The Joy of Java 3D by Greg Hopkins

Animation and Interaction – a Bouncing Ball

objTrans.setCapability(TransformGroup.ALLOW_TRANSFORM_WRITE);

import java.awt.*;

import java.awt.event.*;

import java.awt.event.WindowAdapter;

import com.sun.j3d.utils.applet.MainFrame;

import com.sun.j3d.utils.universe.*;

import javax.media.j3d.*;

import javax.vecmath.*;

import com.sun.j3d.utils.geometry.Sphere;

import javax.swing.Timer;

private Button go = new Button("Go");

private TransformGroup objTrans;

private Transform3D trans = new Transform3D();

private float height=0.0f;

private float sign = 1.0f; // going up or down

private Timer timer;

private float xloc=0.0f;

public BranchGroup createSceneGraph() {

// Create the root of the branch graph

BranchGroup objRoot = new BranchGroup();

objTrans = new TransformGroup();

objTrans.setCapability(TransformGroup.ALLOW_TRANSFORM_WRITE);

objRoot.addChild(objTrans);

Sphere sphere = new Sphere(0.25f);

objTrans = new TransformGroup();

objTrans.setCapability(TransformGroup.ALLOW_TRANSFORM_WRITE);

Transform3D pos1 = new Transform3D();

pos1.setTranslation(new Vector3f(0.0f,0.0f,0.0f));

objTrans.setTransform(pos1);

objTrans.addChild(sphere);

objRoot.addChild(objTrans);

BoundingSphere bounds =

new BoundingSphere(new Point3d(0.0,0.0,0.0), 100.0);

Color3f light1Color = new Color3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.2f);

Vector3f light1Direction = new Vector3f(4.0f, -7.0f, -12.0f);

DirectionalLight light1

= new DirectionalLight(light1Color, light1Direction);

light1.setInfluencingBounds(bounds);

objRoot.addChild(light1);
// Set up the ambient light

Color3f ambientColor = new Color3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);

AmbientLight ambientLightNode = new AmbientLight(ambientColor);

ambientLightNode.setInfluencingBounds(bounds);

objRoot.addChild(ambientLightNode);
return objRoot;

}
public BouncingBall() {

setLayout(new BorderLayout());

GraphicsConfiguration config =

SimpleUniverse.getPreferredConfiguration();

Canvas3D c = new Canvas3D(config);

add("Center", c);

c.addKeyListener(this);

timer = new Timer(100,this);

//timer.start();

Panel p =new Panel();

p.add(go);

add("North",p);

go.addActionListener(this);

go.addKeyListener(this);

// Create a simple scene and attach it to the virtual universe

BranchGroup scene = createSceneGraph();

SimpleUniverse u = new SimpleUniverse(c);

u.getViewingPlatform().setNominalViewingTransform();

u.addBranchGraph(scene);

}

public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {

if (e.getKeyChar()=='s') {xloc = xloc + .1f;}

if (e.getKeyChar()=='a') {xloc = xloc - .1f;}

}
public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e){

// Invoked when a key has been released.

}

public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e){

}

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e ) {

if (e.getSource()==go){

if (!timer.isRunning()) {

timer.start();

}

}

else {

if (Math.abs(height *2) >= 1 ) sign = -1.0f * sign;

if (height<-0.4f) {

trans.setScale(new Vector3d(1.0, .8, 1.0));

}

else {

}

trans.setTranslation(new Vector3f(xloc,height,0.0f));

}

}

System.out.println("Program Started");

BouncingBall bb = new BouncingBall();

bb.addKeyListener(bb);

MainFrame mf = new MainFrame(bb, 256, 256);

}

}

Natural Selection Once you have created a 3D scene you may want to interact with the objects within it. A first step is to select an object with the mouse. The Java 3D picking classes help you to do this, you can use them in the following way:

1. 
   Create a PickCanvas from the Canvas 3D and the BranchGroup you want to pick from.
   PickCanvas pickCanvas = new PickCanvas(canvas, group);
   
2. 
   Set the pickCanvas to use the bounds of the object for picking.
   pickCanvas.setMode(PickCanvas.BOUNDS);
   
3. 
   Handle the mouse event by extending MouseAdapter and listening for mouse events on the Canvas3D using canvas.addMouseListener(this).
   
