Flexible document based on the necessary and proper (or elastic) clause
Gives the Legislative Branch flexibility to make laws today. i.e. radio, internet.
Federalism
Delegated Powers:
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Reserved Powers:
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Those powers specifically granted the
Federal Government by the Constitution.
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Those powers not delegated to the Federal Government or denied the states are reserved for the states.
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Concurrent Powers:
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Regulate interstate and international trade
Coin money
Declare war
Maintain an armed forces
Establish a postal system
Enforce copyrights
Sign treaties
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Powers that are shared by both the Federal and State Governments.
Power to tax
Maintain courts
Borrow money
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Regulate intrastate trade
Establish schools
Establish local governments
Pass statewide laws (ex. Safety belt laws)
Run elections
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2. Give two specific ‘real life’ examples for each of the three powers.
Delegated Powers
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Concurrent Powers
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Reserved Powers
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There is one common currency in the US
Passports
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There are federal prisons and state prisons
Federal and state courts
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Drivers’ licenses
Create schools
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Explain the responsibility of the President under each ‘role’?
Chief of State
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This role requires a president to be an inspiring example for the American people.
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Chief Executive
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The president is “boss” for millions of government workers in the Executive Branch, deciding how the laws are to be enforced.
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Chief Diplomat
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The president represents the United States in negotiations with foreign countries, because the Constitution grants the President the power to negotiate and sign treaties on behalf of the United States
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Commander in Chief
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The President is ultimately at the head of the chain of command for the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines and the Coast Guard.
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Bill of Rights
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1st Amendment
Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, Petition
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2nd Amendment
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3rd Amendment
Right to protection from troops being quartered in homes during peacetime
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4th Amendment
Right against unreasonable search and seizure without a warrant
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5th Amendment
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6th Amendment
Right to be informed of the charges against you, a speedy public trial, impartial jury
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7th Amendment
Right to a trial by jury in a civil case (non-criminal case)
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8th Amendment
Right to protection against cruel and unusual punishment
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9th Amendment
Guaranteed the rights not listed in the Constitution are still protected
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10th Amendment
Guarantee that the people and the states have all of the powers not specifically delegated to the federal government (reserved powers)
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American History through Constitutional Law
Cases
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Quick Summary
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Outcome/Historical Significance
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Constitutional Concepts/Enduring Issues
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Marbury v. Madison (1803)
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Appointment of midnight justices by John Adams rejected by Jefferson. Supreme Court must decide constitutionality of Judiciary Act.
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John Marshall declares Judiciary Act unconstitutional The Supreme Court has the right of Judicial Review. This means that it decides if a law is constitutional or unconstitutional
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Judicial v. Executive and Congressional Power
Judicial Review
Separation of Powers
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McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
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Maryland attempts to tax the National Bank of the U.S. Court must decide whether Bank is legitimate under the elastic clause and whether Maryland can tax it.
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John Marshall declares “the power to tax is the power to destroy.” The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution prohibits state taxation of a federal institution. Federal law takes precedent over State Law.
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State Rights
Elastic Clause
Judicial Review
Federalism
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Gibbons v. Odgen (1824)
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Ogden receives exclusive right from New York to use Steam boat to navigate in NY and to NJ. Gibbons get right from Congress.
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John Marshall declares that Congress has the exclusive authority to regulate Interstate Commerce. Federal law takes precedent over State law.
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Judicial Review
Federalism
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Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
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Dred Scott was a slave who was brought into free Territory as defined by the Missouri Compromise.
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The supreme Court declared that slaves were property; therefore, he could be brought into the free area as a slave.
It also declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.
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Article III citizenship rights vs. Fifth Amendment property rights.
Civil War causes
Federalism
Equality
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Impeachment
Trial of Andrew
Johnson (1868)
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Andrew Johnson fired his Secretary of War Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office Act and the House of Representatives voted to Impeach the president.
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The Senate by one vote decided not to impeach him. Johnson as the president was able to finish his term. This event brings to light the major differences between the President and the Radical Republicans in Congress regarding Reconstruction.
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Article I Impeachment Power of congress vs Article II appointment power of the president.
Federalism
Presidential Power
Separation of Power
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Plessy v
Ferguson (1896)
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The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway cars for blacks and whites. In 1892 Homer Adolph Plessy—who was seven-eighths Caucasian—took a seat in a “whites only” car of a Louisiana train. He refused to move to the car reserved for blacks and was arrested.
