Xiphias gladius, caught by brazilian longliners in the southwestern atlantic ocean
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- 1. Introduction
- 2. Material and methods
- 3. Results and discussion
- (Table 1)
- (Table 3)
- Acknowledgements
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STANDARDIZED CPUE SERIES OF SWORDFISH, XIPHIAS GLADIUS, CAUGHT BY BRAZILIAN LONGLINERS IN THE SOUTHWESTERN ATLANTIC OCEAN Humberto G. Hazin1, Fábio H.V. Hazin1 and Paulo Travassos1 SUMMARY Relative abundance indices by number of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) caught by the Brazilian tuna longline fishery in the South Atlantic Ocean were estimated by analyzing catch and effort data from individual sets (~60,000) collected for the period 1978-2006. A Generalized Linear Model was used to standardize the CPUE series (fish/ 1000hooks), assuming two different error distributions: delta log-normal and quasi-Poisson (link= log and variance= µ,). For the delta-lognormal distribution, the model explained 40.6% of the variance for the positive catches and about 77.8% of the proportion of positives. The quasi-Poisson model explained 57.9% of the variance. For both models the “Target” and “Year” variables explained most of the deviance. The results obtained seem to confirm the optimistic scenario of a continuing trend of CPUE increase for the species, in the southwestern Atlantic, in recent years. RÉSUMÉ Les indices d’abondance relative en nombre d’espadons (Xiphias gladius) capturés par la pêcherie palangrière brésilienne ciblant les thonidés dans l’Océan Atlantique Sud ont été estimés en analysant les données de prise et d’effort d’opérations individuelles (~60.000), collectées pour la période 1978-2006. Un Modèle Linéaire Généralisé a été utilisé pour standardiser la série de CPUE (poissons/1.000 hameçons), en postulant deux distributions d’erreur différentes : delta log-normale et quasi-Poisson (lien= log et variance= µ,). Pour la distribution delta-lognormale, le modèle a expliqué 40,6% de la variance des prises positives et environ 77,8% de la proportion des valeurs positives. Le modèle quasi-Poisson a expliqué 57,9% de la variance. Pour les deux modèles, les variables “Cible” et “Année” expliquaient la plupart de la déviance. Les résultats obtenus semblent confirmer le scénario optimiste d’une tendance ascendante constante de la CPUE dans l’Atlantique Sud-Ouest pour cette espèce, ces dernières années. RESUMEN Se estimaron índices de abundancia relativa por número de peces espada (Xiphias gladius) capturados por la pesquería de palangre atunera de Brasil en el Atlántico sur analizando datos de captura y esfuerzo de lances individuales (~60.000) recopilados para el periodo 1978-2006. Se utilizó un modelo lineal generalizado para estandarizar la serie de CPUE (peces/1000 anzuelos), asumiendo dos distribuciones de error diferentes: delta log-normal y quasi-Poisson (vínculo= log y varianza= µ,).Para la distribución delta lognormal, el modelo explicaba el 40,6% de la varianza para las capturas positivas y aproximadamente el 77,8% % de la proporción de positivos. El modelo quasi-Poisson explicaba el 57,9% de la varianza. Para ambos modelos, las variables de “objetivo” y “año” explicaban la mayoría de la desvianza. Los resultados obtenidos parecen confirmar el escenario optimista de una tendencia continua de aumento de la CPUE para la especie en el Atlántico sudoccidental en años recientes. KEYWORDS CPUE, swodfish, GLM, Quasi-Poisson, Delta log 1. Introduction Catch per unit of effort (CPUE) is often the main information used in the assessment of fish stocks. Generally assumed to be proportional to the actual number of fish available to the fishery, the CPUE is commonly included in the models as a relative index of abundance, a premise, however, that is rarely, if ever, entirely true (Gulland 1964; Harley et al. 2001). Of particular concern is the trend of hyper-stability of CPUE, i.e. since fishers tend to do whatever they can to improve or maintain their catch rates, including through increases in fishing power and methods, the resulting CPUE does not reflect the actual state of exploited stocks (Hilborn and Walters 1992), which are, in many instances, more depleted than realized from CPUE trends. Besides, discrepancies between model predictions and observed catches are often attributed to variations in catchability that are linked to environmental fluctuations or to changes in targeting, in multi-species fisheries. The importance of targeting strategy on the CPUE of fish species caught by the tuna longline fishery has been recognized by several authors (Ward et al., 1996; He et al., 1997; Wu and Yeh, 2001; Alemany and Álvarez, 2003). Important changes in the fishing strategy of the Brazilian tuna longline fishery have been frequently observed and reported (Arffeli, 1996; Hazin, 2006; Hazin, et al. 2007). Recently, clustering methods (e.g. cluster analysis) have been applied in the analysis of fishing data, aiming at categorizing fishing effort based on the proportion of the several species in the catches, as a way to detect changes in targeting strategy (Hazin, 2006; Hazin et al. 2007; Hazin et al., 2008). The main advantage of such method, instead of using the percentage of a single species as an expression of the targeting strategy, relies in the fact that they consider the frequency distribution of all species in each set, thus providing, probably, a more reliable estimation. In the present paper, a GLM analysis was used to standardize the swordfish CPUE trend in the Brazilian Tuna longline fishery, from 1978 to 2006, considering 2 different distributions: delta-lognormal and quasi-Poisson. Besides, in order to take the targeting strategy into account, the target species was included in both models, as inferred from a cluster analysis previously run. 2. Material and methods In the present study, catch and effort data from 60,103 tuna longline sets done by the Brazilian tuna longline fleet, including both national and foreign chartered vessels, from 1978 to 2006 (29 years) were analysed. The logbooks were filled in by the skippers of the vessels and delivered to the Special Secretariat of Fisheries and Aquaculture (SEAP). The longline sets were distributed along a wide area of the Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, ranging from 0º to 60ºW of longitude, and from 07ºN to 50ºS of latitude (Figure 1). The resolution of 1º latitude x 1º longitude, per fishing day, was used for the analysis of the geographical distribution of catches. The fishing ground was subdivided into 2 areas, according to the biological and spatial fishing characteristics of the species, reported by Hazin et al. (2007): A1, from 10ºN to 15ºS, and A2, to the south of 15ºS. The percentage of sets with no catch was relatively low (24.7%). The Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were fitted using S-Plus 7 (Insightful Corp., Seattle, WA, USA) and were specified with a quasi-likelihood estimate of the error distribution (quasi-Poisson; link= log and variance=µ,) and delta lognormal. Forward and backward stepwise, using the AIC protocol, was used to quantify the relative importance of the main factors explaining the CPUE variance and concluded that only four out of eight variables primarily investigated were significant (p<0.05) in the GLM analyses, for both models: Year, Target, Area, and Quarter, as well as the interaction Year*Quarter. The target species was defined by a cluster analysis, using the K-means method (FASTCLUS, Johnson e Wichern, 1988; SAS Institute Inc, 1989), to identify the number of ideal clusters. The fits were done in S-Plus and the predictions were obtained for every Year, fixing the level of remaining factors at the level with the highest number of observations. The general formulation used in the present study was expressed by the following equation: CPUE (fish/1000 hooks) = Year+Quarter+Area+Target+Year:Quarter 3. Results and discussion For the delta-lognormal distribution, the model explained 40.6% of the variance for the positive catches and about 77.8% of the proportion of positives. The “Target” and “Year” variables were those which explained most of the deviance with 70.0% and 22.8% for the positive catches and 77.8% and 10.5% for the proportion of positives (Table 1). The histogram of residuals for the sets with positive swordfish catches (Figure 2) was very close to the normal curve. For the quasi-Poisson model, the variables chosen explained 57.9% of the variance (Table 3). Similarly to previous works (Hazin et al., 2007), the target species (cluster) was the most important factor, explaining 73.8% of the deviance, followed by Year (21.1%), while quarter (2.7%), year*quarter (2.3%), and area (0.1%) played a minor role (Table 3). Histogram of residuals for the sets from the quasi-Poisson model is presented in Figure 3. The scaled nominal CPUE series showed a clear difference to the scaled standardized values by both methods (Table 4 and Figure 4). The CPUE series standardized by the quasi-Poisson and the delta-lognormal, however, were not much different from each other, showing a strong oscillation along time, with an increasing trend from 2000 on. The results were also close to a CPUE series standardized by the delta-lognormal, up to 2005 (Hazin et al. 2007), which also showed an increase in CPUE for the most recent years. The confidence intervals were relatively narrow for both models (quasi-Poisson: CV= 2% to 27%; delta-lognormal: CV= 14% to 36%), particularly considering the high variance usually associated to CPUE series, based in a set by set data, with no data aggregation (Punt et al., 2000). The quasi family in S-Plus allows for parameter estimation without directly specifying the error distribution (Campos et al., 1997, Anon., 1999). The quasi-likelihood method provides a more accurate estimate of the standard errors around estimated coefficients because it accounts for the dispersion parameter estimated from the data rather than assuming Ø equals some theoretical value (e.g., Ø = 1 when Poisson or negative binomial distributions are specified). The results obtained in the present paper are similar to the ones presented during the last swordfish stock assessment, in 2006 (Hazin et al., 2007), and seem to confirm the optimistic scenario of a continuing trend of CPUE increase for the species, in the southwestern Atlantic, in recent years. Acknowledgements This work was made possible by the Secretariat of Fisheries and Aquaculture (SEAP) of the Brazilian Government and by Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco-FACEPE. References ANON. 1999. S-Plus 2000 User’s Guide. Data Analysis Products Division, Seattle, WA. ALEMANY, F., F. ÁLVAREZ. 