Urban Studies Volume 50, Issue 5, April 2013



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Urban Studies

Volume 50, Issue 5, April 2013

1. Title: The Housing Market Renewal Programme: Origins, Outcomes and the Effectiveness of Public Policy Interventions in a Volatile Market

Authors: Philip Leather and Brendan Nevin

Abstract: This paper examines the operation of the Housing Market Renewal Pathfinder Programme in England over the period 2002–10. The programme aimed to address high vacancy rates and low house prices in inner-city and declining industrial areas of northern and Midlands cities. The programme achieved some success in generating new housing supply in areas where private developers had previously been reluctant to invest, but had only limited impacts on high vacancy rates. House prices rose sharply in the programme areas, but also in similar areas outside the scope of the programme, driven by wider market-led pressures, including increased demand arising from international in-migration and a boom in speculative investment. With a change in government in 2010, the programme was abruptly wound up and the future of the programme areas is uncertain.

2. Title: ‘Ripple’ Effects in South African House Prices

Authors: Mehmet Balcilar, Abebe Beyene, Rangan Gupta, and Monaheng Seleteng

Abstract: This paper analyses the ‘ripple’ effect of house prices in large-, medium- and small-sized houses of five major metropolitan areas of South Africa—namely, Cape Town, Durban Unicity, Greater Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth/Uitenhage and Pretoria—based on available quarterly data covering the period of 1966:Q1 to 2010:Q1. Following the extant literature, the issue is contextualised as a unit root problem, with one expecting the ratios of metropolitan house price to national house price to exhibit stationarity to an underlying trend value, if there is diffusion in house prices. Using Bayesian and non-linear unit root tests, besides the standard linear tests of stationarity with and without structural break, overwhelming support is found for the existence of robust ripple effects. Also factor analysis conducted suggested that ripple effects originate in Cape Town for the large Housing segment and in Durban for the medium- and small-sized houses.

3. Title: Regional House Prices and the Ripple Effect in Malaysia

Authors: Hooi Hooi Lean and Russell Smyth

Abstract: This paper applies univariate and panel Lagrange multiplier (LM) unit root tests with one and two structural breaks to the ratio of the regional to national house price to examine the ripple effect for five different housing price indices (aggregate housing, detached housing, semi-detached housing, terrace housing and high-rise housing) across 14 regional locations in Malaysia. Segmentation is restricted to a small group of states across most housing types for which there is no long-run relationship with the Malaysian average. When all housing types are taken together, evidence of a ripple effect is generally found from the most developed states to the less developed states of Malaysia. While overall rates of conversion to the long-run equilibrium are consistent with a low level of persistence, there is some evidence of regional clusters based on similar speeds of adjustment in different parts of the country.
4. Title: Trajectories of Multidimensional Neighbourhood Quality of Life Change

Authors: Elizabeth Delmelle, Jean-Claude Thill, Owen Furuseth, and Thomas Ludden

Abstract: This paper provides an empirical analysis of the multidimensional, spatio-temporal quality of life (QoL) trends followed by neighbourhoods in Charlotte, NC, between 2000 and 2010. Employing a combined geocomputational and visual technique based on the self-organising map, the study addresses which types of neighbourhood experienced the most change or stability, where (in attribute and geographical spaces) did neighbourhoods that began the decade with a particular set of characteristics evolve to, and where did neighbourhoods that concluded the decade transition from? Results indicate that the highest QoL neighbourhoods were most stable, while those with lower homeownership, closer to the city centre, exhibited the sharpest longitudinal trajectories. Lower-income neighbourhoods are found to be heterogeneous in terms of their social problems, dividing between high crime concentrations and youth-related social problems. An exchange of these social issues over time is observed as well as a geographical spread of crime to middle-ring suburbs.

