The Advanced User Guide for the Acorn Electron
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- Introduction
- Paged ROM firmware
- Memory usage
The Advanced User Guide for the Acorn Electron Adrian C. Dickens BA, Churchill College, Cambridge University
Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge University
The “Acorn Electron Advanced User Guide” is published by Adder Publishing for Acornsoft Limited. Acornsoft Limited, Betjeman House, 104 Hills Road, Cambridge, CR2 1LQ, England. Telephone (0223) 316039 ISBN 0907876 17 X
ISBN 0 947929 03 7 First published September 1984 Second edition June 2008 The Authors would like to thank Nigel Dickens, Tim Dobson, Steve Furber, Tim Gleeson, David Johnson-Davies, Dr John Horton, Zahid Najam, Mark Plumbley, John Thackeray, Ken Vail, Geoff Vincent, Adrian Warner, Leycester Whewell, Albert Williams and everyone else who helped in the production of this book. All rights reserved. This book is copyright. No part of this book may be copied or stored by any means whatsoever whether mechanical, photographic or electronic, except for private or study use as defined in the Copyright Act. All enquiries should be addressed to the publishers. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of information contained herein. The Authors gratefully acknowledge Acorn Computers Limited for their kind permission to reproduce the complete Electron circuit diagram. The Authors would like to point out that Acorn Computers reserve the right to make improvements in the specification of its products. Therefore the circuit diagram and other contents of this book may not be in complete agreement with the product supplied. Please note that within this text the terms Tube, Econet and Electron are registered tradenames of Acorn Computers Limited. All references in this book to the BBC Microcomputer refer to the computer produced for the British Broadcasting Corporation by Acorn Computers Limited. This book was prepared using the Acornsoft VIEW wordprocessor on the BBC Microcomputer and then computer typeset by Parker Typesetting Service, Leicester. Printed in Great Britain by The Burlington Press Ltd. Foxton, Cambridge. Book production by Adder Publishing.
1 The Acorn design philosophy 7 Operating system routines and vectors2 Operating system calls 9 2.1 OSWRCH Write character routine 10 2.2 Non-vectored OSWRCH 10 2.3 OSRDCH Read character routine 11 2.4 Non-vectored OSRDCH 11 2.5 OSNEWL Write a newline routine 12 2.6 OSASCI Write character routine 12 2.7 GSINIT General string input initialize 13 2.8 GSREAD Read character from string 13 2.9 OSRDRM Read byte from paged ROM 14 2.10 OSEVEN Generate an event 15 2.11 OSCLI Pass string to the CLI 15
3 OSBYTE calls 16 4 OSWORD calls 87 5 Filing system calls 94 5.1 OSFILE Read/write entire file 95 5.2 OSARGS Read/write file attributes 98 5.3 OSBGET Get a single byte 100 5.4 OSBPUT Write a single byte 101 5.5 OSGBPB Read/write a group of bytes 102 5.6 OSFIND Open or close file 105 5.7 OSFSC Misc filing system control 106
6 Operating system vectors 110 6.1 The User vector 113 6.2 The BRK vector 116 6.3 Interrupt vectors, IRQ1V & IRQ2V 119 6.4 The event vector, EVNTV 119 6.5 User print vector, UPTV 121 6.6 Econet vector, NETV 123 6.7 VDU extension vector, VDUV 124 6.8 Keyboard vector, KEYV 125 6.9 Buffer maintenance vectors 126 6.10 Unused vectors 134 6.11 The default vector table 134
7.1 Introduction 135 7.2 Interrupts on the Electron 138 7.3 Using NMIs 138 7.4 Using IRQs 138 7.5 Intercepting interrupts 139 Paged ROM firmware8 Paged ROM formats 143 8.1 Paged ROM header format 144 8.2 Language entry 144 8.3 Service entry 145 8.4 ROM type byte 145 8.5 Copyright offset pointer 146 8.6 Binary version number 146 8.7 Title string 146 8.8 Version string 147 8.9 Copyright string 147 8.10 Tube relocation address 148 9 Language ROMs 148 9.1 Language initialization 148 9.2 Firm keys 149 9.3 Language ROM compatibility 150
10 Service ROMs 152 10.1 Paged ROM service calls 152 10.2 Service ROM example 162 10.3 Extended vectors 171
11 *ROM filing system ROMs 172 11.1 Converting files to *ROM format 173 11.2 The header code 173 11.3 Service call &D 174 11.4 Service call &E 175 11.5 *ROM data format 176 11.6 Example 178 Memory usage12 Memory allocation and usage 183 Hardware 13 An introduction to hardware 201 14 Inside the Electron 204 14.1 The ULA and its registers 204 14.2 The keyboard 216 15 Outside the Electron 217 15.1 Introduction 217 15.2 The expansion connector 217 15.3 Designing circuits 222 15.4 Sideways ROMs 225 15.5 The 1MHz bus 227 15.6 The A to D converter 229 15.7 Disabling the Plus 1 229
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