship on issues that interest you. In the final three weeks, in several stages, you will prepare your essay.

Goals

-understand important topics in the philosophy of language

-refine skills of reasoned interpretation and argument

-hone ability to write in a multi-stage process (pre-writing, proposing, drafting, revising)

-learn to incorporate research into essays

Texts


William Lycan, Philosophy of Language (2nd Edition)

Alexander Miller, Philosophy of Language (2nd Edition)



Evaluation

Participation 25% of Final Grade

Your participation is essential to the success of this seminar. You should make regular, substantive, and clear contributions to our discussions. Your participation is worth 25% of your final grade. Each time you properly participate, you earn 1 point. You need 15 points to receive an ‘A’ for participation. I will track this on Moodle each week. You are responsible for checking regularly to be sure that this record is accurate. Please email me immediately if you notice a discrepancy.



Weekly Writing 35% of Final Grade

Each week you will write a short response—no more than 1 page (350 words)— to the reading for that week. You will do this for several reasons. First, it will help you master the basics of the topics. Second, it will provide thoughts for discussion in our meetings. Third, it will help you develop ideas for your final essays. Fourth, it will habituate you to writing philosophically.

Each piece of writing must take one of the following forms. Over the entire semester, you must attempt all five forms.

Example of a phenomenon

Present an appropriately detailed example of a phenomenon that philosophers consider worthy of scrutiny, saying why that phenomenon deserves scrutiny.



Explanation of a theory or account

Explain how a specific theory or account aims to deal with an important phenomenon, or answers an important question. Highlight precisely why it appears to deal well with the example or question.



Argument clarification

Clarify an important argument. Number the premises and conclusion. Make it appear valid. Do your best also to make it appear sound—that is, with true or plausible premises.



Counter-example to a claim, theory, or account

Explain a theory. Give an appropriately detailed example that conflicts with the theory, explaining exactly where the conflict is.



Objection to an argument

Object to an important argument. Number the premises and conclusion of an important argument. Make it appear valid. Explain why it is nevertheless problematic, focusing on one specific aspect of it.

Class will be divided into two groups, A and B. Each student in A will submit a response on Friday; each student in B will submit one on Tuesday. They are due by 1pm before we meet on Friday for group A and Tuesday for group B. Approximately, over the semester, you will write 12 responses.

Grading Scale: 2 = adequate, 1 = inadequate, 0 = not submitted



Research Essays (40%)

Your main goal in your final essay is to articulate a well-reasoned stance on one unresolved issue in philosophy of language, engaging contemporary scholarship. You must develop your essay in stages: a proposal, a draft, a workshop, a polished revision. In a separate document, I provide further details.



Schedule of Readings (tentative)

Meeting

Date

Topic

Reading (for this day in class)

Frege’s Theory of Meaning

1

8/30

T

Overview of the course

Syntax and semantics of formal languages



Miller, Ch.1

2

9/2

F

Syntax and semantics of formal languages; Sense

Miller, Ch.1, 2.1-2.3

3

9/6

T

Sense

Miller, 2.1-2.3, skim 2.4, 2.7

Lycan, Ch.1



4

9/9

F

Russell on definite descriptions

Miller, 2.8-2.10, 2.12

Lycan, Chs. 2



5

9/13

T

Kripke on names

Miller, 2.5

Lycan, Ch.3



6

9/16

F

Kripke on names

Miller, 2.13

Lycan, Ch.4



Verificationism

7

9/20

T

Empiricism and meaning

Miller, 3.1-3.2

Lycan, Ch.8 (98-105)



8

9/23

F

Empiricism and a priori knowledge

Miller, 3.1-3.2

Lycan, Ch.8 (98-105)



9

9/27

T

Holism about meaning

Lycan, Ch.8

Lycan, Ch.8



10

9/30

F

Skepticism about meaning




Meaning and Rule-Following

11

10/4

T

The skeptical paradox

Kripke

12

10/7

F

The interpretation and disposition solutions

Kripke

Miller, Ch.5 (§§5.1-5.2)



13

10/11

T

The skeptical solution

Kripke

Miller, Ch.5 (§§5…)



14

10/14

F

The quietist solution

McDowell




10/18

T

Fall Pause

No Class

Fall Pause

No Class

Meaning and Intention

15

10/21

F

Intention as the source of linguistic meaning

Grice’s theory



Miller, Ch.7 (§§7.1-7.3)

Lycan, Ch.7



16

10/25

T

Intention as the source of linguistic meaning

Grice’s theory



Miller, Ch.7 (§§7.1-7.3)

Lycan, Ch.7



17

10/28

F

Problems and modifications

Miller, Ch.7 …

Lycan, Ch.7 …



18

11/1

T

Problems and modifications

Miller, Ch.7 …

Lycan, Ch.7 …



What is Said and What is Meant

19

11/4

F

The phenomena

Grice’s theory of implicature



Lycan, Ch. 13

SEP entry on “Implicature” §§1-3,5



20

11/8

T

Grice’s theory of implicature

Lycan, Ch. 13

SEP entry on “Implicature” §§1-3,5



21

11/11

F

Weaknesses and improvements

Lycan, Ch. 13

SEP entry on “Implicature” §§6-9



22

11/15

T

Weaknesses and improvements

Lycan, Ch. 13

SEP entry on “Implicature” §§6-9



Essay Preparation




11/18

F

Proposal meetings

Proposal Meetings




11/22

T

Proposal Meetings

Proposal Meetings




11/25

F

Thanksgiving Break

No Class

Thanksgiving Break

No Class

23

11/29

T

Writing workshop

Secondary literature for essays

24

12/2

F

Writing workshop

Secondary literature for essays

25

12/6

T

Writing workshop

Secondary literature for essays

26

12/9

F

Writing workshop

Secondary literature for essays




12/16

W

Final Essay Due


Final Essay Due




Academic Honesty

Any case of suspected academic dishonesty must be reported. Note: “To plagiarize is to use without proper citation or acknowledgment the words, ideas, or work of another. Plagiarism is a form of cheating that refers to several types of unacknowledged borrowing.” When in doubt, cite it. For more information, please see the handbook on Community Standards here:

http://www.dickinson.edu/student/files/commstand0809.pdf

Disabilities

Dickinson College makes reasonable academic accommodations for students with documented disabilities. Please make your request and provide appropriate documentation to the Office of Disability Services (ODS) in Dana Hall, Suite 106. Every semester, eligible students must obtain a new accommodation letter from Director Marni Jones and review this letter with their professors so the accommodations can be implemented. The Director of ODS is available by appointment to answer questions and discuss any implementation issues you may have. ODS proctoring is managed by Susan Frommer (717-254-8107 or proctoring@dickinson.edu). For general inquiries: 717-245-1734, or disabilityservices@dickinson.edu. For more information, go to www.dickinson.edu/ODS.



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