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In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that “separate but equal” was constitutional. The case established the principal of segregation until it was overturned in 1954.
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Fourteenth Amendment
Equal protection clause
Equality
Federalism
Jim Crow
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Korematsu v
U.S. (1944)
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During WWII, Presidential Executive Order 9066 and congressional statues gave the military authority to relocate citizens of Japanese ancestry to internment camps as a means of national defense, Korematsu remained in California and was arrested
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The Supreme Court ruled that the President had the right to issue the Executive order.
In 1988 Congress passed a law giving $20,000 to all ancestors of Japanese-Americans who were put in these camps.
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Fourteenth Amendment
Equal protection clause, vs Article II power of the president.
Civil Liberties
Rights of ethnic minorities
World War II
Power of President
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Rosenberg Trial (1951)
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The Rosenbergs were accused as spies responsible for turning over atomic secrets to the Soviets during the Cold War. They were convicted and sentenced to die.
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The Supreme Court refused to grant clemency and the Rosenbergs were executed amidst much protest that the original decision had Anti-Semitic overtones. The spy the Rosenbergs made contact with disclosed they did not give him nuclear secrets.
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Fifth Amendment rights of Rosenbergs vs.Article I authority of Congress to pass Espionage act.
Due Process Rights
The Cold War
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Gideon v Wainwright (1963)
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Gideon was accused of a felony by Florida and did not have attorney representation because he could not afford one.
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Based on his “pauper” appeal to the Supreme Court, it decided that regardless of the crime, Gideon had the right to free legal aide
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Fifth and Sixth Amendments
Bill of Rights
Due Process
Right to an attorney
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Mapp v Ohio
1961
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Dolleree Mapp was accused of harboring a dangerous criminal. The police searched her house without a warrant and found illegal pornographic material, which they used to prosecute Mapp.
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Regarding the use of illegally obtained evidence in a trial, the Supreme Court ruled that evidence seized illegally could not be used in a trial.
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Fourth Amendment
Bill of Rights
Search and Seizure
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Miranda v Arizona (1966)
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Ernesto Miranda was arrested, interrogated and confessed to rape without the police informing him of his right to remain silent or have an attorney after his arrest.
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One of the most important cases decided by the Supreme Court, it directed police to give the Miranda rights, warning a person of his rights immediately after a person is arrested.
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Fifth, Sixth Amendments
Bill of Rights
Due Process
Right against self-incrimination
Right to an attorney
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New Jersey v TLO (1985)
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TLO was accused of smoking in the bathroom. The principal searches her pocketbook without her permission and discovers cigarettes as well as other illegal substances.
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The Court rules that schools have the right to search students with reasonable cause. This case gave school officials greater latitude in disciplining students.
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Fourth Amendments
Bill of Rights
Due Process
Search and Seizure
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New York Times vs U.S. (1971)
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In what became known as the “Pentagon Papers Case,” the Nixon Administration attempted to prevent the NY Times and Washington Post from publishing materials from a classified Defense Department study regarding the history of US activities in Vietnam.
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The Court ruled that the papers did not violate national security and therefore, the newspapers had the right to publish them. The result was an embarrassment for the President of the U.S.
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First Amendment, free speech vs Article II power of the president.
Cold War
Vietnam
Freedom of the Press
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US v Nixon
(1974)
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President Nixon asserted that he was immune from the subpoena claiming “executive privilege,” which is the right to withhold information to preserve confidential communications or to secure the national interest and refused to hand over Watergate related tapes.
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The Court ruled unanimously that executive privilege could not be invoked in a potential criminal activity. Shortly after turning over the tapes, Nixon resigned from office.
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Article I power of Congress v Article II power of the president
Separation of Powers
Watergate
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Explain the political importance of the Census every 10 years.
A census is given every 10 years to find out the population for representation in the House of Representatives and for electoral votes.
How is the number of electoral votes for each state determined?
The number of electoral votes for each state is determined by the number of House of Representatives and Senators = the electoral
Two Issues: How to select the President, and how long is he/she president.
Two types of elections: Direct Election and Indirect Election
Direct election:
People vote for a candidate
Person with the most votes wins
Indirect election:
People vote for a representative
Representative votes for candidate.