4. 
   Define the mouseClicked function so that the PickCanvas calls the PickClosest function to return the PickResult.
   
5. 
   Call getNode on PickResult to find out more about the object that has been picked.
   

import com.sun.j3d.utils.universe.SimpleUniverse;

import com.sun.j3d.utils.geometry.*;

import javax.media.j3d.*;

import javax.vecmath.*;

import java.awt.event.*;

import java.awt.*;

public class Pick extends MouseAdapter {

private PickCanvas pickCanvas;

public Pick()

{

    Frame frame = new Frame("Box and Sphere");

    Canvas3D canvas = new Canvas3D(config);

    canvas.setSize(400, 400);

    SimpleUniverse universe = new SimpleUniverse(canvas);

    BranchGroup group = new BranchGroup();

    // create a color cube

    Vector3f vector = new Vector3f(-0.3f, 0.0f, 0.0f);

    Transform3D transform = new Transform3D();

    transform.setTranslation(vector);

    TransformGroup transformGroup = new TransformGroup(transform);

    ColorCube cube = new ColorCube(0.3);

    transformGroup.addChild(cube);

    group.addChild(transformGroup);

    //create a sphere

    Vector3f vector2 = new Vector3f(+0.3f, 0.0f, 0.0f);

    Transform3D transform2 = new Transform3D();

    transform2.setTranslation(vector2);

    TransformGroup transformGroup2 = new TransformGroup(transform2);

    Appearance appearance = new Appearance();

    appearance.setPolygonAttributes(

       new PolygonAttributes(PolygonAttributes.POLYGON_LINE,

       PolygonAttributes.CULL_BACK,0.0f));

    Sphere sphere = new Sphere(0.3f,appearance);

    transformGroup2.addChild(sphere);

    group.addChild(transformGroup2);

    universe.getViewingPlatform().setNominalViewingTransform();

    universe.addBranchGraph(group);

    frame.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {

       public void windowClosing(WindowEvent winEvent) {

          System.exit(0);

       }

    });

    pickCanvas = new PickCanvas(canvas, group);

    pickCanvas.setMode(PickCanvas.BOUNDS);

    canvas.addMouseListener(this);

    frame.pack();

    frame.show();

}

public static void main( String[] args ) {

}

public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)

    pickCanvas.setShapeLocation(e);

    PickResult result = pickCanvas.pickClosest();

    if (result == null) {

       System.out.println("Nothing picked");

    } else {

       Primitive p = (Primitive)result.getNode(PickResult.PRIMITIVE);

       Shape3D s = (Shape3D)result.getNode(PickResult.SHAPE3D);

       if (p != null) {

          System.out.println(p.getClass().getName());

       } else if (s != null) {

             System.out.println(s.getClass().getName());

       } else{

          System.out.println("null");

       }

    }

} // end of class Pick

The previous example shows the most basic form of picking, based on the bounds of the object. If you try the example and click near the sphere you can see that it isn't very accurate. If you imagine a box around the sphere and click anywhere within that box, the program will report that you have picked the sphere. This is because the box and the sphere both have the same bounds.

If you need to be more accurate you need to use geometry picking. Change the line:

pickCanvas.setMode(PickCanvas.BOUNDS);

to

pickCanvas.setMode(PickCanvas.GEOMETRY);

node.setCapability(Node.ENABLE_PICK_REPORTING);

PickTool.setCapabilities(node, PickTool.INTERSECT_FULL);

If you set the capabilities on all the objects you have added to the scene, you may find that detailed picking still does not work. This is because objects may be made up of other objects. For example instead of setting them once for a cube, you may need to set the capabilities six times, once for each face. The easiest way to make sure that all parts of each object are pickable is to call the following function on BranchGroup of your scene:

public void enablePicking(Node node) {

    node.setPickable(true);

    node.setCapability(Node.ENABLE_PICK_REPORTING);

    try {

       Group group = (Group) node;

       for (Enumeration e = group.getAllChildren(); e.hasMoreElements();) {

          enablePicking((Node)e.nextElement());

       }

    }

    catch(ClassCastException e) {

    }

          Shape3D shape = (Shape3D) node;

          PickTool.setCapabilities(node, PickTool.INTERSECT_FULL);

          for (Enumeration e = shape.getAllGeometries(); e.hasMoreElements();) {

             Geometry g = (Geometry)e.nextElement();

             g.setCapability(g.ALLOW_INTERSECT);

          }

       }

    catch(ClassCastException e) {

       // not a Shape3D node ignore exception

    }

}

After all the capabilities are set you can use System.out.println on your pick result to find the full range of information available. You can also use PickAllSorted instead of PickClosest to pick more than one object at the same time.

