Volume 1, No. 1, Spring 1974
Volume 37, No. 3, Fall 2011
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- Mendelson, Andrew L. and Kitch, Carolyn. “Creating a Photographic Record of World War I: “Real History”and Recuperative Memory in Stereography. 142-150.
- Carroll, Brian. “This is IT!”: The PR Campaign by Wendell Smith and Jackie Robinson. 151-162.
- Hrach, Thomas J. “An Incitement to Riot: Television’s Role in the Civil Disorders in the Summer of 1967. 163-171.
- Hume, Janice. “Building an American Story: How Early American Historians Used Press Sources to Remember the Revolution. 172-179.
- Volume 37, No. 4, Winter 2012
- Burt, Elizabeth V. “From ‘True Woman’ to ‘New Woman’: An Analysis of the Lydia Pinkham “Animated Ads” of 1890.” 207-217.
- Benbow, Mark. Wilson’s Cartoonist Charles R. Macauley and the 1912 Election. 218-227.
- Sowell, Mike. Is She or Isn’t He Exploring the Gender Identity Controversy Over the First Female Byline in a National Sports Publication. 228-237.
- Sheehey, Michael. Woodstock: How the Media Missed the Historic Angle of the Breaking Story, 238-246.
- Volume 38, No. 1, Spring 2012 Arceneaux, Noah. In Search of Alien Aerials: The World War I Campaign Against Amateur Radio. 2-12.
- Collins, Ross F. This Is Your Propaganda, Kids: Building a War Myth for World War I Children. 13-22.
- Wharton-Michael. Patty The Johnstown Flood of 1889: The Johnstown Tribune ’s Commonsense Coverage vs. Common-Practice Sensationalism. 23-33.
- Lampkin Stephens, Donna. The Conscience of the Arkansas Gazette : J.N. Heiskell Faces the Storm of Little Rock. 34-42.
- Hulden, Vilja. Employer Organizations’ Influence on the Progressive-Era Press. 43-54
- Volume 38, No. 2, Summer 2012 Washburn, Patrick S. Goodbye. 62.
- Mellen, Roger P. The Colonial Virginia Press and the Stamp Act: An Expansion of Civic Discourse. 74-85.
- Cronin, Mary M, and William E. Huntzicker. Popular Chinese Images and “The Coming Man” of 1870: Racial Representations of Chinese. 86-99.
- Hutchison, Philip J. When Elm Street Became Treeless: Journalistic Coverage of Dutch Elm Disease, 1939-80. 100-9.
- Maurantonio, Nicole. Standing By: Police Paralysis, Race, and the 1964 Philadelphia Riot . 110-21.
- Volume 38, No. 3, Fall 2012
- Glende, Philip M., Trouble on the Right, Trouble on the Left: The Early History of the American Newspaper Guild, 142-55.
- Furrow, Ashley D. A Struggle for Identity: The Rise and Fall of Sports Illustrated Women, 156-65.
- Pribanic-Smith, Erika. Rhetoric of Fear: South Carolina Newspapers and the State and National Politics of 1830. 166-77.
- Roessner, Amber
Volume 37, No. 3, Fall 2011
This article reassesses the career at Freedom’s Journal of John B. Russwurm, co-founder of America’s first black newspaper in New York City. Rather than being a convert to emigrationism, he counted among his long-term associates several who were actively engaged in promoting the colonization of blacks outside the United States, mainly in Freetown (West Africa) and Haiti. In contrast to the established literature, in which colonizationism is presented as antithetical to a civil rights commitment, he justified his decision to emigrate to Liberia precisely on the basis of a desire for civil liberties and citizenship. Perhaps his most original and lasting contribution was facilitating the emergence of a sense among African-Americans of a historical and spiritual connection to ancient Egypt.
This article considers how World War I was explained and memorialized in American stereography after its conclusion. Stereographs were side-by-side photographs of the same scene, which when seen through a set of lenses called a stereoscope, created a three-dimension viewing effect. The Keystone stereograph set of 300 cards, which was used in this study and was issued in 1923, provided reassuring memory in keepsake form. This study helps elucidate the role of the media in the construction of collective memory and national identity during a pivotal time in both the rise of the mass media and America’s sense of its moral and political place in the world. The stereographs also show how images and text could be packaged together as “history” to tell a positive and recuperative story about what many saw as an inexplicable series of events.
This article reveals and examines Jackie Robinson’s little-known role as a columnist for the Pittsburgh Courier during his groundbreaking first season with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947. The twenty-five weekly columns are placed into historical context by comparing their characterizations of the events of that season against later, fuller, and in some ways more accurate accounts from Robinson and others. This study seeks to hold up the picture or gallery of pictures that he wanted his readers to see, pictures that framed the events of that season. Identifying what Robinson and Smith selected and emphasized, and what they left out, points to alternate texts and alternate meanings. Importantly, the absences and omissions could say much about what Robinson signified in presenting that first season in an unrelentingly positive light.