Election Compromise:
Indirect election for the President and Senate
Direct election for the House of Representatives
Electoral College:
U.S. Senators 2 from each state times 50 states
House of Representatives % according to population
A census is required every ten years to determine representation in Congress.
A criticism of the Electoral College is that presidents may be elected without receiving the majority of the popular vote. You can win the population but lose the electoral vote. An example of this is Busch/Gore 2000
The Unwritten Constitution: Practices of the Government based on tradition & customs. Examples: political parties, political conventions
President’s Cabinet
George Washington was the first President to have a cabinet. The purpose of the Cabinet is to advise the president.
Today, the president’s cabinet consists of the secretaries/heads of the 15 major departments of the executive branch (examples include: The Attorney General of the Justice Department and The Secretary of State of the State Department. The newest is the Department of Homeland Security, which was created following the attack of September 11, 2001).
Political Parties
The first political parties arose from the debates over who should have more power—the state or the national government.
Federalists Party – Alexander Hamilton
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Democratic-Republicans – Thomas Jefferson
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Who should have more power?
National Government
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Who should have more power
State Government
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Loose Interpretation of the Constitution
The Constitution is only a loose framework of laws on which the government could build the nation as it saw fit.
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Strict Interpretation of the Constitution
The government should not do anything that the Constitution did not specifically say it could do. (ex: such as start a national bank)
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Judicial Review
The most important power of the Supreme Court is the ability to declare laws unconstitutional. The power of Judicial Review was a precedent set in the 1803 Marbury vs. Madison decision. It also serves a check on the laws passed by Congress and the actions and treaties of the President.
V. Early Government in Action
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George Washington
Explain 2 Precedents set by George Washington
The president’s cabinet
Two terms in office
The 22nd Amendment (1947) made one of Washington’s precedents official by setting a Two-Term Limit for presidents.
In his farewell address, George Washington advised the United States to follow a policy of Neutrality. America was able to follow this policy due to the geographic advantage of being in the western hemisphere.
List 3 steps taken by Washington’s Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton that helped to establish the United States’ economy.
The national gov’t would take on the debts acquired by the states during the Revolution.
He created a tariff to help raise money to pay off the debts.
The government paid an interest to creditors in return for the loan
What did President Washington’s response to the Whiskey Rebellion show about the Federal government?
He showed that the Federal government was committed to enforcing its laws.
John Adams—2nd President of the US
The XYZ Affair and the Alien and Sedition Acts
The young nation of America was tested early by the French in the XYZ Affair. Americans were outraged by bribes demanded by French officials. The Alien and Sedition Acts were laws signed by President Adams in 1798 as a result of the problems with france and England and to combat possible threats from both inside and outside the nation.
Explain what the Alien and Sedition Acts stated.
The President gained the right to imprison or deport citizens of other countries residing in the U.S. Persons who wrote, published, or said anything “of a false, scandalous, and malicious” nature against the American government or its officials could be fined or jailed.
What amendment did the Sedition act violate?
14th Amendment
How did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions attempt to limit the power of the Federal Government?
They said that states had the right to judge whether federal laws agreed with the Constitution. If a state decided that a law was unconstitutional, it could declare that law “null and void” within the state.
Who was John Marshall? What was his importance in shaping US government?
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against Marbury, declaring it was against the Supreme Court for the Supreme Court to order the executive branch.
**This was a victory for the Supreme Court for the case established the power of Judicial Review
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Explain the historical significance of the following court cases:
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Marbury vs. Madison
President Jefferson tried to deny the appointments of Federalist judges that President Adams appointed right before he left office.
Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against Marbury, declaring it was against the Supreme Court for the Supreme Court to order the executive branch.
**This was a victory for the Supreme Court for the case established the power of Judicial Review
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McCulloch vs. Maryland
John Marshall declares “the power to tax is the power to destroy.” The Supremacy Clause of the Constitution prohibits state taxation of a federal institution. Federal law takes precedent over State Law.
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Gibbons vs. Ogden
John Marshall declares that Congress has the exclusive authority to regulate Interstate Commerce. Federal law takes precedent over State law.
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The Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase was important to the growth of the United States because it:
Port of New Orleans- this was important for movement of crops down the Mississippi
Doubled the size of the United States
Thomas Jefferson faced a dilemma when considering purchasing this land because he supported a strict interpretation of the Constitution and the Constitution did not state if the President had the power to purchase new territory.