So far the examples have picked objects using the default shape: an imaginary ray going from the viewer's eye position through the mouse pointer into infinity. Instead of a thin ray you can change the shape used for picking. For example, you might use a cylinder instead of a narrow ray to make picking points easier. A cone shaped area is an easy way to pick anything that a viewer can see.

The setShape function on PickCanvas (and PickTool) can set the shape to a Cone, Cylinder, Point or Ray. Each of these shapes can either go on forever (a ray) or stop after a fixed distance (a segment), you can also pick based on a Bounds object.

As well as setting the shape you can set the tolerance for the picking operation. This is the distance (in pixels) that your PickShape can miss the target object by and still select the object.

Advanced Picking

To be able to work with objects in Java 3D, it helps if you understand where the viewer and the mouse pointer are in the scene. For example we can create a cube that you can draw on; the mouse pointer represents the end of a pencil. To draw on the cube, we need to know where the mouse pointer touches a face of the cube. When the mouse is dragged, the mouse event in the mouseDragged callback gives us the x and y co-ordinates of the mouse pointer. The following code gets the location of the mouse in the image plate and then transforms it into the location in the virtual world.

Point3d mousePos = new Point3d();

Transform3D transform = new Transform3D();

canvas.getImagePlateToVworld(transform);

transform.transform(mousePos);

The eye position (actually the position of the top of the viewers nose – the center eye) can be transformed into virtual world co-ordinates in the same way.
Point3d eyePos = new Point3d();

canvas.getCenterEyeInImagePlate(eyePos);

transform.transform(eyePos);

Now that we know the points where the eye and the mouse pointer are, we want to find where on the cube to draw. Let’s assume we want to draw on the front face of the cube. We can find where a line through these two points intersects with the face of the cube. For the front face of a unit cube at the origin, the corners are at: (.5, -.5, .5), (.5, .5, .5), (-.5, .5, .5), (-.5, -.5, .5). We only need three of them to define a plane and then a bit of vector mathematics to give us the point where a line from the eye to the mouse pointer hits the cube.

Point3d p2 = new Point3d(.5, .5, .5);

Point3d p3 = new Point3d(-.5, .5, .5);

Point3d intersection = getIntersection(eyePos, mousePos, p1, p2, p3);
/**

* Returns the point where a line crosses a plane

*/

Point3d getIntersection(Point3d line1, Point3d line2,

Vector3d p1 = new Vector3d(plane1);

Vector3d p2 = new Vector3d(plane2);

Vector3d p3 = new Vector3d(plane3);

Vector3d p2minusp1 = new Vector3d(p2);

p2minusp1.sub(p1);

Vector3d p3minusp1 = new Vector3d(p3);

p3minusp1.sub(p1);

Vector3d normal = new Vector3d();

normal.cross(p2minusp1, p3minusp1);

// The plane can be defined by p1, n + d = 0

double d = -p1.dot(normal);

Vector3d i1 = new Vector3d(line1);

Vector3d direction = new Vector3d(line1);

direction.sub(line2);

Vector3d intersection = new Vector3d(line1);

Vector3d scaledDirection = new Vector3d(direction);

scaledDirection.scale(t);

intersection.add(scaledDirection);

Point3d intersectionPoint = new Point3d(intersection);

}

Now we know where the intersection point is, it is easy to draw on an image that we can use as a texture on the cube. Remember that the y coordinate for the mouse gets higher as you move the mouse pointer down the screen. This has to be reversed to get to the y coordinate you are used to seeing on a graph.