5. Title: Exploring Change in Local Regeneration Areas: Evidence from the New Deal for Communities Programme in England

Authors: Paul Lawless and Christina Beatty

Abstract: For many years, United Kingdom governments have instigated urban regeneration schemes. The 1998–2011 New Deal for Communities Programme was designed to change 39 deprived English areas, with regard to place-based, and people-based outcomes. Change data for all NDC areas from a common base-line can be used to establish relative rates of change across these neighbourhoods. Three sets of factors might help to explain why some areas saw more change than others: NDC Partnership-level activities; characteristics of NDC areas; and the wider local authority context. Results suggest that little change can be attributed to the characteristics or activities of NDC Partnerships themselves. This raises questions relating to the ability of regeneration schemes to instigate positive change, the limited nature of people-based change, the perverse role of educational spend and differential change across clusters of deprived areas.

6. Title: Variations between Organisations and Localities in Government Funding of Third-sector Activity: Evidence from the National Survey of Third-sector Organisations in England

Authors: David Clifford, Frida Geyne-Rahme, and John Mohan

Abstract: This paper uses data from the national survey of third-sector organisations in England to show, for the first time, important variations between organisations and localities in government funding of third-sector activity. It shows that organisations serving the personally or socially disadvantaged are most likely to be publicly funded and that deprived neighbourhoods and local authorities have the highest share of publicly funded organisations. Further, at the neighbourhood scale there is evidence for an interaction effect between kind of organisation and area deprivation, such that organisations working in deprived areas with disadvantaged groups are particularly likely to receive some public funding. These results have particular resonance at a time when many third-sector organisations are faced with cuts in their public funding. They also have relevance to theoretical work on the relationship between government and the voluntary sector.

7. Title: Elected Neighbourhood Officers in a Turkish City (Izmir): Gendered Local Participation in Governance

Authors: Fatma Şenol

Abstract: This paper explores how gender differences and the local scale influence individuals’ conditions (i.e. motivations/issues, resources and styles) for inclusion in formal politics as electoral candidates and then as officers. The experiences of women and men muhtars—elected resident-officers of neighbourhoods—in Izmir (Turkey) in 2008 provided the data. It appeared that political participation via neighbourhood offices is shaped by (in)formal mechanisms of power relations that have been historically male-dominated with patriarchal rule(r)s at the neighbourhood level and with clientelist and statist ones at multiple scales. Men were supported greatly by their gendered neighbourhood-based networks. Women with male backing, including of incumbent muhtars, had better chances. All of the muhtars aimed at guiding residents through the governmental system, experiencing that the centralised state undermined muhtars’ representative roles. By following certain tactics a few, mostly women, muhtars were persistent enough to participate in the governmental system that operated through patron–client relationships.

8. Title: Le Goût des Autres: Gentrification Told by Children

Authors: Jean-Yves Authier and Sonia Lehman-Frisch

Abstract: If the gentrification literature has considerably expanded in recent decades, few works have attempted to understand the relationship between the ‘gentrifying’ households of the middle classes and the ‘gentrified’ households of the working classes, as seen through the eyes of the children. However, in many cases, gentrification involves families and children are then actively involved residential co-existence. This is the issue at the heart of this article: to examine the experiences of social diversity of children from different social backgrounds aged 9 to 11, living in a gentrified neighbourhood in Paris. This is done by investigating successively their representations of and activities within the neighbourhood, their usage of a public space which occupies a key position (the local park) and their sociability. On the basis of these analyses, it is shown how, within this gentrified neighbourhood, the children ‘play’ with social diversity.

9. Title: Place Stratification or Spatial Assimilation? Neighbourhood Quality Changes after Residential Mobility for Migrants in Germany

Authors: Philipp M. Lersch

Abstract: Neighbourhoods provide unequal resources and opportunities. Past research has shown that migrants are less able to move to more resourceful neighbourhoods. For Germany, cross-sectional evidence shows that migrants live in worse neighbourhoods on average, but no longitudinal analysis of changes in neighbourhood quality after residential mobility has been conducted. The present paper closes this gap and tests the place stratification model and the spatial assimilation model. Data from the German Socio-economic Panel and the MICROM dataset are used for the years 2000–09. The data are analysed using fixed-effects panel regression. The analysis shows that Turkish households are less able to improve their neighbourhood quality through moves compared with German households, while households with other ethnic backgrounds do not differ significantly from the native population.
10. Title: Knowledge-based Development in Leading Regions across the Globe: An Exploratory Analysis of the co-Evolution of Resources, Capabilities and Outputs