The War of 1812
Causes and Effect of the War of 1812
Causes:
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Effects
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The impressment of our seamen and the ships being taken to British ports as the reason for the war
Encouraged Indians to attack American settlers
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It unified the country
Restored patriotism
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The Monroe Doctrine (Also see handout)
US would defend Western Hemisphere from European interference
An end to European colonization in the Western Hemisphere
If Europe has a problem with the Western Hemisphere, see the US first “Big Brother,” because European interference was “dangerous to our peace and safety.”
*This assumes a leadership role in the Western Hemisphere
We are also flexing our muscles
No interference by the US in European affairs and European colonies.
Explain how the following Presidents invoked the Monroe Doctrine to support US policy.
William McKinley (1899)
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Teddy Roosevelt (1904)
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John Kennedy (1961)
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Ronald Reagan (1981)
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Spanish American War
The US to expand her reach across the globe, recognized that defeating a weak Spanish Empire offered an opportunity to gain territories outside north America. These territories would then provide access to world markets for growing manufacturing by US industries.
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Roosevelt Corollary
Theodore Roosevelt worked to increase US presence in Latin America via his Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The Corollary stated that not only would Latin America be considered a vital US interest and European interference there considered a threat to the United States, but the US would and could actively intervene in Latin America to protect those interests.
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Bay of Pigs/Cuban Missile Crisis
The US was not happy with Fidel Castro taking over Cuba, so Kennedy tried to have the US overthrow Castro, however, it was a disaster. The Soviet then tried to build missiles in Cuba. The US put a naval quarantine on Cuba, so the Soviets backed down.
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Support of the Contras in Nicaragua
Reagan sold weapons to Iran in hopes of the release of hostages in Iran. He used this money to support the Nicaragua Contras who wanted to overthrow the government.
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VI The Constitution Tested: The Nation Expands and Divides
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Choose one of the Key People and highlight their achievements and the impact these achievements had on this time period in this section.
Key People:
Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Jackson
Ulysses S. Grant
Robert E. Lee
Frederick Douglass
Harriet Tubman
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This is your life _____________________________!
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Define: Sectionalism — Sectionalism is the devotion to a nation’s region rather than the nation. Differences between the North and South helped to create loyalty to their section of the country. They did not see themselves as Americans, but as Virginians, or southerners, etc. It made it easier to secede from the US.
Explain how the South and the North differed in the early 1800’s
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South
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North
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Economy
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‘King Cotton’ and the cotton gin- many laborers were needed to pick cotton, and once the cotton gin was invented more laborers were needed.
Plantation System - Large farms in the South that used slave labor. Slavery became more widespread in the South than in the North because of geographic factors.
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Industry and factories in the cities in the north were important to their economy. Immigrants were needed to fill these positions.
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Slavery
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Slaves were needed to pick the cotton on plantations. Most of these slaves were from Africa.
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Abolition Movement — A movement in the north to free slaves
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Views on Federalism
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Believed that ultimate power should be in the hands of States’ Governments.
Nullification— a state’s refusal to recognize a federal law
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Believed in a strong central government.
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President James Madison came up with a plan to bring the economies of the US together. Henry Clay backed his plan and called it the American system.
Explain how the following helped to unite the economies of the North, South, and West.
Erie Canal – A waterway connecting Lake Erie to the Hudson River that aided the economic development of the U.S. by lowering the cost of shipping goods from the Midwest to the Atlantic coast. The farmers in the Midwest could ship their goods to merchants in the east who would trade and sell the goods for a larger profit. It promoted growth of trade and manufacturing in the Northeast.
National Bank – Currency was worth the same amount in all parts of the country. It was now easier to trade and travel.
Andrew Jackson
The Presidency of Andrew Jackson
Fires over 2,000 government workers and replaces them with his own supporters
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Vetoes more acts of Congress than all six previous Presidents combined
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Closes Bank of the United States
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Threatens to send huge army to South Carolina to force the state to obey tariff laws
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Uses Indian Removal Act to force 100,000 Native Americans from their homelands
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Jackson’s forceful actions earned him both strong support and angry opposition throughout the country
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What is the Spoils System? Jackson used this to provide government jobs to his political supporters.