Point3d intersectionPoint = getPosition(event);

if (Math.abs(intersectionPoint.x) < 0.5 && Math.abs(intersectionPoint.y) < 0.5) {

double x = (0.5 + intersectionPoint.x) * imageWidth;

double y = (0.5 - intersectionPoint.y) * imageHeight;

Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) frontImage.getGraphics();

g.setColor( Color.BLACK);

g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(3));

int iX = (int)(x + .5);

int iY = (int)(y + .5);

if (lastX < 0) {

lastX = iX;

lastY = iY;

}

g.drawLine(lastX, lastY, iX, iY);

lastY = iY;

changeTexture(texture, frontImage, frontShape);

}

box.getLocalToVworld(currentTransform);

currentTransform.transform(p1);

currentTransform.transform(p2);

currentTransform.transform(p3);

Point3d intersection = getIntersection(eyePos, mousePos, p1, p2, p3);

currentTransform.invert();

currentTransform.transform(intersection);

Here’s an example that puts all these techniques together. It shows a cube with different colored faces. You can rotate the cube with the left mouse button, and draw on the front (blue) face with the right mouse button.

import java.applet.Applet;

import java.awt.*;

import java.awt.event.*;

import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;

import javax.media.j3d.*;

import javax.vecmath.*;

import com.sun.j3d.utils.applet.MainFrame;

import com.sun.j3d.utils.behaviors.mouse.MouseRotate;

import com.sun.j3d.utils.geometry.*;

import com.sun.j3d.utils.image.TextureLoader;

import com.sun.j3d.utils.pickfast.PickCanvas;

import com.sun.j3d.utils.universe.SimpleUniverse;

import com.sun.j3d.utils.universe.ViewingPlatform;
public class DrawingExample extends Applet implements MouseListener, MouseMotionListener {

private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

private MainFrame frame;

private Box box;

private int imageHeight = 256;

private int imageWidth = 256;

private Canvas3D canvas;

private SimpleUniverse universe;

private BranchGroup group = new BranchGroup();

private PickCanvas pickCanvas;

private BufferedImage frontImage;

private Shape3D frontShape;

private Texture texture;

private Appearance appearance;

private TextureLoader loader;

private int lastX=-1;

private int lastY=-1;

private int mouseButton = 0;

private TransformGroup boxTransformGroup;

public static void main(String[] args) {

DrawingExample object = new DrawingExample();

object.frame = new MainFrame(object, args,

object.imageWidth, object.imageHeight);

object.startSheet();

object.validate();

}
public Point3d getPosition(MouseEvent event) {

Point3d eyePos = new Point3d();

Point3d mousePos = new Point3d();

canvas.getCenterEyeInImagePlate(eyePos);

canvas.getPixelLocationInImagePlate(event.getX(),

event.getY(), mousePos);

Transform3D transform = new Transform3D();

canvas.getImagePlateToVworld(transform);

transform.transform(eyePos);

transform.transform(mousePos);

Vector3d direction = new Vector3d(eyePos);

direction.sub(mousePos);

// three points on the plane

Point3d p1 = new Point3d(.5, -.5, .5);

Point3d p2 = new Point3d(.5, .5, .5);

Point3d p3 = new Point3d(-.5, .5, .5);

Transform3D currentTransform = new Transform3D();

box.getLocalToVworld(currentTransform);

currentTransform.transform(p1);

currentTransform.transform(p2);

currentTransform.transform(p3);

Point3d intersection = getIntersection(eyePos, mousePos,

p1, p2, p3);

currentTransform.invert();

currentTransform.transform(intersection);

return intersection;

}

/**

*/

Point3d getIntersection(Point3d line1, Point3d line2,

Vector3d p1 = new Vector3d(plane1);

Vector3d p2 = new Vector3d(plane2);

Vector3d p3 = new Vector3d(plane3);

Vector3d p2minusp1 = new Vector3d(p2);

p2minusp1.sub(p1);

Vector3d p3minusp1 = new Vector3d(p3);

p3minusp1.sub(p1);

Vector3d normal = new Vector3d();

normal.cross(p2minusp1, p3minusp1);

// The plane can be defined by p1, n + d = 0

double d = -p1.dot(normal);

Vector3d i1 = new Vector3d(line1);