2003. Determination of effective fishing effort on hake, Merluccius merluccius, in Mediterranean trawl fishery. Sci. Mar 67, 491-499. ARFELLI, C.A. 1996. Estudo da Pesca e Aspectos da Dinâmica Populacional de Espadarte Xiphias gladius L. 1758, no Atlântico Sul. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil. 175p. CAMPOS, D., A. Kaur, G. P. Patil, W.J. Ripple and C. Aillie. 1997. Resource selection by animals: The statistical analysis of binary response. Coenoses 12:1-21. GULLAND, J.A. 1964. The reliability of the catch per unit effort as a measure of abundance in North Sea trawl fisheries. Rapp P -v. Reun Cons int Explor Mer 155:99-102 HARLEY, S.J., R.A. Myers, A. Dunn. 2001. Is catch-per-unit-effort proportional to abundance? Can J Fish Aquat Sci 58:1760-1772 HAZIN, H.G. and E. Karim. 2007. Assessing swordfish distribution in the South Atlantic from spatial predictions. Fisheries Research. In press. HAZIN, H.G. 2006. Influência das variáveis oceanográficas na dinâmica populacional e pesca do espadarte, Xiphias gladius Linnaeus 1758, capturados pela frota brasileira. Tese de Doutorado. Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal, 216p. HAZIN, H.G., F.H.V. Hazin, P. Travassor, F.C. Carvalho, K. Erzini. 2007. Standardization of Swordfish CPUE series caught by Brazilian longliners in the Atlantic Ocean, by GLM, using the targeting strategy inferred by cluster analysis. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap., ICCAT, 60(6): 2039-2047. HAZIN, F.H.V., H.G. Hazin, F.C. Carvalho, C. Wor, and P. Travassos. 2008. Standardization of CPUE series of Prionace glauca and Isusrus oxyrinchus caught by Brazilian longliners in the western South Atlantic Ocean, from 1978 to 2006. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap., ICCAT, 62, in press (SCRS/2007/090). HE, X., K.A. Bigelow, C.H. Boggs. 1997. Cluster analysis of longline sets and fishing strategies within the Hawaii-based fishery. Fish. Res. 31, 147-158. HILBORN, R., C.J. Walters. 1992 Quantitative fisheries stock assessment: Choice, dynamics and uncertainty. Chapman and Hall, New York ICCAT. 2007. Report of the 2006 Atlantic Swordfish Stock Assessment Session. Madrid, Espanha, 4-8 de setembro, 2006. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 60(6): 1787-1896. JOHNSON, R.A., D.W. Wichern. 1988. Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Prentice-Hall. PUNT, A.E., T.I. Walker, B.L. Taylor, F. Pribac. 2000. Standardization of catch and effort data in a spatially-structured shark fishery. Fish. Res., 45: 129–145. SAS Institute Inc. 1989. SAS/STAT® User’s Guide, version 6. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA. WARD, P.J., C.M. Ramirez, A.E. Caton. 1996. The type of longlining activities of Japanese vessels in the eastern Australian fishing zone during the 1980s. In: Ward, P.J.s (Ed.), Japanese Longlining in Eastern Australian Waters 1962-1990. Bureau of Resource Sci., Canberra, p. 264. WU, C.L., S.Y. Yeh. 2001. Demarcation of operating areas and fishing strategies for Taiwanese longline fisheries in South Atlantic Ocean. Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 52(5): 1933-1947. Table 1. Deviance analysis table of explanatory variables in the delta-lognormal model for swordfish CPUE, for positive catches and for the proportion of positives.
Table 2. Deviance analysis table of explanatory variables in the Quasi-Poisson model for swordfish CPUE.
Table 3. Nominal and standardized (Quasi-Poisson and Delta lognormal) CPUE series (number of fish/ 1000 hooks) for swordfish catch rates from the Brazilian tuna longline.
A1 B2 Figure 1. Distribution of the longline sets done by the Brazilian tuna longline fishery in the Atlantic Ocean, from 1978 to 2006 (29 years). 
Figure 2. Histogram of residuals for the sets with positive swordfish catches 
Figure 3. Histogram of residuals for the sets from Quasi-Poisson model. 
Figure 4. Scaled nominal and standardized CPUE of swordfish for Brazilian tuna longliners, from 1978 to 2006. 1 Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Directory: Documents -> CVSP -> CV062 2008 -> no 4 -> 1-SWO Documents -> Nonprofit grant application Documents -> The Truth about the Rwandan Genocide Documents -> Annual InStructional unit plan Documents -> Chaos equipment included CV062 2008 -> Turtle by-catch in longline fisheries operating within the benguela current large marine ecosystem 1-SWO -> By-catches and discards of the Greek swordfish fishery CV062 2008 -> Prionace glauca in the southwestern equatorial atlantic ocean between 1958 and 1962 Download 0.54 Mb. Share with your friends:
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