Would you characterize Andrew Jackson as a Tyrant or a Man of the People? Give Examples
Andrew Jackson was against the Native Americans when he signed the Indian Removal Act, which stated that Jackson could give Native Americans land in parts of the Louisiana Purchase in exchange for lands taken from them in the East.
This started the Trail of Tears, which was in 1838 when the US Army rounded up more than 15,000 Cherokees in camps while settlers burned their homes and farms. Then they started a nightmare journey where men, women, and children, mostly on foot, began a 116-day forced march westward. One out of every four Cherokees died of cold or disease.
Manifest Destiny and the Slavery Issue
“…the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions…”
~ newspaperman John L. O’Sullivan
Define:
Manifest Destiny: the idea that the U.S. should own the entire continent of U.S. from East to West.
Cession: the giving up of rights.
Annexation: the forcible acquisition of a state's territory by another state
Explain how the fulfillment of Manifest Destiny increased tensions over slavery.
As Southerners settled out West they wanted to bring their slaves with them and make the area slave territories. However, the abolitionists and Northerners did not want slavery in the West.
Explain how each of the following attempted to solve the conflict over slavery.
Missouri
Compromise
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Maine – Admitted as a free state
Missouri –Admitted as a slave state
New territories north of the Missouri – Any territory north of the 36 30 line was a free state
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Compromise of 1850
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California – Admitted as a free state
New territories of the SW “popular sovereignty” – the people would decide for themselves
Fugitive Slave Act –this ordered all citizens of the U.S. to assist in the return of enslaved people who had escaped from their owners.
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The Kansas-Nebraska Act
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Popular Sovereignty – the people will decide on the issue of slavery in their territory.
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Explain how the following led to the Civil War
Bleeding Kansas
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John Brown’s Raids
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Dred Scott Decision
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A group of Southerners with a proslavery federal marshal looted newspaper offices and homes in Kentucky, a center of anti-slavery.
This stirred up a swift response from John Brown
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Brown was a stern evangelical, who brought a group of people to a proslavery settlement. He roused 5 men from their beds, dragged them from their homes and killed them.
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Dred Scott v. Sandford was a ruling on the question of slavery. It said that no African Americans, slave or free, were citizens, and therefore, they were not entitled to protection from the Constitution. The ruling also held that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because Congress could not deprive the people their right to property. (In other words, it overturned the Missouri Compromise) Sectional conflict increased as a result of these decisions because it denied Congress the power to regulate slavery in the territories.
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What was the immediate response by the Southern States to Abraham Lincoln winning the Election of 1860?
The immediate response by the South was to secede from the Union.
Why did the Southern states respond this way?
They responded this way because Lincoln was a northerner and they believed he would outlaw slavery.
Define: Secession – to withdraw from the Union
Abolition Movement
Explain how the following abolitionists attempted to end slavery.
William Lloyd Garrison
“The Liberator”
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Frederick Douglass
“What to the American slave is your 4th of July
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Harriet Tubman
“The Underground Railroad”
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Sojourner Truth
“Ain’t I a Woman?”
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Wrote an anti-slavery newspaper. He spoke out against slavery and for the rights of America's black inhabitants. He had a reputation for being one of the most radical abolitionists and advocated the immediate emancipation of all slaves
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A former slave who learned to read and write. He escaped slavery and spoke at abolitionist meetings. He went to Ireland & Britain to avoid capture and continued to speak there. His followers there paid for his freedom. He was the most famous black man who used his status to influence the role of African Americans in the country. He also supported women’s suffrage.
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She was an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and during the American Civil War, a Union spy. She is one of the most well-known conductors of the Underground Railroad. She helped slaves escape through a network of abolitionists.
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She was an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist, who was born into slavery, but escaped.
Sojourner is best known for her speech on racial inequalities, "Ain't I a Woman?" delivered at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in 1851.
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Explain the importance of the book ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’.
Uncle Tom's Cabin is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War." It show the harsh realities that slaves had to endure.
How did the abolition movement inspire the women’s suffrage movement?
Many male abolitionists did not like that women would take part in the public and believed they should use their influence only within their families. This caused women to fight for abolitionist rights as well as their own.
Explain the purpose of The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, which was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.
This was the first women’s rights convention in U.S. history. Stanton presented her Declaration of Sentiments which echoed the language of the Declaration of Independence, at this meeting.
The Major way that the Declaration of Sentiments differed from the Declaration of Independence was that the word woman was added.