Vector3d direction = new Vector3d(line1);

direction.sub(line2);

double dot = direction.dot(normal);

if (dot == 0) return null;

double t = (-d - i1.dot(normal)) / (dot);

Vector3d intersection = new Vector3d(line1);

Vector3d scaledDirection = new Vector3d(direction);

scaledDirection.scale(t);

intersection.add(scaledDirection);

Point3d intersectionPoint = new Point3d(intersection);

return intersectionPoint;

}

private void startSheet() {

.getPreferredConfiguration();

canvas = new Canvas3D(config);

universe = new SimpleUniverse(canvas);

add("Center", canvas);

positionViewer();

getScene();

universe.addBranchGraph(group);

pickCanvas = new PickCanvas(canvas, group);

pickCanvas.setMode(PickInfo.PICK_BOUNDS);

frame.addMouseMotionListener(this);

canvas.addMouseListener(this);

frame.addMouseListener(this);

}

public void getScene() {

Appearance ap = getAppearance(new Color3f(Color.blue));

ap.setCapability(Appearance.ALLOW_TEXTURE_WRITE);

ap.setCapability(Appearance.ALLOW_TEXGEN_WRITE);

box = new Box(.5f, .5f, .5f,

Primitive.GENERATE_TEXTURE_COORDS,

getAppearance(new Color3f(Color.green)));

box.setCapability(Box.ENABLE_APPEARANCE_MODIFY);

box.setCapability(Box.GEOMETRY_NOT_SHARED);

frontShape = box.getShape(Box.FRONT);

frontShape.setAppearance(ap);

box.getShape(Box.TOP).setAppearance(getAppearance(Color.magenta));

box.getShape(Box.BOTTOM).setAppearance(

getAppearance(Color.orange)); ;

box.getShape(Box.RIGHT).setAppearance(

getAppearance(Color.red));

box.getShape(Box.LEFT).setAppearance(

getAppearance(Color.green));

box.getShape(Box.BACK).setAppearance(

getAppearance(Color.yellow));

frontImage = new BufferedImage(imageWidth, imageHeight,

BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);

Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D)frontImage.getGraphics();

g.setColor(new Color(70,70,140));

g.fillRect(0, 0, imageWidth, imageHeight);

addTexture(frontImage, frontShape);

MouseRotate behavior = new MouseRotate();

BoundingSphere bounds =

new BoundingSphere(new Point3d(0.0,0.0,0.0), 100.0);

boxTransformGroup = new TransformGroup();

boxTransformGroup

.setCapability(TransformGroup.ALLOW_TRANSFORM_READ);

boxTransformGroup

.setCapability(TransformGroup.ALLOW_TRANSFORM_WRITE);

behavior.setTransformGroup(boxTransformGroup);

boxTransformGroup.addChild(behavior);

behavior.setSchedulingBounds(bounds);

boxTransformGroup.addChild(box);

group.addChild(boxTransformGroup);

}

public void addTexture(BufferedImage image, Shape3D shape) {

appearance = shape.getAppearance();

appearance.setCapability(Appearance.ALLOW_TEXTURE_ATTRIBUTES_WRITE);

appearance.setCapability(Appearance.ALLOW_TEXTURE_WRITE);

appearance.setCapability(Appearance.ALLOW_MATERIAL_WRITE);

changeTexture( texture, image, shape);

Color3f col = new Color3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);

ColoringAttributes ca = new ColoringAttributes(col,

ColoringAttributes.NICEST);

appearance.setColoringAttributes(ca);

}

public void changeTexture(Texture texture, BufferedImage image, Shape3D shape) {

TextureLoader.ALLOW_NON_POWER_OF_TWO);

texture = loader.getTexture();

texture.setBoundaryModeS(Texture.CLAMP_TO_BOUNDARY);

texture.setBoundaryModeT(Texture.CLAMP_TO_BOUNDARY);

texture.setBoundaryColor(new Color4f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, 0f));

// Set up the texture attributes

// could be REPLACE, BLEND or DECAL instead of MODULATE

// front = getAppearance(new Color3f(Color.YELLOW));

Color3f black = new Color3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);

Color3f white = new Color3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);