In the summer of 1967, America’s cities exploded with riots in black neighborhoods, and many blamed televised news coverage for spreading the violence. The Kerner Commission investigated that issue and determined there was no direct connection between television and rioting. Yet there was data that was never revealed as part of the report that could have been used to come to a different conclusion. The commission hired a research firm, Simulmatics Inc., to do a content analysis of news media coverage of the riots, but data from the analysis was mentioned only briefly in the report. The data lends credence to the criticism that there was a connection between television and the riots. This article examines how the data fits into criticism of television violence in the 1960s and concludes there was a more direct connection than the commission reported.
This study examined histories of the American Revolution published through 1899 to see how they used newspapers and magazines as sources. The purpose was to determine how the press helped build America’s first real “story” as an independent nation, distinct from native and colonial origins. These histories used press sources in myriad ways. Some included snippets of Revolution-era newspaper content, and others reprinted reminiscences, coverage of anniversaries and monument dedications, and obituaries. And some of the longer and more colorful accounts came verbatim from newspaper articles published decades after the war. Press stories, included in these more permanent histories, helped ensure that the iconic narratives endured in American collective memory. Volume 37, No. 4, Winter 2012
This article examines the career of Carolyn Bennett Patterson (1921-2003), National Geographic’s first woman senior editor. Motivated by her “You Can Do Anything” ideology, she set out to accomplish intersecting personal and professional agendas during her tenure at the magazine, which lasted almost four decades. Her personal agenda involved her goal of becoming a travel journalist for the magazine, while her professional agenda included her groundbreaking work as editor of the Geographic legends, the captions that accompany the magazine’s illustrations. In documenting her efforts in fulfilling her personal and professional goals, this research reveals that her experiences were indicative of the successes and struggles of other women journalists and editors in the second half of the twentieth century.
This article analyzes five illustrated advertisements designed by the Lydia E. Pinkham Medicine Company in 1890. Dubbed “animated ads” by the company’s director, they were an innovation among newspapers advertisements of the period in both design and execution. Each depicts a social tableaux in which women play a role in a specific social setting. A close reading of them reveals that they all made statements about woman’s place in late Victorian society, which was a time when the traditional “True Woman” was being challenged by the emerging paradigm of the “New Woman.” These advertisements reveal aspects of both models and suggest to modern readers how women in 1890 reading these advertisements could negotiate the transition between the two alternative views.
Charles R. Macauley was the New York World’s main editorial cartoonist from 1904 to 1914. This article examines his role in Woodrow Wilson’s 1912 presidential campaign, including not only drawing laudatory editorial cartoons of him for the newspaper but openly providing cartoons for the campaign and writing a campaign film, The Old Way and the New, that was designed to appeal to working and middle-class voters and encourage them to give money. This was well before the American Society of Newspaper Editors adopted the first national code of ethics for papers in 1923, and the World had no problem with what he was doing. Yet Macauley was fired in early 1914 for collecting campaign funds for a mayoral candidate in New York City because the publisher claimed he was helping to run a “secret campaign fund,” which the paper opposed.
This article focuses on a byline. In 1890, “Ella Black” appeared as a regular baseball writer, covering the Pittsburgh club in the Players’ League for the national sports publication Sporting Life. The magazine billed her as a “novelty:” a woman covering baseball with a feminine touch. The authenticity of her identity became a source of debate by Sporting Life writers with some claiming her articles were penned by a man writing under a pseudonym. More than 120 years later, nothing more is known about Black than what appeared in Sporting Life that season, leaving in doubt who was behind the byline. This article is an attempt to settle that question and determine whether she was indeed a pioneer for women in sports journalism or just a cheap publicity stunt by Sporting Life.
The Woodstock Music and Art Fair in August 1969 was an iconic moment of the 1960s for a generation of young people. However, coverage of the breaking story by major newspapers and magazines did not emphasize the event’s cultural significance, focusing instead on crowd size and related logistical problems and public safety issues. This study of breaking coverage by six daily newspapers and three magazines examines how prominently the story was displayed, the sources who were quoted, and to what extent the cultural angle was reported. A key finding was that each publication relied mostly on official sources and consulted few young festival attendees for their perspective. The breaking coverage thus focused on the negative aspects of the massive assembly, overlooking the cultural perspective that has come to characterize the event in history. Volume 38, No. 1, Spring 2012
Historians agree that World War I was a crucial period in the development of radio, though one aspect has not been examined in detail: the wartime ban on amateur radio. Drawing upon documents from the Department of Commerce in the National Archives, this article explores the methods used to enforce the ban, the techniques for punishing violators, and the internal logic that motivated such strict regulation. The evidence suggests that the government exaggerated the potential threat from German spies to justify the suppression of a new technology. This study also provides insight into post-war developments of radio, including the birth of broadcasting; illustrates the difficulties that regulators face when trying to control a new media technology; and suggests techniques that might make sense today will no doubt seem crude and misguided in years to come.