Authors: Robert Huggins and Hiro Izushi

Abstract: It is widely observed that the global geography of innovation is rapidly evolving. This paper presents evidence concerning the contemporary evolution of the globe’s most productive regions. The paper uncovers the underlying structure and co-evolution of knowledge-based resources, capabilities and outputs across these regions. The analysis identifies two key trends by which the economic evolution and growth patterns of these regions are differentiated—namely, knowledge-based growth and labour market growth. The knowledge-based growth factor represents the underlying commonality found between the growth of economic output, earnings and a range of knowledge-based resources. The labour market growth factor represents the capability of regions to draw on their human capital. Overall, spectacular knowledge-based growth of leading Chinese regions is evident, highlighting a continued shift of knowledge-based resources to Asia. It is concluded that regional growth in knowledge production investment and the capacity to draw on regional human capital reserves are neither necessarily traded-off nor complementary to each other.

11. Title: Urban Inequality and Political Recruitment

Authors: Per Strömblad and Gunnar Myrberg

Abstract: This paper provides evidence of segregation-generated differences in political recruitment. Focusing on social-geographical differentiation in the urban landscape, it evaluates—in prior work largely neglected—contextual effects on requests for political participation. Consistent with previous research, the analyses suggest that political activists, who try to convince others to participate, systematically use a set of selection criteria when deciding whom to approach. However, using data based on a sample of inhabitants of Swedish cities and properties of their neighbourhoods, evidence is also presented for aggregate-level social exclusion influences on individual-level recruitment efforts. Consistent with the theoretical framework presented, the results indicate that the contextual effect stems both from the disproportional population composition in residential areas and from recruiters’ rational avoidance of areas marked by high levels of social exclusion. The net result, it is concluded, is a reinforcement of urban inequalities when it comes to the chances to be invited to political life.

12. Title: Branding the City: The Democratic Legitimacy of a New Mode of Governance

Authors: Jasper Eshuis and Arthur Edwards

Abstract: Place branding has been used to influence ideas concerning communities and districts, especially in regeneration programmes. This article approaches branding as a new governance strategy for managing perceptions. Considering the popular criticism that branding is a form of spin that prevents the public from gaining a proper understanding of their government’s policies, this article focuses on the democratic legitimacy of branding in urban governance. The branding of two urban communities in the Netherlands is examined empirically in terms of input legitimacy, throughput legitimacy and output legitimacy. The research shows how the democratic legitimacy of branding varies in the two cases. In one case, branding largely excluded citizens, whereas in the other case there was limited citizen participation. The article indicates that, although branding can potentially be a participatory process in which the feelings and emotions of citizens are included, this potential is not always fully realised in practice.
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13. Title: Cities in Translation: Intersections of Language and Memory

Authors: Sherry Simon

Abstract: The article reviews the book “Cities in Translation: Intersections of Language and Memory,” by Sherry Simon.

14. Title: Beyond the Resources of Poverty: Gecekondu Living in the Turkish Capital

Authors: Sxebnem Eroglu

Abstract: The article reviews the book “Beyond the Resources of Poverty: Gecekondu Living in the Turkish Capital,” by Sxebnem Eroglu.

15. Title: The Principles of Green Urbanism: Transforming the City for Sustainability

Authors: Steffen Lehman

Abstract: The article reviews the book “The Principles of Green Urbanism: Transforming the City for Sustainability,” by Steffen Lehman.

16. Title: Social Sustainability in Urban Areas: Communities, Connectivity and the Urban Fabric

Authors: Tony Manzi, Karen Lucas, Tony Lloyd Jones and Judith Allen

Abstract: The article reviews the book “Social Sustainability in Urban Areas: Communities, Connectivity and the Urban Fabric,” by Tony Manzi, Karen Lucas, Tony Lloyd Jones and Judith Allen.

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