Color3f red = new Color3f(0.7f, .15f, .15f);

appearance.setMaterial(new Material(red, black, red, white, 1.0f));

TextureAttributes texAttr = new TextureAttributes();

appearance.setTextureAttributes(texAttr);

appearance.setTexture(texture);

shape.setAppearance(appearance);

}

BufferedImage getStartingImage(int i, int width, int height) {

BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);

Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D)image.getGraphics();

g.setColor(new Color(70,70,140));

g.fillRect(0, 0, width, height);

return image;

}

public void positionViewer() {

TransformGroup tg1 = vp.getViewPlatformTransform();

Transform3D t3d = new Transform3D();

tg1.getTransform(t3d);

vp.setNominalViewingTransform();
}

public static void addLights(BranchGroup group) {

Color3f light1Color = new Color3f(0.7f, 0.8f, 0.8f);

BoundingSphere bounds = new BoundingSphere(new Point3d(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),

100.0);

Vector3f light1Direction = new Vector3f(4.0f, -7.0f, -12.0f);

light1Direction);

light1.setInfluencingBounds(bounds);

group.addChild(light1);

AmbientLight light2 = new AmbientLight(new Color3f(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f));

light2.setInfluencingBounds(bounds);

group.addChild(light2);

}

public static Appearance getAppearance(Color color) {

}

public static Appearance getAppearance(Color3f color) {

Color3f white = new Color3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);

Appearance ap = new Appearance();

Texture texture = new Texture2D();

TextureAttributes texAttr = new TextureAttributes();

texAttr.setTextureMode(TextureAttributes.MODULATE);

texture.setBoundaryModeS(Texture.WRAP);

texture.setBoundaryModeT(Texture.WRAP);

texture.setBoundaryColor(new Color4f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));

Material mat = new Material(color, black, color, white, 70f);

ap.setTextureAttributes(texAttr);

ap.setMaterial(mat);

ap.setTexture(texture);

ColoringAttributes ca = new ColoringAttributes(color,

ColoringAttributes.NICEST);

ap.setColoringAttributes(ca);

return ap;

}

@Override

}
@Override

public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent arg0) {

}
@Override

public void mouseExited(MouseEvent arg0) {

}
@Override

public void mousePressed(MouseEvent event) {

lastX=-1;

lastY=-1;

mouseButton = event.getButton();

}
@Override

public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent arg0) {

}
@Override

public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent event) {

if (mouseButton==MouseEvent.BUTTON1) return;

Point3d intersectionPoint = getPosition(event);

if (Math.abs(intersectionPoint.x) < 0.5 && Math.abs(intersectionPoint.y) < 0.5) {

double x = (0.5 + intersectionPoint.x) * imageWidth;

double y = (0.5 - intersectionPoint.y) * imageHeight;

Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) frontImage.getGraphics();

g.setColor( Color.BLACK);

g.setStroke(new BasicStroke(3));

int iX = (int)(x + .5);

int iY = (int)(y + .5);

if (lastX < 0) {

lastX = iX;

lastY = iY;

}

g.drawLine(lastX, lastY, iX, iY);

lastY = iY;

changeTexture(texture, frontImage, frontShape);

}

}

public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent arg0) {

}

}

Further Information

Online Information

• 
  Java 3D comes with several useful examples, these are described at:
  http://www.java.sun.com/products/java-media/3D/forDevelopers/J3D_1_2_API/j3dguide/AppendixExamples.html
  

• 
  Sun’s tutorial is at:
  http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/3D/collateral/
  

• 
  The API documentation is at:
  http://java.sun.com/products/java-media/3D/forDevelopers/j3dapi/index.html
  

• 
  My site is at:
  http://www.java3d.org
  

Books

There the following books on Java 3D::

• 
  Java 3D API Jump-Start, by Aaron E. Walsh and Doug Gehringer
  
  
  
• 
  Killer Game Programming in Java
  
  
  
• 
  3D User Interfaces with Java 3D, by John Barrilleaux
  
  
  
• 
  Java 3D Programming, by Daniel Selman
  
  
  

• 
  The Java 3D API Specification (With CD-ROM), by Henry Sowizral, Kevin Rushforth, Michael Deering