The Civil War (1861 – 1865)
“A House divided against itself cannot stand.”
Lincoln’s main goal of the Civil War was to unite the Union.
Explain how Lincoln exercised his power as Commander-in-Chief by suspending Habeas Corpus during the Civil War.
To silence opponents of the war, Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus. This is a legal protection requiring that a court determine if a person is lawfully imprisoned. Without it, people can be held in jail for indefinite periods without even being charged for a crime. The Constitution allows suspension of the writ during a rebellion.
How did Lincoln use the Emancipation Proclamation as a strategic advantage during the Civil War?
Northerners began to question whether it was enough to simply restore the nation. They wanted the Confederacy punished by freeing the slaves. Originally, he did not feel he had the right to end slavery, but gradually, he came to regard ending slavery as one more strategy for winning the war.
What advantages did the South have in the Civil War?
The South was fighting a defensive war, and only had to do enough damage to the invading army that that its troops lost morale. With many mountains and rivers running east-west in the South, the Rebels often were able to set up in defensible positions. The South was defending its home against invaders; therefore, Southern whites felt a greater sense of unity than the Northern population. The best military minds belonged to Southerners. In addition, between fighting the Mexican-American War and knowing how to live off the land, many Southern soldiers were just better equipped with the skills necessary to survive a war of attrition.
Casualties of the Civil War
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Union Troops
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Confederate Troops
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Total Troops
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1,566,678
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1,802,119
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Wounded
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275,175
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194,000
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Died of Wounds
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110,070
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94,000
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Died of Disease
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249,458
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164,000
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List the reasons for such high casualty rates.
Some call the Civil War the first “modern war” because so many new technologies. Old standbys such as knives, swords, bayonets, older muskets and cannons played a role.
However, the first widespread use of the Gatling gun, faster-loading rifles with rifling in the barrels, and the new, deadlier ammunition called the min-ball were important advancements. This bullet revolutionized warfare because of its increased range and the havoc it wrecked on the human body.
Another relatively new technology played an important role in the war: the modern railway. The railroad made it easier and quicker to get supplies and food to the troops as well as transporting the troops to locations quickly.
Finally, camps were unsanitary and water was polluted. Epidemics of contagious diseases, such as mumps and measles swept through camps. Prison camps in the South were overcrowded and prisoners died from starvation and exposure.
VII The Reconstructed Nation
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Key People:
Andrew Johnson
Rutherford B. Hayes
Ulysses S. Grant
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This is your life_______________________!
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The effort to rebuild the southern states and restore the Union was known as Reconstruction, a period that lasted from 1865 to 1877. It required the building of the economy as well as it’s government.
“With Malice Toward None, With Charity For All…” ~Abraham Lincoln
However…Lincoln’s plans for Reconstruction are cut short by the assassin’s bullet of John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.
List the details for each plan for Reconstruction.
Presidential Plan (Lincoln and Johnson)
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Congressional Plan led by Radical Republicans
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Amendments – 13th Amendment – ended slavery
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Amendments – 14th & 15th Amendments – Rights of Citizens, Right to Voted
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Amnesty- He wanted to pardon any Confederate who would take an oath of allegiance to the Union and accept federal policy on slavery
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Amnesty – They felt there should be a total restructuring of society to guarantee black people true equality.
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10% Plan – If 10% of the people in a state swore their allegiance to the Union, they could rejoin.
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Military Districts – wanted to put the South under military rule, dividing it into five districts, each governed by a Northern general.
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Treatment of freed slaves – did not give voting rights to black Americans
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Freedman’s Bureau – Congress created this to help black southerners adjust to freedom. It gave out clothing, medical supplies, meals, and a formal education in bureau schools.
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The competing plans of Andrew Johnson and Congress eventually led to the impeachment of the president. Even the House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson, the Senate and Radical Republicans who supported Johnson’s conviction failed to convict him by only one vote!
Carpetbagger – Northern Republicans who moved to the postwar South
Scalawags – Southern whites who supported Reconstruction
Some Major changes were made to the Constitution too and Northerners found another way to get revenge on the South…
Explain the purpose of each of the following Amendments.
13th Amendment
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14th Amendment
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15th Amendment
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To ban all slavery or involuntary servitude.
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All citizens of the U.S. cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process
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The right to vote no matter your race, color, servitude
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