This article examines war propaganda as reflected during World War I in three prominent United States children’s magazines: American Boy, St. Nicholas, and The Rally. War themes in these primary sources were evaluated, using a framework (the Myth of the War Experience) developed by George Mossé. For children, a militarized approach to daily life could teach them valuable skills and virtues, and propaganda presented war as not an event to fear or dread but as one to welcome and even covet. This study concluded that American children’s publication editors generally employed the myths as outlined by Mossé but with some differences. Missing from this propaganda were traits that did not help to build the Myth. These included values of independent thought and action, toleration, and pacifism.
The Johnstown Flood of 1889 devastated a community, tested the newly founded Red Cross, halted the operations of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and crippled one of the nation’s leading iron manufacturing companies. This article reviews the first year of the weekly Johnstown Tribune’s coverage of the flood and how that enabled a community to unite, survive, and prosper once again. The paper served as the primary medium to mobilize the community’s informational resources, focusing on meeting the local community’s informational needs rather than providing extensive sensationalized coverage. Five main themes emerged in the Tribune’s first year of coverage after the flood: accounts of the flood; identifying the bodies of the victims; requesting help from the nation; informing the local community; and identifying the cause of the flood.
J.N. Heiskell, owner and editor of Little Rock’s Arkansas Gazette in 1957, was a firm believer in segregation, but when he realized that the practice was nearing its end in American life, his belief in law and order as a necessity for any civilized society led him to support an editorial stance that seemed to contradict him. This led the Gazette to become the first newspaper to win two Pulitzer Prizes for coverage of the same event. He believed a paper should be the conscience of its community, requiring it to do things it might not like but that it knew were right, if not popular, and while his position seemed to be contradictory for a man of his time and place, it emerged fairly naturally over a lifetime of experience. He was committed to fairness and justice, and those values culminated in the Gazette’s stand during the Central High School integration crisis.
One of the major issues of public debate in the early twentieth century was “the labor question:” what rights did workers versus employers have and what forms of production and ownership were fair? This article examines the attempts of organized employers to shape this debate by influencing press coverage in the early twentieth century. It focuses on the two main business organizations of the period, the National Association of Manufacturers and the National Civic Federation. They ostensibly advocated different approaches to industrial relations, but this study argues their public disagreements ultimately had the effect of constricting the boundaries of discussion about labor in not only small newspapers but even the sophisticated press—respected daily newspapers and prominent magazines. Volume 38, No. 2, Summer 2012
Long before her son, Richard Harding Davis, became a star reporter, Rebecca Harding Davis worked for the Wheeling Intelligencer in her home state of Virginia. Throughout a writing career that spanned five decades and produced hundreds of stories, novels, and articles, she retained an interest in journalism. Beginning with an 1861 story, “Life in the Iron-Mills,” she used fiction to report on current events. Later works, such as Put Out of the Way, an exposé of the system for institutionalizing the supposedly insane, and John Andross, a study of the effects of the Whiskey Ring on an individual, constituted a distinctive literary form: investigative fiction. Her work in this genre anticipated the major achievements of several other American writers, including Stephen Crane, Upton Sinclair, Truman Capote, and Tom Wolfe.
The Stamp Act, which was imposed on the American colonies by the British government in 1765, was an essential preface to the American Revolution. Historians have observed that it brought about an important transition for colonial printers, politicizing them and turning them into influential purveyors of propaganda. The act had a critical impact on print culture in Virginia, which was the largest of the colonies and one that was crucial to the formation of a new nation. This study helps to clarify an historical debate regarding the colonial printers’ supposed unanimous opposition to the tax. Focusing on the print-related cultural shifts of this period, it concludes that a newly critical Virginia press and an accompanying broadening civic discourse led to a new regard for freedom of the press.
In 1870, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper gave its readers a tour of San Francisco’s Chinatown as it appeared to travel writer Thomas W. Knox and illustrator Joseph Becker, who spent the end of 1869 and the first few weeks of 1870 there. “The Coming Man” series appeared weekly from May 7 through July 30, 1870, with the exception of a July 9 article and illustrations that covered “a large body of Mongolians in a shoe-factory” in Massachusetts hired as contract workers to replace employees who had “quarreled” with the owner over wages. The San Francisco series was surprisingly free of the stereotypes that permeated other coverage, including articles in other issues of Leslie’s. The series appeared as Californians debated legislation to discriminate against Chinese, to restrict Chinese-owned businesses, and ultimately to exclude Chinese immigration.
This study examines how newspaper and magazine journalists addressed Dutch Elm Disease from its outset in the 1930s until the blight effectively eliminated the spectacular elm tree from most Americans’ lives. This orientation illustrates how journalists addressed this major, continuing environmental issue across five decades, a period in which mainstream news organizations slowly integrated science reporting into their operations. The study finds that the press effectively tracked the spread of the disease but was less successful at synchronizing the diverse issues that the blight represented. Most notably, news coverage lacked aesthetic perspective, relied too heavily on government sources, and was slow to interpret and integrate relevant issues such as importation policies, biodiversity, and pesticide usage.
Although considerable scholarship has explored the riots of the 1960s as the culmination of tensions simmering throughout the tumultuous decade, this article examines Philadelphia’s 1964 riot and the ways that local newspapers attempted to frame the violence. By urging Philadelphians to view the riot as the outcome of an ineffectual police department, which was ill-equipped to confront black “hoodlums,” journalists privileged frames of police paralysis and marginalization. The circulation of these two frames alone, however, cannot explain the eventual demise of the city’s Police Advisory Board. This study argues that the imagery of police standing idly by while the streets of Philadelphia dissolved into chaos proved invaluable ammunition for opponents of the Board, who found in the news coverage further evidence of postwar liberalism’s failure to protect the populace. Volume 38, No. 3, Fall 2012
In 1965, Helen Gurley Brown (1922-2012) assumed the top editing job at Cosmopolitan and transformed it from a failing title into one of magazine publishing’s greatest successes. During an era of increasing publication specialization, Cosmopolitan was one of the few magazines to target and celebrate women’s growing economic and social independence. Much of the scholarship on and critical appraisals of Brown and Cosmopolitan have focused on sexual politics and issues of taste. This paper takes an institutional approach by examining Brown’s professional practices and how they contributed to Cosmopolitan’s growth, profitability, and popularity: know your reader and always keep her in mind, prioritize good writing, and accommodate corporate and advertiser interests. In addition, it acknowledges Brown’s role as a visionary editor and businesswoman, as well as Cosmopolitan’s importance in magazine history.
The early years of the American Newspaper Guild were filled with intense internal conflict as well as determined resistance from publishers. Starting in 1933, Guild members engaged in a vigorous debate about whether the organization should be a professional society or a trade union wielding the threat of a strike. Faced with publisher opposition and frustrated by government labor-management mechanisms, the Guild affiliated with the American Federation of Labor in 1936 and a year later joined the more militant Congress of Industrial Organizations, launching a campaign to organize commercial employees. Many journalists who opposed the Guild were alienated by leftist leadership in national offices during the late 1930s and in prominent local offices until the late 1940s. This article uses archival records and contemporary accounts to examine the growth of the Guild, a pioneering white-collar union that faced numerous obstacles.
The success of the United States’ female athletes in the 1996 Olympics spawned immense public enthusiasm for women’s sports in America. Along with nearly two decades of surging female athletic participation due to the effects of Title IX, a generation of young women had grown up as athletes — and a new magazine, Sports Illustrated Women (SIW), formed to compete in and capitalize on that new market. Although not the first women’s sports magazine, SIW was the first women’s sports title to be published by a major publishing company, Time Inc. By conducting interviews with some of the magazine’s prominent editors, writers, and business managers and by analyzing the magazine’s content, this study details the rise and fall of SIW and highlights reasons it and similar women’s sports magazines have failed in recent years.
South Carolinians declared protective tariffs Congress passed in 1824 and 1828 unconstitutional and unfair for placing undue burden on the South while benefiting the North. A political faction formed that saw the rights of the state as paramount and sought to protect them, to the point of rebelling against the federal government through nullification of its laws. In response, two additional groups arose: one that aimed to preserve the Union above all and one that upheld the state’s rights and Union equally, urging a moderate course. Each of these three groups had newspapers to advance its views. This article studies those newspapers during the seminal year of 1830, which encompassed four key events in state and national politics that heightened the nullification debate and realigned the state’s political parties. It concludes that rhetoric from all sides preyed on readers’ fear.
Throughout her career, Jane Cunningham Croly (1829-1901), better known as “Jennie June,” wrote extensively about women’s rights in mainstream newspapers and magazines. This article revalues her work, considering the complexity of her journalistic stances on women’s rights. Avoiding modern value statements that place cultural texts in hierarchal binaries of “liberal” or “conservative,” it considers the motivation behind Croly’s deployment of essentialist sex/gender logics. This study involved the historical analysis of more than sixty articles written by Croly about women’s rights from 1855 until 1898, as well as additional primary sources that provided insight into her personal and professional lives. Download 482.26 Kb. Share with your friends:
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